Using Focus Group Results to Inform Preschool Childhood Obesity Prevention Programming

References

• American Obesity Association (2003) ‘Childhood obesity: health risks, diagnosis, and treatment’ . Available at: http://www.obesity.org/subs/childhood/healthrisks.shtml
   Google Scholar
• Bandura , A. 1986 . Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory , Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Prentice Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Bandura , A. 1992 . “ ‘Self-efficacy mechanism in psychobiologic functioning’ ” . In Self-efficacy: Thought Control of Action , Edited by: Schwarzer , R. Washington, DC : Hemisphere .
   Google Scholar
• Bandura , A. 2001 . ‘Social cognitive theory: an agentive perspective’ . Annual Review of Psychology , 52 : 1 – 26 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barton , M. and Furrer , J. 2003 . ‘Cardiovascular consequences of the obesity pandemic: need for action’ . Expert Opinion on Investigating Drugs , 12 ( 11 ) : 1757 – 1759 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baughcum , A. E. , Burklow , K. A. , Deeks , C. M. , Powers , S. W. and Whitaker , R. C. 1998 . ‘Maternal feeding practices and childhood obesity: a focus group study of low-income mothers’ . Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine , 152 ( 10 ) : 1010 – 1014 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benton , D. 2004 . ‘Role of parents in the determination of the food preferences of children and the development of obesity’ . International Journal of Obesity & Related Metabolic Disorders: Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity , 28 ( 7 ) : 858 – 869 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birch , L. L. and Fisher , J. A. 1996 . “ ‘The role of experience in the development of children's eating behavior’ ” . In Why we Eat what we Eat: The Psychology of Eating , Edited by: Capaldi , E. D. 113 – 141 . Washington, DC : American Psychological Association .
   Google Scholar
• Birkett , D. , Johnson , D. , Thompson , J. R. and Oberg , D. 2004 . ‘Reaching low-income families: focus group results provide direction for a behavioral approach to WIC services’ . Journal of the American Dietetic Association , 104 ( 8 ) : 1277 – 1280 .
   Google Scholar
• Carlisle , L. K. , Gordon , S. T. and Sothern , M. S. 2005 . ‘Can obesity prevention work for our children?’ . Journal of the Louisiana State Medical Society , 157 ( 1 ) : S34 – S41 .
   Google Scholar
• Chamberlin , L. A. , Sherman , S. N. , Jain , A. , Powers , S. W. and Whitaker , R. C. 2002 . ‘The challenge of preventing and treating obesity in low-income, preschool children: perceptions of WIC health care professional’ . Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine , 156 : 662 – 668 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng , B. K. 1997 . ‘Cultural clash between providers of majority culture and patients of Chinese culture’ . Journal of Long Term Health Care , 16 ( 2 ) : 39 – 43 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chinn , S. and Rona , R. 2001 . ‘Prevalence and trends in overweight and obesity in three cross sectional studies of British children 1974–94’ . British Journal of Medicine , 322 : 24 – 26 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crawford , P. B. , Story , M. , Wang , M. C. , Ritchie , L. D. and Sabry , Z. I. 2001 . ‘Ethnic issues in the epidemiology of childhood obesity’ . Pediatric Clinics of North America , 48 ( 4 ) : 855 – 878 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dietz , W. H. (1998) ‘Childhood weight affects adult morbidity and mortality’ , Journal of Nutrition , vol. 128 , no. 2 , suppl., pp. 411S – 414S .
   Google Scholar
• Dwyer , J. T. , Stone , E. J. , Yang , M. , Feldman , H. , Webber , L. S. , Must , A. , Perry , C. L. , Nader , P. R. and Parcel , G. S. 1998 . ‘Predictors of overweight and overfatness in a multiethnic pediatric population. Child and Adolescent Trial for Cardiovascular Health Collaborative Research Group’ . American Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 67 ( 4 ) : 602 – 610 .
