‘Saving the WTO’: middle power insiders and joint statement initiatives at the World Trade Organisation

References

• Anderson, J.E., and Yotov, Y.V., 2016. Terms of trade and global efficiency effects of free trade agreements, 1990–2002. Journal of international economics, 99, 279–298.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azmeh, S., Foster, C., and Echavarri, J., 2020. The international trade regime and the quest for free digital trade. International studies review, 22 (3), 671–692.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baccini, L., Pinto, P.M., and Weymouth, S., 2017. The distributional consequences of preferential trade liberalization: firm-level evidence. International organization, 71 (2), 373–395.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baccini, L., and Dür, A., 2015. Investment discrimination and the proliferation of preferential trade agreements. Journal of conflict resolution, 59 (4), 617–644.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baldwin, R.E., 2006. Multilateralising regionalism: spaghetti bowls as building blocs on the path to global free trade. World economy, 29 (11), 1451–1518.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baldwin, R., and Jaimovich, D., 2012. Are free trade agreements contagious? Journal of international economics, 88 (1), 1–16.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baldwin, R., 1993. A domino theory of regionalism. In: R. Baldwin, P. Haarparanta, and J. Kianden, eds. Expanding membership of the European Union. Cambridge University Press, 25–45.
   Google Scholar
• Baldwin, R.E., 2011. 21st Century Regionalism: filling the gap between 21st century trade and 20th century trade rules. Available from: SSRN 1869845.
   Google Scholar
• Baharumshah, A.Z., Onwuka, K.O., and Habibullah, M.S., 2007. Is a regional trade bloc a prelude to multilateral trade liberalization? Empirical evidence from the ASEAN-5 economies. Journal of Asian economics, 18 (2), 384–402.
   Google Scholar
• Beeson, M., and Higgott, R., 2014. The changing architecture of politics in the Asia-pacific: Australia's middle power moment? International relations of the Asia-Pacific, 14 (2), 215–237.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhagwati, J., 2008. Termites in the trading system: How preferential agreements undermine free trade. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bohara, A.K., Gawande, K., and Sanguinetti, P., 2004. Trade diversion and declining tariffs: evidence from mercosur. Journal of international economics, 64 (1), 65–88.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boklan, D., Starshinova, O., and Bahri, A., 2023. Joint statement initiatives: A legitimate end to ‘until everything is agreed’? Journal of world trade, 57 (2), 339–360.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brattberg, E., 2021. Middle power diplomacy in an Age of US-China tensions. The Washington quarterly, 44 (1), 219–238.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cardamone, P., and Scoppola, M., 2012. The impact of EU preferential trade agreements on foreign direct investment. The world economy, 35 (11), 1473–1501.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang, W., and Winters, L.A., 2002. How regional blocs affect excluded countries: The price effects of MERCOSUR. American economic review, 92 (4), 889–904.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper, A.F., Higgott, R.A., and Nossal, K.R., 1993. Relocating middle powers: Australia and Canada in a changing world order (Vol. 6). Vancouver: UBC Press.
   Google Scholar
• Eagleton-Pierce, M.D., 2012. The competing kings of cotton:(Re) framing the WTO African cotton initiative. New political economy, 17 (3), 313–337.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Efstathopoulos, C., 2018. Middle powers and the behavioural model. Global society, 32 (1), 47–69.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Estevadeordal, A., Freund, C., and Ornelas, E., 2008. Does regionalism affect trade liberalization toward nonmembers? The quarterly journal of economics, 123 (4), 1531–1575.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faude, B., 2020. Breaking gridlock: How path dependent layering enhances resilience in global trade governance. Global policy, 11 (4), 448–457.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freedman, A., 2022. Thailand as an awkward middle power. In: G. Abbondanza, and T.S Wilkins, eds. Awkward powers: escaping traditional great and middle power theory. Global political transitions. Singapore: Palgrave Macmillan, 131–149.
   Google Scholar
• Freund, C., and Ornelas, E., 2010. Regional trade agreements. Annual review of economics, 2 (1), 139–166.
   Google Scholar
• Fugazza, M., and Nicita, A., 2013. The direct and relative effects of preferential market access. Journal of international economics, 89 (2), 357–368.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao, H.S., 2020. Across the Great Wall: E-commerce Joint Statement Initiative Negotiation and China. Available from: SSRN 3695382.
   Google Scholar
• Gecelovsky, P., 2009. Constructing a middle power: ideas and Canadian foreign policy. Canadian foreign Policy journal, 15 (1), 77–93.
   Google Scholar
• Hale, T., Held, D., and Young, K., 2013. Gridlock: from self-reinforcing interdependence to second-order cooperation problems. Global policy, 4 (3), 223–235.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoekman, B., and Sabel, C., 2019. Open plurilateral agreements, international regulatory cooperation and the WTO. Global policy, 10 (3), 297–312.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoekman, B., and Sabel, C., 2021. Plurilateral cooperation as an alternative to trade agreements: innovating one domain at a time. Global policy, 12, 49–60.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hopewell, K., 2016. Breaking the WTO: How emerging powers disrupted the neoliberal project. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hofmann, C., Osnago, A., and Ruta, M., 2017. Horizontal depth: a new database on the content of preferential trade agreements. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 7981, the World Bank.
