The last subsidy: regulating devaluation in the German coal phase-out

References

• Agora, 2017. Kohleausstieg, Stromimporte und -exporte sowie Versorgungssicherheit.
   Google Scholar
• Amelang, S., et al., 2016. Climate levy – the debate and proposals for cutting CO2 emissions. Clean energy wire. https://www.cleanenergywire.org/news/climate-levy-debate-and-proposals-cutting-co2-emissions
   Google Scholar
• Amelang, S. and Wettengel, J., 2019. German lignite plants deep in the red, should get little compensation to close – report. Clean energy wire. https://www.cleanenergywire.org/news/german-lignite-plants-lose-more-600-million-euros-first-half-2019-report
   Google Scholar
• Auer, J. and Heymann, E., 2019. Steady decline in capacity utilisation in the German electricity sector. www.dbresearch.com.
   Google Scholar
• Baker, L., Newell, P., and Phillips, J., 2014. The political economy of energy transitions: the case of South Africa. New political economy, 19 (6), 791–818.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berlo, K. and Wagner, O., 2015. Strukturkonservierende Regime-Elemente der Stromwirtschaft. Momentum quarterly, 4 (4), 233–53.
   Google Scholar
• BMWi, 2015. An electricity market for Germany’s energy transition. www.bmwi.de.
   Google Scholar
• Bose, S., et al., 2019. Nach der Kohle: Alternativen für einen Strukturwandel in der Lausitz.
   Google Scholar
• Brauers, H., Herpich, P., and Oei, P.Y., 2018. The transformation of the German coal sector from 1950 to 2017: an historical overview. In: C. Von Hirschhausen, C. Gerbaulet, C. Kemfert, C. Lorenz and P. Y. Oei, eds. Energiewende ‘made in Germany’: low carbon electricity sector reform in the European context. Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing, 45–78.
   Google Scholar
• Brauers, H., Oei, P.Y., and Walk, P., 2020. Comparing coal phase-out pathways: the United Kingdom’s and Germany’s diverging transitions. Environmental innovation and societal transitions, 37 (September), 238–53.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bridge, G. and Gailing, L., 2020. New energy spaces: towards a geographical political economy of energy transition. Environment and planning A: economy and space, 52 (6), 1037–50.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brock, A. and Dunlap, A., 2018. Normalising corporate counterinsurgency: engineering consent, managing resistance and greening destruction around the Hambach coal mine and beyond. Political geography, 62, 33–47.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, S., 2020. German state awards €317 million to loss-making coal plants. https://ember-climate.org/commentary/2020/12/08/german-hard-coal/.
   Google Scholar
• Bundesnetzagentur & Bundeskartellamt, 2021. Monitoringbericht Energie 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Carton, W., 2019. “Fixing” climate change by mortgaging the future: negative emissions, spatiotemporal fixes, and the political economy of delay. Antipode, 51 (3), 750–69.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ClientEarth, 2020a. The German coal exit law: grounds of incompatibility of the compensations for hard coal plants with state aid law.
   Google Scholar
• ClientEarth, 2020b. The German lignite phase-out contract and investment arbitration.
   Google Scholar
• David, M., 2018. Exnovation as a necessary factor in successful energy transitions. In: D. Davidson and M. Gross, eds. The Oxford handbook of energy and society. New York: Oxford University Press, 519–537.
   Google Scholar
• Dierwechter, Y., 2020. Urbanizations of green geopolitics: new state spaces in global unsustainability. In: S. Moisio, N. Koch, A. E. Jonas and C. Lizotte, eds. Handbook on the changing geographies of the state. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing, 399–412.