   Google Scholar
• Ehtisham , S. and Barrett , T. G. 2004 . ‘The emergence of type 2 diabetes in childhood’ . Annals of Clinical Biochemistry , 41, pt 1 : 10 – 16 .
   Google Scholar
• Eriksson , J. , Forsen , T. , Osmond , C. and Barker , D. 2003 . ‘Obesity from cradle to grave’ . International Journal of Obesity & Related Metabolic Disorders , 27 ( 6 ) : 722 – 727 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Etelson , D. , Brand , D. A. , Patrick , P. A. and Shirali , A. 2003 . ‘Childhood obesity: do parents recognize this health risk?’ . Obesity Research , 11 : 1362 – 1368 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Faith , M. S. , Heshka , S. , Keller , K. L. , Sherry , B. , Matz , P. E. , Pietrobelli , A. and Allison , D. B. 2003 . ‘Maternal-child feeding patterns and child body weight: findings from a population-based sample’ . Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine , 157 ( 9 ) : 926 – 932 .
   Google Scholar
• Fan , J. X. and Zuker , V. S. 1998 . ‘A comparison of household budget allocation patterns between Hispanic American and Non-Hispanic White Americans’ . Journal of Family and Economic Issues , 19 ( 2 ) : 151 – 174 .
   Google Scholar
• Flegal , K. M. , Harlan , W. R. and Landis , J. R. 1988 . ‘Secular trends in body mass index and skinfold thickness with socioeconomic factors in young adult women’ . American Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 48 : 535 – 543 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freedman , D. S. , Dietz , W. H. , Srinivasan , S. R. and Berenson , G. S. 1999 . ‘The relation of overweight to cardiovascular risk factors among children and adolescents: the Bogalusa Health Study’ . Pediatrics , 103 : 1179 – 1181 .
   Google Scholar
• Frye , C. and Heinrich , J. 2003 . ‘Trends and predictors of overweight and obesity in East German children’ . International Journal of Obesity & Related Metabolic Disorders: Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity , 27 ( 8 ) : 963 – 969 .
   Google Scholar
• Glanz , K. , Rimer , B. K. and Lewis , F. M. 2002 . Health Behavior and Health Education. Theory, Research and Practice , San Francisco, CA : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Hahn , R. A. , Teutsch , S. M. , Franks , A. L. , Chang , M. H. & Lloyd , E. E. (1998) ‘The prevalence of risk factors among women in the United States by race and age, 1992–1994: opportunities for primary and secondary prevention’ , Journal of the American Medical Women's Association , vol. 53 , no. 2 , pp. 96 – 104 , 107 .
   Google Scholar
• Haney , W. , Russel , M. , Gulek , C. and Fierros , E. 1998 . ‘Drawing on education: using student drawing to promote middle school improvement’ . Schools in the Middle , 7 ( 3 ) : 38 – 43 .
   Google Scholar
• Hassink , S. 2003 . ‘Problems in childhood obesity’ . Primary Care , 30 ( 2 ) : 357 – 374 .
   Google Scholar
• Hesketh , K. , Wake , M. and Waters , E. 2004 . ‘Body mass index and parent-reported self-esteem in elementary school children: evidence for a causal relationship’ . International Journal of Obesity & Related Metabolic Disorders , 28 ( 10 ) : 1233 – 1237 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill , J. O. and Trowbridge , F. L. 1998 . ‘Childhood obesity: future directions and research priorities’ . Pediatrics , 101 ( 3, pt 2 ) : 570 – 574 .
