Women’s representation in Asian parliaments: a QCA approach

References

• ADB. (2016). Data show 50 years of changing Asia. Retrieved from https://www.adb.org/news/infographics/data-show-50-years-changing-asia
   Google Scholar
• Arceneaux, K. (2001). The “gender gap” in state legislative representation: New data to tackle an old question. Political Research Quarterly, 54(1), 143–160.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayaz, A., & Fleschenberg, A. (Eds.). (2009). The gender face of Asian politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ballington, J. (1998). Women’s parliamentary representation: The effect of list PR. Politikon, 25(2), 77–93.
   Google Scholar
• Basu, A. (2016). Women, dynasties, and democracy in India. In K. Chandra (Ed.), Democratic dynasties: State, party and family in contemporary Indian politics (pp. 136–172). New York: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bauer, G., & Burnet, J. E. (2013). Gender quotas, democracy, and women’s representation in Africa: Some insights from democratic Botswana and autocratic Rwanda. Women’s Studies International Forum, 41(2), 103–112.
   Google Scholar
• Beer, C. (2009). Democracy and gender equality. Studies in Comparative International Development, 44(3), 212–227.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beers, S. (2016). QCA as competing or complementary method? A qualitative comparative analysis approach to protest event data. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 19(5), 521–536.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhavnani, R. R. (2009). Do electoral quotas work after they are withdrawn? Evidence from a natural experiment in India. American Political Science Review, 103(1), 23–35.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bjarnegård, E. (2013). Gender, informal institutions and political recruitment: Explaining male dominance in parliamentary representation. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK.
   Google Scholar
• Braunstein, E. (2014). Patriarchy versus Islam: Gender and religion in economic growth. Feminist Economics, 20(4), 58–86.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buche, A., Buche, J., & Siewert, M. B. (2016). Fuzzy logic or fuzzy application? A response to Stockemer’s ‘fuzzy set or fuzzy logic?’. European Political Science, 15(3), 359–378.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell, N., & Saha, S. (2013). Corruption, democracy and Asia-Pacific countries. Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy, 18(2), 290–303.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chandra, K. (Ed.). (2016). Democratic dynasties: State, party and family in contemporary Indian politics. New York: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ciccia, R. (2016). Qualitative comparative analysis as a tool for concept clarification, typology building, and contextualized comparisons in gender and feminist research. Politics and Gender, 12(3), 1–7.
   Google Scholar
• Dahlerup, D. (2008). Gender quotas – controversial but trendy: On expanding the research agenda. International Feminist Journal of Politics, 10(3), 322–328.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahlerup, D. (2011). Engendering representative democracy. In S. Alonso, J. Keane, & W. Merkel (Eds.), The future of representative democracy (pp. 144–168). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Dahlerup, D. (2016). Women’s political representation. In The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Gender and Sexuality Studies (pp. 1–5). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. doi: 10.1002/9781118663219.wbegss308
   Google Scholar
• Dahlerup, D., & Freidenvall, L. (2005). Quotas as a “fast track” to equal representation for women. Why Scandinavia is no longer the model. International Feminist Journal of Politics, 7(1), 26–48.
   Google Scholar
• Dollar, D., Fisman, R., & Gatti, R. (2001). Are women really the “fairer” sex? Corruption and women in government. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 46(4), 423–429.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donnelly, J. (1999). Human rights, democracy, and development. Human Rights Quarterly, 21(3), 608–632.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emmenegger, P. (2011). Job security regulations in Western democracies: A fuzzy set analysis. European Journal of Political Research, 50(3), 336–364.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emmenegger, P., Kvist, J., & Skaaning, S.-E. (2013). Making the most of configurational comparative analysis: An assessment of QCA applications in comparative welfare-state research. Political Research Quarterly, 66(1), 185–190.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esarey, J., & Chirillo, G. (2013). “Fairer sex” or purity myth? Corruption, gender, and institutional context. Politics & Gender, 9(4), 361–389.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esarey, J., & Schwindt-Bayer, L. A. (2017). Women’s representation, accountability and corruption in democracies. British Journal of Political Science, 48(3), 1–32.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fallon, K., Swiss, L., & Viterna, J. (2012). Resolving the democracy paradox. American Sociological Review, 77(3), 380–408.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleschenberg, A. (2008). Asia’s women politicians at the top: Roaring tigresses or tame kittens. In K. Iwanaga (Ed.), Women’s political participation and representation in Asia: Obstacles and challenges (pp. 30–61). Copenhagen: NIAS Press.