   Google Scholar
• Dörre, K., et al., 2018. A labor movement from the right? Motives and limits of an imaginary revolt. Berliner Journal Fur Soziologie, 28 (1–2), 55–89.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drake, D. and York, J., 2021. Kicking ash: who (or what) is winning the “war on coal”? Production and operations management, 30 (7), 2162–87.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EEA, 2018. Greening the power sector: benefits of an ambitious implementation of Europe’s environment and climate policies. European environmental agency. https://www.eea.europa.eu/policy-documents/greening-the-power-sector-benefits
   Google Scholar
• Eriksen, F., 2019. German utility RWE raises earnings forecast for 2019 amid lignite compensation talks. Clean energy wire. https://www.cleanenergywire.org/news/german-utility-rwe-raises-earnings-forecast-2019-amid-lignite-compensationtalks
   Google Scholar
• Furnaro, A., 2021. The role of moral devaluation in phasing out fossil fuels: limits for a socioecological fix. Antipode, 53 (5), 1442–62.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flunes, F., 2022. Coal ransom: How the energy charter treaty drove up the costs of the German coal phase-out. PowerShift – Verein für eine ökologischsolidarische Energie- & Weltwirtschaft e. V. https://www.globaljustice.org.uk/wpcontent/uploads/2022/04/CoalRansom_ECTGermanCoalPhaseout_Apr2022.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Gailing, L., et al., 2020. Socio-spatial dimensions in energy transitions: applying the TPSN framework to case studies in Germany. Environment and planning A: economy and space, 52 (6), 1112–30.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geels, F. and Verhees, B., 2011. Cultural legitimacy and framing struggles in innovation journeys: a cultural-performative perspective and a case study of Dutch nuclear energy (1945–1986). Technological forecasting and social change, 78 (6), 910–30.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gillingham, J., 1982. Ruhr coal miners and Hitler’s war. Source: journal of social history, 15 (4), 637–653.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gramsci, A., 1971. Selections from the prison notebooks. Edited by Q. Hoare and G. Nowell-Smith. London: Lawrence and Wishart.
   Google Scholar
• Gray, M., 2020. After the hedge: the elephant in RWE’s boardroom. Carbon tracker initiative. https://carbontracker.org/after-the-hedge/
   Google Scholar
• Haas, T., 2019. Comparing energy transitions in Germany and Spain using a political economy perspective. Environmental innovation and societal transitions, 31, 200–10.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall, S., 1986. Gramsci’s relevance for the study of race and ethnicity. Journal of communication inquiry, 10 (2), 5–27.
   Google Scholar
• Hall, P. and Soskice, D., 2001. Varieties of capitalism: the institutional foundations of comparative advantage. New York: OUP Oxford.
   Google Scholar
• Harvey, D., 1982. The limits to capital. Oxford: Bl.
   Google Scholar
• Herberg, J., et al., 2020. Partizipative Governance und nachhaltiger strukturwandel. Zwischenstand und Handlungsmöglichkeiten in der Lausitz und im Rheinischen Revier.
   Google Scholar
• Herpich, P., Brauers, H., and Oei, P.Y., 2018. An historical case study on previous coal transitions in Germany. Berlin: DIW Berlin.
   Google Scholar
• Hornlein, L., 2019. Utility divestitures in Germany: a case study of corporate financial strategies and energy transition risk. Available at SSRN 3379545.
   Google Scholar
• Huber, M.T., 2011. Enforcing scarcity: oil, violence, and the making of the market. Annals of the association of American geographers, 101 (4), 816–26.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huber, M., 2013. Fueling capitalism: oil, the regulation approach, and the ecology of capital. Economic geography, 89 (2), 171–94.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IEA. 2020. Germany 2020.
   Google Scholar
• IGBCE, 2015. Klimaschutz durch Investition in Effizienz und Versorgungssicherheit. https://2019.igbce.de/vanity/renderDownloadLink/224/106512.
   Google Scholar
• Jessop, B., 1988. Regulation theory, post Fordism and the state: more than a reply to Werner Bonefield. Capital & class, 12 (1), 147–68.
   Google Scholar
• Jessop, B., 2001. Institutional re(turns) and the strategic – relational approach. Environment and planning A, 33 (7), 1213–35. doi:10.1068/a32183.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jessop, B., 2002. The future of the capitalist state. Cambridge: Polity.
   Google Scholar
• Jessop, B., 2003. Capitalism, the regulation approach, and critical realism1. In: B. Jessop eds. Critical realism and Marxism. New York: Routledge, 88–115.
   Google Scholar
• Jessop, B. and Sum, N., 2006. Beyond the regulation approach: putting capitalist economies in their place. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Jungjohann, A. and Morris, C., 2014. The German coal conundrum: the status of coal power in Germany’s energy transition. Heinrich Böll Stiftung, November.
   Google Scholar
• Kemfert, C., et al., 2015. Deep decarbonization in Germany. Berlin: DIW Berlin. https://www.diw.de/documents/publikationen/73/diw_01.c.497746.de/diwkompakt_2015-093.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Kennedy, C., 2017. Boycott products from states with dirty energy. In: Nature. Vol. 551, Issue 7680. Nature Publishing Group, 294–5.
   Google Scholar
• Kern, F. and Markard, J., 2016. Analysing energy transitions: combining insights from transition studies and international political economy. In: T. Van de Graaf, B. K. Sovacool, A. Ghosh, F. Kern and M. T. Klare, eds. The Palgrave handbook of the international political economy of energy. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 291–318.
   Google Scholar
• Kitchen, M., 1978. The political economy of Germany: 1815–1914. London: McGill-Queen’s University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kölle for Future, 2020. Solardeckel und Hinweis zu gravierenden Fehlern im Kohleausstiegsgesetz. https://koelle4future.de/blog/2020/05/18/solardeckel-kohleausstiegsgesetz/.
   Google Scholar
• Knuth, S., 2017. Green devaluation: disruption, divestment, and decommodification for a green economy. Capitalism, nature, socialism, 28 (1), 98–117. https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-017-05907-8
   Google Scholar
• Lamperti, F., et al., 2019. The green transition: public policy, finance, and the role of the state. Vierteljahrshefte Zur Wirtschaftsforschung, 88 (2), 73–88.
   Google Scholar
• Leipprand, A. and Flachsland, C., 2018. Regime destabilization in energy transitions: the German debate on the future of coal. Energy research and social science, 40, 190–204.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linn, J. and McCormack, K., 2019. The roles of energy markets and environmental regulation in reducing coal-fired plant profits and electricity sector emissions. The RAND journal of economics, 50 (4), 733–67.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lintz, G. and Schmude, K., 2005. Germany: tackling the east-west divide. In: B. Müller, M. Finka and G. Lintz, eds. Rise and decline of industry in Central and Eastern Europe. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer-Verlag, 81–110.
   Google Scholar
• Lipietz, A., 1988. Accumulation, crises, and ways out: some methodological reflections on the concept of ‘regulation’. International journal of political economy, 18 (2), 10–43.
   Google Scholar
• Litz, P., Graichen, P., and Frank, P., 2019. ‘Die Kohlekommission: Ihre Empfehlungen und deren Auswirkungen auf den deutschen Stromsektor bis 2030.
   Google Scholar
• Matthes, F., et al., 2018. Dem Ziel verpflichtet cO 2-mindestpreise im instrumentenmix einer Kohle-Ausstiegsstrategie für Deutschland.
   Google Scholar
• McDuie-Ra, D. and Kikon, D., 2016. Tribal communities and coal in northeast India: the politics of imposing and resisting mining bans. Energy policy, 99, 261–9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGaughey, E., 2016. The codetermination bargains: the history of German corporate and labor law. Columbia journal of European law, 23, 135–176.
   Google Scholar
• Nachtwey, O., 2016. Die Abstiegsgesellschaft: Über das Aufbegehren in der regressiven Moderne. Berlin: Suhrkamp Verlag.
   Google Scholar
• Nasr, J., 2019. As end looms for coal, German mining region shifts right. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-germany-politics-coal-idINKCN1RN0PD
   Google Scholar
• Nonn, C., 2001. Die Ruhrbergbaukrise: Entindustrialisierung und Politik 1958–1969. Kritische Studien zur Geschichtswissenschaft. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.
   Google Scholar
• Oei, P., et al., 2017. Klimaschutz und Betreiberwechsel: Die ostdeutsche Braunkohlewirtschaft im Wandel. DIW Wochenbericht, 84 (6/7). https://www.diw.de/de/diw_01.c.552191.de/publikationen/wochenberichte/2017_06_1/klimaschutz_und_betreiberwechsel__die_ostdeutsche_braunkohlewirtschaft_im_wandel.html
   Google Scholar
• Oei, P., Brauers, H., and Herpich, P., 2020. Lessons from Germany’s hard coal mining phase-out: policies and transition from 1950 to 2018. Climate policy, 20 (8), 963–79.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oei, P. and Von Hirschhausen, C., 2019. Organizing a German coal phase-out.