   Google Scholar
• Jain , A. , Sherman , S. N. , Chamberlain , L. A. , Carter , Y. , Powers , S. W. and Whitaker , R. C. 2001 . ‘Why don't low-income mothers worry about their preschoolers being overweight?’ . Pediatrics , 107 : 1138 – 1146 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janssen , I. , Katzmarzyk , P. T. , Boyce , W. F. , Vereecken , C. , Mulvihill , C. , Roberts , C. , Currie , C. and Pickett , W. 2005 . ‘Comparison of overweight and obesity prevalence in school-aged youth from 34 countries and their relationships with physical activity and dietary patterns’ . Obesity Reviews , 6 ( 2 ) : 123 – 132 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kreuger , R. A. 1988 . Focus Groups: A Practical Guide for Applied Research , Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Kreuger , R. A. 1994 . Focus Groups: A Practical Guide to Applied Research , 2nd edn , Thousand Islands, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Krippendorff , K. 1980 . Content Analysis: An Introduction to Its Methodology , Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Langenberg , C. , Hardy , R. , Kuh , D. , Brunner , E. and Wadsworth , M. 2003 . ‘Central and total obesity in middle aged men and women in relation to lifetime socioeconomic status: evidence from a national birth cohort’ . Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health , 57 ( 10 ) : 816 – 822 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lauer , R. M. , Clarke , W. R. & Burns , T. L. (1997) ‘Obesity in childhood: the Muscatine Study’ .
   Google Scholar
• Madriz , E. (2000) ‘Focus groups in feminist research’ , in Handbook of Qualitative Research , 2nd edn , eds N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln , Sage , Thousand Oaks, , CA , pp. 835 – 850 .
   Google Scholar
• Maffeis , C. (2000) ‘Etiology of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents’ , European Journal of Pediatrics , 15 , suppl. , pp. 535 – 544 .
   Google Scholar
• McGarvey , E. ( 2005 , August ) University of Virginia, School of Medicine. Unpublished data .
   Google Scholar
• McGarvey , E. , Keller , K. , Forrester , M. , Williams , E. , Seward , D. and Suttle , D. E. 2004 . ‘Feasibility and benefits of a parent-focused preschool child obesity intervention’ . American Journal of Public Health , 94 ( 9 ) : 1490 – 1495 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mei , Z. , Scanlon , K. S. , Grummer-Strawn , L. M. , Freedman , D. S. , Yip , R. and Trowbridge , F. L. 1998 . ‘Increasing prevalence of overweight among US low-income preschool children: the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention pediatric nutrition surveillance, 1983 to 1995’ . Pediatrics , 101 ( 1 ) : E12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mei , Z. , Grummer-Strawn , L. M. and Scanlon , K. S. 2003 . ‘Does overweight in infancy persist through the preschool years? An analysis of CDC Pediatric Nutrition Surveillance System data’ . Sozial- und Praventivmedizin , 48 ( 3 ) : 161 – 167 .
   Google Scholar
• Morgan , D. L. 1993 . “ Future directions for focus groups ” . In Successful Focus Groups: Advancing the State of the Art , Edited by: Morgan , D. 225 – 244 . Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Morgan , D. L. 1997 . Focus Groups as Qualitative Research , Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• National Center for Children in Poverty (2004) www.nccp.org (accessed 21 August 2005) .
   Google Scholar
• Nunez-Rivas , H. P. , Monge-Rojas , R. , Leon , H. and Rosello , M. 2003 . ‘Prevalence of overweight and obesity among Costa Rican elementary school children’ . Pan American Journal of Public Health , 13 ( 1 ) : 24 – 32 .
   Google Scholar
• Office of the Surgeon General (2001) The Surgeon General's Call to Action to Prevent and Decrease Overweight and Obesity , US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Rockville, MD .
   Google Scholar
• Ogden , C. L. , Troiano , R. P. , Briefel , R. R. , Kucmarski , R. J. , Flegal , K. M. and Johnson , C. L. 1997 . ‘Prevalence of overweight among preschool children in the United States, 1971 through 1994’ . Pediatrics , 99 ( 4 ) : E1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quattrin , T. , Liu , E. , Shaw , N. , Shine , B. and Chiang , E. 2005 . ‘Obese children who are referred to the pediatric endocrinology: characteristics and outcome’ . Pediatrics , 115 ( 2 ) : 348 – 351 .