   Google Scholar
• Fleschenberg, A. (2009). Some introductory reflections. In A. Ayaz & A. Fleschenberg (Eds.), The gender face of Asian politics (pp. ix–xxii). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Freedom House. (2016, January 26). Freedom in the world 2016: Table of country scores. Retrieved from https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world-2016/table-scores
   Google Scholar
• Haque, M. S. (2003). Citizen participation in governance through representation: Issue of gender in East Asia. International Journal of Public Administration, 26(5), 569–590.
   Google Scholar
• Hellmann, O. (2014). Electoral reform in Asia: Institutional engineering against ‘money politics’. Japanese Journal of Political Science, 15(2), 275–298.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Htun, M. N. (2005). Women, political parties and electoral systems in Latin America. Europe (OSCE Countries), 16, 14–18.
   Google Scholar
• Huang, C.-L. (2015). Gender quotas in Taiwan: The impact of global diffusion. Politics & Gender, 11(1), 207–217.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, C.-L. (2016). Reserved for whom? The electoral impact of gender quotas in Taiwan. Pacific Affairs, 89(2), 325–343.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes, M. M., & Paxton, P. (2008). Continuous change, episodes, and critical periods: A framework for understanding women’s political representation over time. Politics & Gender, 4(2), 233–264.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IDEA. (2016). Electoral system for national legislature: Regional comparison. Retrieved from http://www.idea.int/data-tools/continent-view/Asia/44
   Google Scholar
• Inglehart, R., & Norris, P. (2003a). Rising tide: Gender equality and cultural change around the world. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Inglehart, R., & Norris, P. (2003b). The true clash of civilizations. Foreign Policy, (135), 62–70.
   Google Scholar
• International Monetary Fund. (2016). World economic outlook database 2016. Retrieved from goo.gl/iGYWz6
   Google Scholar
• Inter-Parliamentary Union. (2015). Women in parliament: 20 years in review. Retrieved from http://www.ipu.org/pdf/publications/WIP20Y-en.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Inter-Parliamentary Union. (2017). Women in national parliaments. Retrieved from http://www.ipu.org/wmn-e/classif.htm
   Google Scholar
• Iversen, T., & Rosenbluth, F. (2008). Work and power: The connection between female labor force participation and female political representation. Annual Review of Political Science, 11(1), 479–495.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iwanaga, K. (2008). Women’s political participation and representation in Asia: Obstacles and challenges. Copenhagen: NIAS Press.
   Google Scholar
• Jalalzai, F. (2004). Women political leaders. Women & Politics, 26(3–4), 85–108.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jayweera, S. (1997). Women, education, and empowerment in Asia. Gender and Education, 9(4), 411–424.
   Google Scholar
• Joshi, D. (2013). The representation of younger age cohorts in Asian parliaments: Do electoral systems make a difference? Representation, 49(1), 1–16.
