References
- Airhihenbuwa, Collins O., Shiriki Kumanyika, Tanya D. Agurs, Agatha Lowe, David Saunders, and Christiaan B. Morssink. 1996. “Cultural Aspects of African American Eating Patterns.” Ethnicity & Health 1 (3): 245–260. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/13557858.1996.9961793
- Arnold, T. 2017. “Vegan Soul Food: Chefs around DC Redefine a Classic Cuisine.” Washington’s Top News (WTOP), Accessed July 23, 2018. https://wtop.com/food-restaurant/2017/10/vegan-soul-food/.
- Avieli, Nir, and Fran Markowitz. 2018. “Slavery Food, Soul Food, Salvation Food: Veganism and Identity in the African Hebrew Israelite Community.” African and Black Diaspora: An International Journal 11 (2): 205–220. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/17528631.2017.1394612
- Berg, J., and B. L. Berg. 1988. “Compliance, Diet and Cultural Factors among Black Americans with End-Stage Renal Disease.” Journal of National Black Nurses’ Association: JNBNA 3 (2): 16–28.
- Bowman, Shanthy A., and Bryan T. Vinyard. 2004. “Fast Food Consumption of U.S. Adults: Impact on Energy and Nutrient Intakes and Overweight Status.” Journal of the American College of Nutrition 23 (2): 163–168. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2004.10719357
- Brown, Deneen L. 2013. “Vegan Restaurateur’s Truck Aims to Make Prince George’s ‘Food Desert’ a Little Healthier.” https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/in-prince-georges-a-push-for-healthier-eating-in-food-deserts/2013/09/11/166f1f46-198f-11e3-8685-5021e0c41964_story.html.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2007. “Prevalence of Fruit and Vegetable Consumption and Physical Activity by Race/Ethnicity--United States, 2005.” MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 56 (13): 301.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2017. “County Data.” Accessed August 8, 2018. https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/data/county.html.
- Conway, Baqiyyah N., Xijing Han, Heather M. Munro, Amy L. Gross, Xiao-Ou Shu, Margaret K. Hargreaves, Wei Zheng, Alvin C. Powers, and William J. Blot. 2018. “The Obesity Epidemic and Rising Diabetes Incidence in a low-Income Racially Diverse Southern US Cohort.” PLoS ONE 13 (1): e0190993. doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0190993
- Danaei, Goodarz, Eric L. Ding, Dariush Mozaffarian, Ben Taylor, Jürgen Rehm, Christopher J. L. Murray, and Majid Ezzati. 2009. “The Preventable Causes of Death in the United States: Comparative Risk Assessment of Dietary, Lifestyle, and Metabolic Risk Factors.” PLoS Medicine 6 (4): e1000058. doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000058
- Devine, Carol M., Jeffery Sobal, Carole A. Bisogni, and Margaret Connors. 1999. “Food Choices in Three Ethnic Groups: Interactions of Ideals, Identities, and Roles.” Journal of Nutrition Education 31 (2): 86–93. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3182(99)70400-0
- Fraser, Gary E. 2009. “Vegetarian Diets: What Do We Know of Their Effects on Common Chronic Diseases?” The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 89 (5): 1607S–1612S. doi: https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.2009.26736K
- Fraser, Gary, Sozina Katuli, Ramtin Anousheh, Synnove Knutsen, Patti Herring, and Jing Fan. 2015. “Vegetarian Diets and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Black Members of the Adventist Health Study-2.” Public Health Nutrition 18 (3): 537–545. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980014000263
- Glickman, D., L. Parker, L. J. Sim, H. Del Valle Cook, E. A. Miller, and Committee on Accelerating Progress in Obesity Prevention. 2012. Accelerating Progress in Obesity Prevention: Solving the Weight of the Nation. National Academies Press.
- Hales, Craig M., Margaret D. Carroll, Cheryl D. Fryar, and Cynthia L. Ogden. 2017. Prevalence of Obesity among Adults and Youth: United States, 2015-2016. US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics.
- Henderson, Laretta. 2007. “‘Ebony Jr!’ and ‘Soul Food’: The Construction of Middle-Class African American Identity through the Use of Traditional Southern Foodways.” MELUS: Multi-Ethnic Literature of the United States 32 (4): 81–97. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/melus/32.4.81
- James, Delores. 2004. “Factors Influencing Food Choices, Dietary Intake, and Nutrition-Related Attitudes among African Americans: Application of a Culturally Sensitive Model.” Ethnicity and Health 9 (4): 349–367. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/1355785042000285375
- Kittler, Pamela Goyan, Kathryn P. Sucher, and Marcia Nelms. 2011. Food and Culture. Wadsworth, Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning.