   Google Scholar
• Jordaan, E., 2003. The concept of a middle power in international relations: distinguishing between emerging and traditional middle powers. Politikon, 30 (1), 165–181.
   Google Scholar
• Karim, M.F., 2018. Middle power, status-seeking and role conceptions: the cases of Indonesia and South Korea. Australian journal of international affairs, 72 (4), 343–363.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelsey, J., 2022. The illegitimacy of joint statement initiatives and their systemic implications for the WTO. Journal of international economic law, 25 (1), 2–24.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krishna, P., 1998. Regionalism and multilateralism: A political economy approach. The quarterly Journal of Economics, 113 (1), 227–251.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krishna, P., 2013. Preferential trade agreements and the world trade system: a multilateralist view. In: Robert C. Feenstra, and Alan M. Taylor, eds. Globalization in an age of crisis: multilateral economic cooperation in the twenty-first century. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 131–160.
   Google Scholar
• Lake, J., and Krishna, P., 2019. Preferential trade agreements: recent theoretical and empirical developments. Oxford: Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Economics and Finance.
   Google Scholar
• Lam, P.E., 2022. Singapore as an awkward “little Red Dot”: between the small and middle power status. In: G. Abbondanza, and T.S Wilkins, eds. Awkward powers: escaping traditional great and middle power theory. Global political transitions. Singapore: Palgrave Macmillan, 329–348.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, S.Z., 2022. Middle power and power asymmetry: how South Korea’s free trade agreement strategy with ASEAN changed under the New southern policy. Contemporary politics, 29 (3), 318–338.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, D., and Smith, N.J., 2008. The political economy of small African states in the WTO. The round table, 97 (395), 259–271.
   Google Scholar
• Lewis, M.K., 2011. The politics and indirect effects of asymmetrical bargaining power in free trade agreements. In: T. Broude, M. Busch, and A. Porges, eds. The politics of international economic Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 19–39.
   Google Scholar
• Libman, A., 2021. Eurasian regionalism and the WTO: a building block or a stumbling stone? Post-communist economies, 33 (2–3), 246–264.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Limao, N., 2006. Preferential trade agreements as stumbling blocks for multilateral trade liberalisation: Evidence for the United States, American economic review, 96 (3), 896–914.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Limão, N., 2007. Are preferential trade agreements with non-trade objectives a stumbling block for multilateral liberalization? The review of economic studies, 74 (3), 821–855.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levy, P.I., 1994. Political economy and free trade agreements. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mattoo, A., Mulabdic, A., and Ruta, M., 2022. Trade creation and trade diversion in deep agreements. Canadian journal of economics, 55 (3), 1598–1637.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morse, J.C., and Keohane, R.O., 2014. Contested multilateralism. The review of international organizations, 9 (4), 385–412.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Narlikar, A., 2010. New powers in the club: the challenges of global trade governance. International affairs, 86 (3), 717–728.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson, D.R., 2019. Facing up to Trump administration mercantilism: The 2018 WTO trade policy review of the United States. The world economy, 42 (12), 3430–3437.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ornelas, E., 2005a. Rent destruction and the political viability of free trade agreements. The quarterly journal of economics, 120 (4), 1475–1506.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ornelas, E., 2005b. Trade creating free trade areas and the undermining of multilateralism. European economic review, 49 (7), 1717–1735.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romalis, J., 2007. NAFTA's and CUSFTA's impact on international trade. The review of economics and statistics, 89 (3), 416–435.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schoeman, M., 2015. South Africa as an emerging power: from label to ‘status consistency’? South African journal of international affairs, 22 (4), 429–445.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selcher, W.A., 2019. Brazil in the international system: the rise of a middle power. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Stephen, M.D., 2017. Emerging powers and emerging trends in global governance. Global governance, 23 (3), 483–502.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soeya, Y., 2013. Prospects for Japan as a middle power. East Asia forum quarterly, 5 (2), 36–37.
   Google Scholar
• Takamiya, K., 2019. Recently acceded members of the world trade organization: membership, the Doha development agenda, and dispute settlement. Singapore: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Trommer, S., 2017. Post-Brexit trade policy autonomy as pyrrhic victory: being a middle power in a contested trade regime. Globalizations, 14 (6), 810–819.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Urpelainen, J., and Van de Graaf, T., 2015. Your place or mine? institutional capture and the creation of overlapping international institutions. British journal of political science, 45 (4), 799–827.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, Q., 2020. FTA: a stumbling bloc towards global free trade. International journal of economics and finance, 12 (1), 1–22.
   Google Scholar
• Wilkinson, R., and Scott, J., 2008. Developing country participation in the GATT: a reassessment. World trade review, 7 (3), 473–510.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wei, S.J., and Frankel, J.A., 1996. Can regional blocs be a stepping stone to global free trade? a political economy analysis. International review of economics & finance, 5 (4), 339–347.
   Google Scholar
• Zahid, H., Bashir, M.F., and Tahir, M., 2021. Relationship between preferential trade agreements and foreign direct investment: evidence from a panel of 147 countries. The international trade journal, 35 (6), 523–539.
   Google Scholar