Self-rated health disparities among disadvantaged older adults in ethnically diverse urban neighborhoods in a Middle Eastern country

References

• Abdulrahim, S., and K. El Asmar. 2012. “Is Self-Rated Health a Valid Measure to use in Social Inequities and Health Research? Evidence from the PAPFAM Women’s Data in Six Arab Countries.” International Journal for Equity in Health 11: 53. doi:10.1186/1475-9276-11-53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdulrahim, S., and M. Khawaja. 2011. “The Cost of Being Palestinian in Lebanon.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 37 (1): 151–166.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmad, B., V. Ryan, W. Maziak, T. Pless-Mulloli, and M. White. 2013. “The Influence of Neighbourhood Formality Status and Socio-Economic Position on Self-Rated Health among Adult Men and Women: A Multilevel, Cross Sectional, Population Study from Aleppo, Syria.” BMC Public Health 13: 233. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-13-233.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baron, R. M., and D. A. Kenny. 1986. “The Moderator-Mediator Variable Distinction in Social Psychological Research: Conceptual, Strategic, and Statistical Considerations.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 51 (6): 1173–1182.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berkman, L. F. 2000. “Social Support, Social Networks, Social Cohesion and Health.” Social Work in Health Care 31 (2): 3–14. doi:10.1300/J010v31n02_02.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berkman, L. F., L. Leo-Summers, and R. I. Horwitz. 1992. “Emotional Support and Survival after Myocardial Infarction. A Prospective, Population-Based Study of the Elderly.” Annals of Internal Medicine 117 (12): 1003–1009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bloom, D. E., S. Chatterji, P. Kowal, P. Lloyd-Sherlock, M. McKee, B. Rechel, L. Rosenberg, and J. P. Smith. 2015. “Macroeconomic Implications of Population Ageing and Selected Policy Responses.” The Lancet 385 (9968): 649–657. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61464-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carpiano, R. M. 2006. “Toward a Neighborhood Resource-Based Theory of Social Capital for Health: Can Bourdieu and Sociology Help?” Social Science & Medicine 62 (1): 165–175. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.05.020.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chemaitelly, H., C. Kanaan, H. Beydoun, M. Chaaya, M. Kanaan, and A. M. Sibai. 2013. “The Role of Gender in the Association of Social Capital, Social Support, and Economic Security with Self-Rated Health among Older Adults in Deprived Communities in Beirut.” Quality of Life Research 22 (6): 1371–1379. doi:10.1007/s11136-012-0273-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, X., P. Wang, R. Wegner, J. Gong, X. Fang, and L. Kaljee. 2015. “Measuring Social Capital Investment: Scale Development and Examination of Links to Social Capital and Perceived Stress.” Social Indicators Research 120 (3): 669–687. doi:10.1007/s11205-014-0611-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark, Robert L. 2004. The Economics of an Aging Society. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Connidis, Ingrid Arnet. 2010. Family Ties and Aging. Los Angeles: Pine Forge Press.
   Google Scholar
• DeSalvo, K. B., N. Bloser, K. Reynolds, J. He, and P. Muntner. 2006. “Mortality Prediction with a Single General Self-Rated Health Question. A Meta-Analysis.” Journal of General Internal Medicine 21 (3): 267–275. doi:10.1111/j.1525-1497.2005.00291.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eriksson, M. 2011. “Social Capital and Health-Implications for Health Promotion.” Global Health Action 4: 5611. doi:10.3402/gha.v4i0.5611.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grundy, E., and A. Sloggett. 2003. “Health Inequalities in the Older Population: The Role of Personal Capital, Social Resources and Socio-Economic Circumstances.” Social Science & Medicine 56 (5): 935–947.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Habib, R. R., Z. Mahfoud, M. Fawaz, S. H. Basma, and J. S. Yeretzian. 2009. “Housing Quality and Ill Health in a Disadvantaged Urban Community.” Public Health 123 (2): 174–181. doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2008.11.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Habib, R. R., N. Yassin, J. Ghanawi, P. Haddad, and Z. Mahfoud. 2011. “Double Jeopardy: Assessing the Association Between Internal Displacement, Housing Quality and Chronic Illness in a Low-Income Neighborhood.” Journal of Public Health 19 (2): 171–182. doi:10.1007/s10389-010-0368-0.
   Google Scholar
• Habib, R. R., A. Zohry, I. Nuwayhid, and F. Najdi. 2006. “Older Adults in the Division of Domestic Labor in Communities on the Outskirts of Beirut.” European Journal of Ageing 3 (3): 137–145. doi:10.1007/s10433-006-0031-3.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Harpham, T., E. Grant, and E. Thomas. 2002. “Measuring Social Capital within Health Surveys: Key Issues.” Health Policy and Planning 17 (1): 106–111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huisman, M., S. Read, C. A. Towriss, D. J. Deeg, and E. Grundy. 2013. “Socioeconomic Inequalities in Mortality Rates in Old Age in the World Health Organization Europe Region.” Epidemiologic Reviews doi:10.1093/epirev/mxs010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Idler, E. L., and Y. Benyamini. 1997. “Self-Rated Health and Mortality: A Review of Twenty-Seven Community Studies.” Journal of Health and Social Behavior 38 (1): 21–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jawad, M. H., A. M. Sibai, and M. Chaaya. 2009. “Stressful Life Events and Depressive Symptoms in a Post-War Context: Which Informal Support Makes a Difference?” Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology 24 (1): 19–32. doi:10.1007/s10823-008-9059-5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jylha, M. 2009. “What is Self-Rated Health and Why Does it Predict Mortality? Towards a Unified Conceptual Model.” Social Science & Medicine 69 (3): 307–316. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.05.013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katz, S., T. D. Downs, H. R. Cash, and R. C. Grotz. 1970. “Progress in Development of the Index of ADL.” The Gerontologist 10 (1): 20–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawachi, I., B. P. Kennedy, and R. Glass. 1999. “Social Capital and Self-Rated Health: A Contextual Analysis.” American Journal of Public Health 89 (8): 1187–1193.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawachi, I., B. P. Kennedy, K. Lochner, and D. Prothrow-Stith. 1997. “Social Capital, Income Inequality, and Mortality.” American Journal of Public Health 87 (9): 1491–1498.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawachi, I., S. V. Subramanian, and N. Almeida-Filho. 2002. “A Glossary for Health Inequalities.” Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 56 (9): 647–652.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawachi, I., S. V. Subramanian, and D. Kim. 2008. Social Capital and Health. New York: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Khawaja, M., S. Abdulrahim, R. A. Soweid, and D. Karam. 2006. “Distrust, Social Fragmentation and Adolescents’ Health in the Outer City: Beirut and Beyond.” Social Science & Medicine 63 (5): 1304–1315. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.03.047.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khawaja, M., and M. Mowafi. 2006. “Cultural Capital and Self-Rated Health in Low Income Women: Evidence from the Urban Health Study, Beirut, Lebanon.” Journal of Urban Health 83 (3): 444–458. doi:10.1007/s11524-006-9051-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, D., and I. Kawachi. 2006. “A Multilevel Analysis of Key Forms of Community- and Individual-Level Social Capital as Predictors of Self-Rated Health in the United States.” Journal of Urban Health 83 (5): 813–826. doi:10.1007/s11524-006-9082-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linden-Bostrom, M., C. Persson, and C. Eriksson. 2010. “Neighbourhood Characteristics, Social Capital and Self-Rated Health – A Population-Based Survey in Sweden.” BMC Public Health 10: 628. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-10-628.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindstrom, M., J. Sundquist, and P. O. Ostergren. 2001. “Ethnic Differences in Self Reported Health in Malmo in Southern Sweden.” Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 55 (2): 97–103.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Makhoul, J. 2003. “Physical and Social Contexts of the Three Urban Communities of Nabaa, Borj el Barajneh Palestinian Camp, and Hay el-Sullom.” Unpublished Memo, Beirut: Center for Research on Population and Health, American University of Beirut.
   Google Scholar
• Makhoul, J., D. A. Ghanem, and M. Ghanem. 2003. “An Ethnographic Study of the Consequences of Social and Structural Forces on Children: The Case of Two Low-Income Beirut Suburbs.” Environment and Urbanization 15 (2): 249–259. doi:10.1177/095624780301500213.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mavaddat, N., R. A. Parker, S. Sanderson, J. Mant, and A. L. Kinmonth. 2014a. “Relationship of Self-Rated Health with Fatal and Non-Fatal Outcomes in Cardiovascular Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” PLoS One 9 (7): e103509. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0103509.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mavaddat, N., J. M. Valderas, R. van der Linde, K. T. Khaw, and A. L. Kinmonth. 2014b. “Association of Self-Rated Health with Multimorbidity, Chronic Disease and Psychosocial Factors in a Large Middle-Aged and Older Cohort from General Practice: A Cross-Sectional Study.” BMC Family Practice 15: 185. doi:10.1186/s12875-014-0185-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mellor, J. M., and J. Milyo. 2005. “State Social Capital and Individual Health Status.” Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 30 (6): 1101–1130. doi:10.1215/03616878-30-6-1101.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Council on Aging. n.d. Economic Security for Seniors: Fact Sheet. Accessed September 15, 2014. https://www.ncoa.org/news/resources-for-reporters/get-the-facts/economic-security-facts/.
   Google Scholar
• Nielsen, S. S., and A. Krasnik. 2010. “Poorer Self-Perceived Health among Migrants and Ethnic Minorities Versus the Majority Population in Europe: A Systematic Review.” International Journal of Public Health 55 (5): 357–371. doi:10.1007/s00038-010-0145-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nummela, O., T. Sulander, A. Karisto, and A. Uutela. 2009. “Self-Rated Health and Social Capital among Aging People Across the Urban-Rural Dimension.” International Journal of Behavioral Medicine 16 (2): 189–194. doi:10.1007/s12529-008-9027-z.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pollack, C. E., and O. von dem Knesebeck. 2004. “Social Capital and Health among the Aged: Comparisons Between the United States and Germany.” Health & Place 10 (4): 383–391. doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2004.08.008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rashad, Hoda, Magued Osman, and Farzaneh Roudi-Fahimi. 2005. Marriage in the Arab World. Population Reference Bureau (PRB). http://www.igwg.org/pdf05/MarriageInArabWorld_Eng.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Sibai, A. M., and R. Yamout. 2012. “Family-Based Old Age Care in Arab Countries: Between Tradition and Modernity.” In Population Dynamics in Muslim Countries, edited by H. Groth and A. Sousa-Poza, 63–76. New York: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, J. P. 1999. “Healthy Bodies and Thick Wallets: The Dual Relation Between Health and Economic Status.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 13 (2): 144–166.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stenholm, S., M. Kivimaki, M. Jylha, I. Kawachi, H. Westerlund, J. Pentti, M. Goldberg, M. Zins, and J. Vahtera. 2015. “Trajectories of Self-Rated Health in the Last 15 Years of Life by Cause of Death.” European Journal of Epidemiology. doi:10.1007/s10654-015-0071-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Subramanian, S. V., D. J. Kim, and I. Kawachi. 2002. “Social Trust and Self-Rated Health in US Communities: A Multilevel Analysis.” Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 79 (4 Suppl. 1): S21–S34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Subramanian, S. V., D. Kim, and I. Kawachi. 2005. “Covariation in the Socioeconomic Determinants of Self Rated Health and Happiness: A Multivariate Multilevel Analysis of Individuals and Communities in the USA.” Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 59 (8): 664–669. doi:10.1136/jech.2004.025742.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Subramanyam, M., I. Kawachi, L. Berkman, and S. V. Subramanian. 2009. “Relative Deprivation in Income and Self-Rated Health in the United States.” Social Science & Medicine 69 (3): 327–334. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.06.008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sundquist, J., L. Bayard-Burfield, L. M. Johansson, and S. E. Johansson. 2000. “Impact of Ethnicity, Violence and Acculturation on Displaced Migrants: Psychological Distress and Psychosomatic Complaints among Refugees in Sweden.” The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 188 (6): 357–365.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sundquist, Jan, Sven-Erik Johansson, and Kristina Sundquist. 2009. “The Influence of age at Migration and Length of Residence on Self-Rated Health among Swedish Immigrants: A Cross-Sectional Study.” Ethnicity & Health 14 (1): 13. doi:10.1080/13557850802345973.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Travis, L. A., J. M. Lyness, C. G. Shields, D. A. King, and C. Cox. 2004. “Social Support, Depression, and Functional Disability in Older Adult Primary-Care Patients.” The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 12 (3): 265–271.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• United Nations Population Division. 2011. World Urbanization Prospects, the 2011 Revision. Accessed September 22, 2014. http://esa.un.org/unup/Country-profiles/country-profiles_1.htm.
   Google Scholar
• United Nations Population Division. 2012. World Population Prospects, the 2012 Revision. Accessed September 22, 2014. http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/.
   Google Scholar
• Webster, N. J., T. C. Antonucci, K. J. Ajrouch, and S. Abdulrahim. 2015. “Social Networks and Health among Older Adults in Lebanon: The Mediating Role of Support and Trust.” The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences 70 (1): 155–166. doi:10.1093/geronb/gbu149.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wen, L. M., C. Rissel, A. Voukelatos, and P. Sainsbury. 2003. “Community Involvement and Self-Rated Health Status: Findings from a Cross-Sectional Survey in Central Sydney.” New South Wales Public Health Bulletin 14 (11–12): 213–217.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wiles, J. L., R. E. Allen, A. J. Palmer, K. J. Hayman, S. Keeling, and N. Kerse. 2009. “Older People and Their Social Spaces: A Study of Well-Being and Attachment to Place in Aotearoa New Zealand.” Social Science & Medicine 68 (4): 664–671. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.11.030.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiles, J. L., A. Leibing, N. Guberman, J. Reeve, and R. E. Allen. 2012. “The Meaning of “Aging in Place” to Older People.” The Gerontologist 52 (3): 357–366. doi:10.1093/geront/gnr098.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong, E. C., G. N. Marshall, T. L. Schell, M. N. Elliott, S. H. Babey, and K. Hambarsoomians. 2011. “The Unusually Poor Physical Health Status of Cambodian Refugees Two Decades after Resettlement.” Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health 13 (5): 876–882. doi:10.1007/s10903-010-9392-y.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. 2007. Global Age-Friendly Cities: A Guide. France: World Health Organization.
   Google Scholar