- Kraak, Vivica, Tessa Englund, Sarah Misyak, and Elena Serrano. 2017. “Progress Evaluation for the Restaurant Industry Assessed by a Voluntary Marketing-Mix and Choice-Architecture Framework That Offers Strategies to Nudge American Customers toward Healthy Food Environments, 2006–2017.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14 (7): 760. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14070760
- Liese, A. D., B. A. Bell, T. L. Barnes, N. Colabianchi, J. D. Hibbert, C. E. Blake, and D. A. Freedman. 2014. “Environmental Influences on Fruit and Vegetable Intake: Results From a Path Analytic Model.” Public Health Nutrition 17 (11): 2595–2604. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980013002930
- Ma, X., C. E. Blake, T. L. Barnes, B. A. Bell, and A. D. Liese. 2018. “What Does a Person’s Eating Identity add to Environmental Influences on Fruit and Vegetable Intake?” Appetite 120: 130–135. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2017.08.025
- Macintyre, Sally. 2007. “Deprivation Amplification Revisited; Or, Is It Always True That Poorer Places Have Poorer Access to Resources for Healthy Diets and Physical Activity?” International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 4 (1): 32. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-4-32
- Melby, Christopher L., M. Lynn Toohey, and Joan Cebrick. 1994. “Blood Pressure and Blood Lipids among Vegetarian, Semivegetarian, and Nonvegetarian African Americans.” The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 59 (1): 103–109. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/59.1.103
- Millen, Barbara E., Steve Abrams, Lucile Adams-Campbell, Cheryl A. M. Anderson, J. Thomas Brenna, Wayne W. Campbell, Steven Clinton, Frank Hu, Miriam Nelson, and Marian L. Neuhouser. 2016. “The 2015 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee Scientific Report: Development and Major Conclusions.” Advances in Nutrition 7 (3): 438–444. doi: https://doi.org/10.3945/an.116.012120
- Miller, Adrian. 2013. Soul Food: The Surprising Story of an American Cuisine, one Plate at a Time. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
- Mokdad, Ali H., James S. Marks, Donna F. Stroup, and Julie L. Gerberding. 2004. “Actual Causes of Death in the United States, 2000.” JAMA 291 (10): 1238–1245. doi: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.291.10.1238
- Morland, Kimberly, Steve Wing, Ana Diez Roux, and Charles Poole. 2002. “Neighborhood Characteristics Associated with the Location of Food Stores and Food Service Places.” American Journal of Preventive Medicine 22 (1): 23–29. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0749-3797(01)00403-2
- Neumark-Sztainer, Dianne, Mary Story, Michael D. resnick, and Robert W. Blum. 1998. “Lessons Learned about Adolescent Nutrition from the Minnesota Adolescent Health Survey.” Journal of the American Dietetic Association 98 (12): 1449–1456. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-8223(98)00329-0
- Ogden, Cynthia L., Margaret D. Carroll, Brian K. Kit, and Katherine M. Flegal. 2014. “Prevalence of Childhood and Adult Obesity in the United States, 2011-2012.” JAMA 311 (8): 806–814. doi: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2014.732
- Opie, Frederick Douglass. 2010. Hog and Hominy: Soul Food from Africa to America. Columbia University Press.
- Powell, Lisa M., Sandy Slater, Donka Mirtcheva, Yanjun Bao, and Frank J. Chaloupka. 2007. “Food Store Availability and Neighborhood Characteristics in the United States.” Preventive Medicine 44 (3): 189–195. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2006.08.008
- Rankins, Jenice. 2002. “Modified Soul: A Culturally Sensitive Process Model for Helping African-Americans Achieve Dietary Guidelines for Cancer Prevention.” Ecology of Food and Nutrition 41 (3): 181–201.
- Rankins, Jenice, Jaleena Wortham, and Linda L. Brown. 2007. “Modifying Soul Food for the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension Diet(Dash) Plan: Implications for Metabolic Syndrome(Dash of Soul).” Ethnicity & Disease 17 (3): 7–12.
- Reitzel, Lorraine R., Hiroe Okamoto, Daphne C. Hernandez, Seann D. Regan, Lorna H. McNeill, and Ezemenari M. Obasi. 2016. “The Built Food Environment and Dietary Intake among African-American Adults.” American Journal of Health Behavior 40 (1): 3–11. doi: https://doi.org/10.5993/AJHB.40.1.1
- Rhone, Alana, Michele Ver Ploeg, Chris Dicken, Ryan Williams, and Vince Breneman. 2017. Low-Income and Low-Supermarket-Access Census Tracts, 2010-2015.