   Google Scholar
• Joshi, D., & Kingma, K. (2013). The uneven representation of women in Asian parliaments: Explaining variation accross the region. African and Asian Studies, 12, 352–372.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joshi, D., & Och, M. (2014). Talking about my generation and class? Unpacking the descriptive representation of women in Asian parliaments. Women’s Studies International Forum, 47, 168–179.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang, A. (2009). Studying oil, Islam, and women as if political institutions mattered. Politics & Gender, 5(4), 560–568.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kenworthy, L., & Malami, M. (1999). Gender inequality in political representation: A worldwide comparative analysis. Social Forces, 78(1), 235–268.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kis-Katos, K., & Schulze, G. G. (2013). Corruption in Southeast Asia: A survey of recent research. Asian-Pacific Economic Literature, 27, 79–109.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krook, M. L. (2010a). Studying political representation: A comparative-gendered approach. Perspectives on Politics, 8(1), 233.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krook, M. L. (2010b). Women’s representation in parliament: A qualitative comparative analysis. Political Studies, 58(5), 886–908.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krook, M. L., & Messing-Mathie, A. (2013). Gender quotas and comparative politics: Past, present, and future research agendas. Politics & Gender, 9(3), 299–303.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krook, M. L., & Norris, P. (2014). Beyond quotas: Strategies to promote gender equality in elected office. Political Studies, 62(1), 2–20.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krook, M. L., O’Brien, D. Z., & Swip, K. M. (2010). Military invasion and women’s political representation: Gender quotas in post-conflict Afghanistan and Iraq. International Feminist Journal of Politics, 12(1), 66–79.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kunovich, S., & Paxton, P. (2005). Pathways to power: The role of political parties in women’s national political representation. American Journal of Sociology, 111(2), 505–552.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, J. K., & Park, H.-G. (2011). Measures of women’s status and gender inequality in Asia: Issues and challenges. Asian Journal of Women’s Studies, 17(2), 7–31.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Legewie, N. (2017). Anchored calibration: From qualitative data to fuzzy sets. Forum: Qualitative Sozialforschung/Forum: Social Research, 18(3), 1–24.
   Google Scholar
• Lilliefeldt, E. (2012). Party and gender in Western Europe revisited. Party Politics, 18, 193–214.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luhiste, M. (2015). Party gatekeepers’ support for viable female candidacy in PR-list systems. Politics & Gender, 11(1), 89–116.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manganaro, L. L., & Alozie, N. (2015). The political gender gap in Afghanistan. Journal of Women, Politics & Policy, 36(3), 285–310.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matland, R. E. (1998). Women’s representation in national legislatures: Developed and developing countries. Legislative Studies Quarterly, 23(1), 109–125.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matland, R. E. (2012). Lilliefeldt, Emelie: European party politics and gender: Configuring gender-balanced parliamentary presence. Statsvetenskaplig Tidskrift, 114(1), 161–166.
   Google Scholar
• Matland, R. E., & Studlar, D. T. (1996). The contagion of women candidates in single-member district and proportional representation electoral systems: Canada and Norway. The Journal of Politics, 58(3), 707–733.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nanes, S. (2015). “The quota encouraged me to run”: Evaluating Jordan’s municipal quota for women. Journal of Middle East Women’s Studies, 11(3), 261–282.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norrander, B., & Wilcox, C. (2014). Trends in the geography of women in the US state legislatures. In B. Norrander & C. Wilcox (Eds.), Women and elective office: Past, present, and future (pp. 273–287). New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Norris, P. (1985). Women’s legislative participation in Western Europe. West European Politics, 8(4), 90–101.