   Google Scholar
• Pahle, M., 2010. Germany’s dash for coal: exploring drivers and factors. Energy policy, 38 (7), 3431–42.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paul, F., 2018. Deep entanglements: history, space and (energy) struggle in the German Energiewende. Geoforum; journal of physical, human, and regional geosciences, 91 (March 2017), 1–9.
   Google Scholar
• Pearse, R., 2020. Theorising the political economy of energy transformations: agency, structure, space, process. New political economy, New Political Economy, 26 (6), 951–963.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radtke, J., et al., 2019. Energiewende in Zeiten populistischer Bewegungen – Einleitende Bemerkungen. Wiesbaden: Springer VS, 3–29.
   Google Scholar
• Reitznenstein, A. and Popp, R., 2019. The German coal commission – a role model for transformative change? E3G.
   Google Scholar
• Rentier, G., Lelieveldt, H., and Kramer, G.J., 2019. Varieties of coal-fired power phase-out across Europe. Energy policy, 132, 620–32.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sareen, S., 2019. Enabling sustainable energy transitions: practices of legitimation and accountable governance. Cham, Switzerland: Springer Nature.
   Google Scholar
• Schomerus, T. and Franßen, G., 2018. KLIMASCHUTZ UND DIE BRAUN- UND STEINKOHLE – KRAFTWERKEN. In im Auftrag des Bundesministeriums für Umwelt, Naturschutz und nukleare Sicherheit.
   Google Scholar
• Schreurs, M.A., 2013. Orchestrating a low-carbon energy revolution without nuclear: Germany’s response to the Fukushima nuclear crisis. Theoretical inquiries in law, 14 (1), 83–108.
   Google Scholar
• Selk, V., Kemmerzell, J., and Radtke, J., 2019. In der Demokratiefalle? Probleme der Energiewende zwischen Expertokratie, partizipativer Governance und populistischer Reaktion. Wiesbaden: Springer VS, 31–66.
   Google Scholar
• Shearer, J., 2003. Cyclical and technological unemployment in Germany’s Ruhr coal industry, 1918–1935. World history review, 1 (3), 21–36.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, N., 2017. The concepts of devaluation, valorization, and depreciation in Marx: towards a clarification. Human geography, 10 (1), 4–19.
   Google Scholar
• Storchmann, K., 2005. The rise and fall of German hard coal subsidies. Energy policy, 33 (11), 1469–92.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Streeck, W., 1997. German capitalism: does it exist? Can it survive? New political economy, 2 (2), 237–56.
   Google Scholar
• Umpfenbach, K., Prahl, A., and Oei, P., 2019. Instruments for reducing the use of coal in the energy sector. In Phasing out coal in the German energy sector.
   Google Scholar
• Van Der Burg, L. and Pickard, S., 2015. G20 subsidies to oil, gas and coal production. Germany: ODI.
   Google Scholar
• Van Hook, J.C., 2002. From socialization to co-determination: the US, Britain, Germany, and public ownership in the Ruhr, 1945–1951. The historical journal, 45 (1), 153–78.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VKU, 2017. Die Antworten kommunaler Unternehmen auf Fragen des Wohlstands von morgen. VKU. https://www.vku.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Verbandsseite/Positionen/Allgemein/170227_VKUPosition_Wohlstand_von_morgen.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Walk, P. and Stognief, N., 2021. Der Kohleausstieg in der Lausitz. Herausforderung und Chance für die Region. In: Michael Thomas and Ulrich Busch, eds. Streitfall Ostdeutschland. Grenzen einer Transformationserzählung. Trafo Wissenschaftsverlag Berlin.
   Google Scholar
• Wronski, R. and Fiedler, S., 2017. Was Strom Wirklich Kostet. FÖS/Greenpeace Energy. https://foes.de/pdf/2015-01-Was-Strom-wirklich-kostet-kurz.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Yamazaki, T., 2013. Changes in national, economic, and corporate relations. In: T. Yamazaki, eds. German business management. Tokio: Springer Japan, 37–53.
   Google Scholar
• Yanguas, P., et al., 2018. Science based coal phase-out pathway for Germany in line with the Paris agreement 1.5°C warming limit opportunities and benefits of an accelerated energy transition. Climate analytics. https://climateanalytics.org/media/germany_coalphaseout_report_climateanalytics_final.pdf
   Google Scholar