- Rodricks, D. 2014. “A New Food Festival in Baltimore Celebrates Vegan Cuisine.” http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/bs-md-ci-vegan-soulfest-20141024-story.html#.
- Sadler, Richard Casey, Jason Andrew Gilliland, and Godwin Arku. 2016. “Theoretical Issues in the ‘Food Desert’ Debate and Ways Forward.” Geojournal 81 (3): 443–455. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-015-9634-6
- Satia, Jessie A., Joseph A. Galanko, and Anna Maria Siega-Riz. 2004. “Eating at Fast-Food Restaurants is Associated with Dietary Intake, Demographic, Psychosocial and Behavioural Factors among African Americans in North Carolina.” Public Health Nutrition 7 (8): 1089–1096. doi: https://doi.org/10.1079/PHN2004662
- Semega, Jessica L., Kayla R. Fontenot, and Melissa A. Kollar. 2017. “Income and Poverty in the United States: 2016.” Current Population Reports, 10–11.
- Severson, K. 2017. “Black Vegans Step Out, for Their Health and Other Causes.” https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/28/dining/black-vegan-cooking.html.
- Terry, Bryant. 2009. Vegan Soul Kitchen: Fresh, Healthy, and Creative African-American Cuisine. Da Capo Lifelong Books.
- United States Census Bureau. “Census Data Mapper.” Accessed November 1, 2017. https://datamapper.geo.census.gov/map.html.
- United States Census Bureau. “Census Regions and Divisions of the United States.” https://www2.census.gov/geo/pdfs/maps-data/maps/reference/us_regdiv.pdf.
- United States Census Bureau. 2010. “2010 Census Demographic Profile Summary File “, Accessed July 23, 2018. https://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/doc/dpsf.pdf.
- United States Census Bureau. 2015. Small Area Income and Poverty Estimates.” Accessed November 1, 2017. https://www.census.gov/data-tools/demo/saipe/saipe.html?s_appName=saipe&map_yearSelector=2015&map_geoSelector=aa_c.
- USDA (United States Department of Agriculture). 2015. “Food Access Research Atlas.” Accessed November 1, 2017. https://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/food-access-research-atlas/go-to-the-atlas.aspx.
- Van Deburg, William L. 1992. New Day in Babylon: The Black Power Movement and American Culture, 1965-1975. University of Chicago Press.
- Vandevijvere, S., C. Dominick, A. Devi, and B. Swinburn. 2015. “International Network for Food and Obesity/Non-Communicable Diseases Research, Monitoring and Action Support. The Healthy Food Environment Policy Index: Findings of an Expert Panel in New Zealand.” Bulletin of the World Health Organization 93 (5): 294–302. doi: https://doi.org/10.2471/BLT.14.145540
- Whit, William C. 1999. “Soul Food as Cultural Creation.” Journal for the Study of Food and Society 3 (1): 37–47. doi: https://doi.org/10.2752/152897999786690717
- Witt, Doris. 1999. Black Hunger: Food and the Politics of US Identity. Oxford University Press on Demand.
- Yang, Yongbin, David R. Buys, Suzanne E. Judd, Barbara A. Gower, and Julie L. Locher. 2013. “Favorite Foods of Older Adults Living in the Black Belt Region of the United States. Influences of Ethnicity, Gender, and Education.” Appetite 63: 18–23. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2012.12.007
- Zenk, Shannon N., Irina Horoi, Ashley McDonald, Colleen Corte, Barth Riley, and Angela M. Odoms-Young. 2014. “Ecological Momentary Assessment of Environmental and Personal Factors and Snack Food Intake in African American Women.” Appetite 83: 333–341. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2014.09.008
- Zenk, Shannon N., Laurie L. Lachance, Amy J. Schulz, Graciela Mentz, Srimathi Kannan, and William Ridella. 2009. “Neighborhood Retail Food Environment and Fruit and Vegetable Intake in a Multiethnic Urban Population.” American Journal of Health Promotion 23 (4): 255–264. doi: https://doi.org/10.4278/ajhp.071204127
- Zenk, Shannon N., Amy J. Schulz, Barbara A. Israel, Sherman A. James, Shuming Bao, and Mark L. Wilson. 2005. “Neighborhood Racial Composition, Neighborhood Poverty, and the Spatial Accessibility of Supermarkets in Metropolitan Detroit.” American Journal of Public Health 95 (4): 660–667. doi: https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2004.042150