   Google Scholar
• Raman , R. P. 2002 . ‘Obesity and health risks’ . Journal of the American College of Nutrition , 21 ( 2 ) : 134S – 139 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts , C. W. (ed.) (1997) Text Analysis for the Social Sciences: Methods for Drawing Statistical Inferences from Texts and Transcripts , Lawrence Erlbaum Associates , Mahway, , NJ .
   Google Scholar
• Rosner , B. , Prineas , R. , Loggie , J. and Daniels , S. R. 1998 . ‘Percentiles for body mass index in U.S. children 5 to 17 years of age’ . Journal of Pediatrics , 132 ( 2 ) : 211 – 222 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Siewe , Y. 1999 . ‘Stages on limiting dietary-fat intake: implications for African Americans’ . Journal of Black Studies , 29 ( 5 ) : 731 – 746 .
   Google Scholar
• Spruijt-Metz , D. , Lindquist , C. H. , Birch , L. L. , Fisher , J. O. and Goran , M. I. 2002 . ‘Relation between mothers’ child-feeding practices and children's adiposity’ . American Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 75 ( 3 ) : 581 – 586 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart , D. W. and Shemdasani , P. N. 1990 . Focus Groups: Theory and Practice , Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Strauss , R. S. and Knight , J. 1999 . ‘Influence of the home environment on the development of obesity in children’ . Pediatrics , 103 ( 6 ) : E85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Styne , D. M. 2001 . ‘Childhood and adolescent obesity: prevalence and significance’ . Pediatric Clinics of North America , 48 ( 4 ) : 823 – 854 .
   Google Scholar
• Summerbell , C. D. , Ashton , V. , Campbell , K. J. , Edmunds , L. , Kelly , S. & Waters , E. (2005) ‘Interventions for treating obesity in children (review)’ , The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews , pp. 1 – 85 .
   Google Scholar
• Tremblay , M. S. and Willms , J. D. 2003 . ‘Is the Canadian childhood obesity epidemic related to physical inactivity?’ . International Journal of Obesity & Related Metabolic Disorders: Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity , 27 ( 9 ) : 1100 – 1105 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• US Department of Agriculture (USDA), Food and Nutrition Service, Office of Analysis, Nutrition and Evaluation (2000) WIC Participant and Program Characteristics 1998 , Report No. WIC-00-PC .
   Google Scholar
• US Department of Agriculture (USDA) (2005a) http://www.fns.usda.gov/wic (accessed 6 February 2005) .
   Google Scholar
• US Department of Agriculture (USDA) (2005b) http://www.fns.usda.gov/pd/wifypart.htm (accessed 7 February 2005) .
   Google Scholar
• Visscher , T. L. and Seidell , J. C. 2001 . ‘The public health impact of obesity’ . Annual Review of Public Health , 22 : 355 – 375 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Welsh , J. A. , Cogswell , M. E. , Rogers , S. , Rockett , H. , Mei , Z. and Grummmer-Strawn , L. M. 2005 . ‘Overweight among low-income preschool children associated with the consumption of sweet drinks: Missouri, 1999–2002’ . Pediatrics , 115 ( 2 ) : E223 – E239 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitaker , R. C. , Wright , J. A. , Pepe , M. S. , Seidel , K. D. and Dietz , W. H. 1997 . ‘Predicting obesity in young adulthood from childhood and parental obesity’ . New England Journal of Medicine , 337 ( 13 ) : 869 – 873 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiemann , C. M. , Dubois , J. C. and Berenson , A. B. 1998 . ‘Racial/ethnic differences in the decision to breastfeed among adolescent mothers’ . Pediatrics , 1101 ( 6 ) : 1068
   Google Scholar
• Wilkinson , S. 1998 . ‘Focus groups in health research: exploring the meanings of health and illness’ . Journal of Health Psychology , 3 ( 3 ) : 329 – 348 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Williams , J. , Wake , M. , Hesketh , K. , Maher , E. and Waters , E. 2005 . ‘Health-related quality of life of overweight and obese children’ . Journal of the American Medical Association , 293 ( 1 ) : 70 – 76 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar