Race-based experiences of ethnic minority health professionals: Arab physicians and nurses in Israeli public healthcare organizations

References

• Alexis, Obery, Vasso Vydelingum, and Ian Robbins. 2007. “Engaging with New Reality: Experiences of Overseas Minority Ethnic Nurses in the NHS.” Journal of Clinical Nursing 16: 2221–2228. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2702.2007.02080.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allport, Gordon. 1954. The Nature of Prejudice. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
   Google Scholar
• Anstey, Kyle, and Linda Wright. 2014. “Responding to Discriminatory Requests for a Different Healthcare Provider.” Nursing Ethics 21 (1): 86–96. doi:10.1177/0969733013486799.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arian, Asher, Tamar Hermann, Nir Atmor, Yoel Hadar, Yuval Lebel, and Hila Zaban. 2008. Auditing Israeli Democracy: Between the State and Civil Society. Jerusalem: The Guttman Center; The Israel Democracy Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Arieli, Daniella, and Victor J. Friedman. 2013. “Negotiating Reality: Conflict Transformation in Natural Spaces of Encounter.” The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science 49 (3): 308–332. doi:10.1177/0021886313485128.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arieli, Daniella, Victor J. Friedman, and Miriam J. Hirschfeld. 2012. “Challenges on the Path to Cultural Safety in Nursing Education.” International Nursing Review 59 (2): 187–193. doi:10.1111/j.1466-7657.2012.00982.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byng, Michelle D. 2013. “You can’t Get There from Here: A Social Process Theory of Racism and Race.” Critical Sociology 39 (5): 705–715. doi:10.1177/0896920512453180.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CBS. 2013. “ Central Bureau of Statistics. Selected Data from the Statistical Abstract of Israel No. 64, 2013.” Accessed 12 December 2014. http://www.cbs.gov.il/reader/newhodaot/hodaa_template.html? hodaa=201311255.
   Google Scholar
• CBS. 2014. “Central Bureau of Statistics, Immigrants from the FSU.” http://www.cbs.gov.il/statistical/immigration_ussr_h148.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• A Code of Ethics for Nurses in Israel. 2004. Accessed 27 March 2016. hy.health.gov.il/_Uploads/dbsAttachedFiles/20(4).pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Deacon, Maureen. 2011. “How Should Nurses Deal with Patients’ Personal Racism? Learning From Practice.” Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing 18: 493–500. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2850.2011.01696.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dow, Lois. 2010. Images of Zion: Biblical Antecedents for the New Jerusalem. Sheffield: Sheffield Phoenix Press.
   Google Scholar
• Dowty, Alan, ed. 2004. Critical Issues in Israeli Society. Westport, CT: Praeger.
   Google Scholar
• Dreachslin, Janice L., Portia L. Hunt, and Elaine Sprainer. 2000. “Workforce Diversity: Implications for the Effectiveness of Health Care Delivery Teams.” Social Science & Medicine 50: 1403–1414. doi:10.1016/S0277-9536(99)00396-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Essed, Philomena. 1991. Understanding Everyday Racism: An Interdisciplinary Theory. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Essed, Philomena. 2002. “Everyday Racism.” In A Companion to Racial and Ethnic Studies, edited by David Goldberg, and John Solomos, 202–216. Massachusetts: Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Holloway, Immy, and Francis C. Biley. 2011. “Being a Qualitative Researcher.” Qualitative Health Research 21 (7): 968–975. doi:10.1177/1049732310395607.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Israel, Zohar. 2014. “Those Who Do Not Want to be Treated by an Arab Doctor, Let Them Die.” Mako, November 26. http://www.mako.co.il/video-blogs-zohar-israel/Article-c204301288be941006.htm.
   Google Scholar
• Jönson, Hakan. 2007. “Is It Racism? Skepticism and Resistance towards Ethnic Minority Care Workers among Older Care Recipients.” Journal of Gerontological Social Work 49 (4): 79–96. doi:10.1300/J083v49n04_05.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Klein, Shaya. 2014. “Patient Refused Medical Treatment by an Arab Doctor at Barzilai Hospital.” Channel 10, November 27. http://www.ch10.co.il/news/111632/#.V0BfxfkrLJI.
   Google Scholar
• Lemmer, Gunnar, and Ulrich Wagner. 2015. “Can We Really Reduce Ethnic Prejudice Outside the Lab? A Meta-analysis of Direct and Indirect Contact Interventions.” European Journal of Social Psychology 45 (2): 152–168. doi:10.1002/ejsp.2079.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lester, Stan. 1999. “An Introduction to Phenomenological Research.” Accessed 25 August 2016. https://www.rgs.org/NR/rdonlyres/F50603E0-41AF-4B15-9C84-BA7E4DE8CB4F/0/Seaweedphenomenologyresearch.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Mapedzahama, Virginia, Trudy Rudge, Sandra West, and Amelie Perron. 2012. “Black Nurse in White Space? Rethinking the Invisibility of Race within the Australian Nursing Workplace.” Nursing Inquiry 19: 153–164. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1800.2011.00556.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGee, Victoria, and Erin Fraher. 2012. “The State of Racial/Ethnic Diversity in North Carolina’s Health Workforce.” North Carolina Medical Journal 73 (5): 337–345. PMID: 3189414.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McKenzie, Kwame, and Kamaldeep Bhui. 2007. “Institutional Racism in Mental Health Care.” BMJ 334 (7595): 649–650. doi:10.1136/bmj.39163.395972.80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mizrachi, Nissim, and Hanna Herzog. 2012. “Participatory Destigmatization Strategies among Palestinian Citizens, Ethiopian Jews and Mizrahi Jews in Israel.” Ethnic & Racial Studies 35 (3): 418–435. doi:10.1080/01419870.2011.589530.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moghal, Nadeem. 2014. “Allowing Patients to Choose the Ethnicity of Attending Doctors is Institutional Racism.” BMJ 348: g265. doi:10.1136/bmj.g265.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• National Health Insurance Law. 1994. http://www.health.gov.il/Subjects/UninsuredRights/HealthInsuranceLaw/Pages/default.aspx.
   Google Scholar
• Paul-Emile, Kimani. 2012. “Patients’ Racial Preferences and the Medical Culture of Accommodation.” 60 UCLA L. Rev. 462. http://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/faculty_scholarship/503.
   Google Scholar
• Pearson, Alan, Rani Srivastava, Dianna Craig, Donna Tucker, Doris Grinspun, Irmajean Bajnok, P. Griffin, et al. 2007. “Systematic Review on Embracing Cultural Diversity for Developing and Sustaining a Healthy Work Environment in Healthcare.” International Journal of Evidence-Based Healthcare 5 (1): 54–91. doi:10.1111/j.1479-6988.2007.00058.x.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pettigrew, Thomas F., and Linda R. Tropp. 2006. “A Meta-analytic Test of Intergroup Contact Theory.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90: 751–783. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.90.5.751.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pettigrew, Thomas, and Linda Tropp. 2011. When Groups Meet: The Dynamics of Intergroup Contact. London: Routledge/Psychology Press.
   Google Scholar
• Popper-Giveon, Ariela, and Yael Keshet. 2015. ““Everyone Wants his Son to be a Doctor”: External Motives in Choosing Medicine as a Career Among an Ethnic Minority.” Medical Teacher 37 (4): 406.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Popper-Giveon, Ariela, Yael Keshet, and Ido Liberman. 2015. “Increasing Gender and Ethnic Diversity in the Healthcare Workforce: The Case of Arab Male Nurses in Israel.” Nursing Outlook 63 (6): 680–690. doi:10.1016/j.outlook.2015.08.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Popper-Giveon, Ariela, Ido Liberman, and Yael Keshet. 2014. “Workforce Ethnic Diversity and Culturally Competent Health Care: The Case of Arab Physicians in Israel.” Ethnicity & Health 19 (6): 645–658. doi:10.1080/13557858.2014.893563.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reches, Avinoam, ed. 2014. Medical Ethics. Ramat-Gan: Israel Medical Association. http://www.ima.org.il/Ima/FormStorage/Type8/EthicalCode2014.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Salomon, Gavriel. 2006. “Does Peace Education Really Make a Difference? Peace and Conflict.” Journal of Peace Psychology 12: 37–48. doi:10.1207/s15327949pac1201_3.
   Google Scholar
• Sharabi, Moshe. 2014. “The Relative Centrality of Life Domains among Jews and Arabs in Israel: The Effect of Culture, Ethnicity and Demographic Variables.” Community, Work & Family 17 (2): 219–236. doi:10.1080/13668803.2014.889660.
   Google Scholar
• Shields, Michael A., and Stephen Wheatley Price. 2002. “Racial Harassment, Job Satisfaction and Intentions to Quit: Evidence from the British Nursing Profession.” Economica 69: 295–326. doi:10.1111/1468-0335.00284.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silverman, David. 2000. Doing Qualitative Research. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Smedley, Brian, Adrienne S. Butler, and Lonnie R. Bristow, eds. 2004. In the Nation’s Compelling Interest: Ensuring Diversity in the Health-care Workforce. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sprinks, James. 2008. “Diversity Champions Needed to Tackle Racism Against NHS Staff.” Nursing Standard 23 (4): 12–13. doi:10.7748/ns.23.4.12.s22. PMID: 19051526.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• The 18th Knesset protocol, 664. 2012. “Attacking Arab Nurses in the Context of Racism in Etzion School in Jaffa.” www.knesset.gov.il/protocols/data/rtf/chinuch/2012-07-09-02.rtf.
   Google Scholar
• Tuttas, Carol A. 2015. “Perceived Racial and Ethnic Prejudice and Discrimination Experiences of Minority Migrant Nurses: A Literature Review.” Journal of Transcultural Nursing 26 (5): 514–520. doi: 10.1177/1043659614526757
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Manen, Max. 1984. “Practicing Phenomenological Writing.” Phenomenology & Pedagogy 2 (1): 36–69.
   Google Scholar
• van Manen, Max. 1997. Researching Lived Experience. Human Science for an Action Sensitive Pedagogy. Toronto: Althouse.
   Google Scholar
• van Manen, Max. 2001. “Professional Practice and ‘Doing Phenomenlogy’.” In Handbook of Phenomenology and Medicine, edited by Kay S. Toombs, 457–474. Dordrecht: Kluwer Press.
   Google Scholar
• van Manen, Max. 2007. “Phenomenology of Practice.” Phenomenology & Practice 1 (1): 11–30.
   Google Scholar
• Yashiv, Eran. 2012. Israeli Arabs in the Labor Market. Jerusalem: Van Leer Institute (Hebrew).
   Google Scholar