   Google Scholar
• Norris, P. (2004). Electoral engineering: Voting rules and political behavior. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Norris, P. (2009). Why do Arab states lag the world in gender equality? IDEAS Working Paper Series from RePEc. doi: 10.2139/ssrn.1474820
   Google Scholar
• Norris, P., & Inglehart, R. (2001). Cultural obstacles to equal representation. Journal of Democracy, 12(3), 126–140.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oakes, A., & Almquist, E. (1993). Women in national legislatures. Population Research and Policy Review, 12(1), 71–81.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paxton, P. (1997). Women in national legislatures: A cross-national analysis. Social Science Research, 26(4), 442–464.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paxton, P., Hughes, M. M., & Painter, M. A. (2010). Growth in women’s political representation: A longitudinal exploration of democracy, electoral system and gender quotas. European Journal of Political Research, 49(1), 25–52.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paxton, P., & Kunovich, S. (2003). Women’s political representation: The importance of ideology. Social Forces, 82(1), 87–113.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paxton, P., Kunovich, S., & Hughes, M. M. (2007). Gender in politics. Annual Review of Sociology, 33, 263–284.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PewResearchCenter. (2011). Table: Muslim population by country. Retrieved from http://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/table-muslim-population-by-country/
   Google Scholar
• Prihatini, E. S. (2018a). On the same page? Support for gender quotas among Indonesian lawmakers. Asian Social Science, 14(5), 48–59. doi: 10.5539/ass.v14n5p48
   Google Scholar
• Prihatini, E. S. (2018b). Indonesian young voters: Political knowledge and electing women into parliament. Women’s Studies International Forum, 70, 46–52. doi: 10.1016/j.wsif.2018.07.015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quotaproject.org. (2017). Global database of quota for women. Retrieved from http://www.quotaproject.org/
   Google Scholar
• Ragin, C. (2008). Redesigning social inquiry: Fuzzy sets and beyond. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ragin, C. (2009). Qualitative comparative analysis using fuzzy sets (fsQCA). In B. Rihoux & C. Ragin (Eds.), Configurational comparative methods: Qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) and related techniques (pp. 87–122). Thousand Oaks: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Ragin, C., & Davey, S. (2016). Fuzzy-set/qualitative comparative analysis 3.0. Irvine, CA: Department of Sociology, University of California. Retrieved from http://www.socsci.uci.edu/~cragin/fsQCA/software.shtml
   Google Scholar
• Reynolds, A. (1999). Women in the legislatures and executives of the world: Knocking at the highest glass ceiling. World Politics, 51(4), 547–572.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reynolds, A., Reilly, B., & Ellis, A. (2005). Electoral system design: The new international IDEA handbook. International IDEA. Retrieved from https://www.idea.int/publications/catalogue/electoral-system-design-new-international-idea-handbook
   Google Scholar
• Rhoads, E. (2012). Women’s political participation in Indonesia: Decentralisation, money politics and collective memory in Bali. Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs, 31(2), 35–56.
   Google Scholar
• Rosen, J. (2013). The effects of political institutions on women’s political representation. Political Research Quarterly, 66(2), 306–321.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosen, J. (2017). Gender quotas for women in national politics: A comparative analysis across development thresholds. Social Science Research, 66, 82–101.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross, M. L. (2008). Oil, Islam, and women. American Political Science Review, 102(1), 107–123.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruedin, D. (2012). The representation of women in national parliaments: A cross-national comparison. European Sociological Review, 28(1), 96–109.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sawer, M. (2002). The representation of women in Australia: Meaning and make-believe. Parliamentary Affairs, 55(1), 5–18.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt, G. D. (2009). The election of women in list PR systems: Testing the conventional wisdom. Electoral Studies, 28(2), 190–203.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider, C. Q., & Wagemann, C. (2010). Standards of good practice in qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) and fuzzy-sets. Comparative Sociology, 9(3), 397–418.
   Google Scholar
• Seguino, S. (2011). Help or hindrance? Religion’s impact on gender inequality in attitudes and outcomes. World Development, 39(8), 1308–1321.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stockemer, D. (2011). Women’s parliamentary representation in Africa: The impact of democracy and corruption on the number of female deputies in national parliaments. Political Studies, 59(3), 693–712.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stockemer, D. (2013). Fuzzy set or fuzzy logic? Comparing the value of qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) versusregression analysis for the study of women’s legislative representation. European Political Science, 12(1), 86–101.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stockemer, D. (2016). Fuzzy sets … too fuzzy to study women’s representation in parliament!. European Political Science, 15(3), 379–388.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stockemer, D., & Sundström, A. (2016). Modernization theory: How to measure and operationalize it when gauging variation in women’s representation? An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, 125(2), 695–712.
   Google Scholar
• Sundström, A., & Wängnerud, L. (2016). Corruption as an obstacle to women’s political representation. Party Politics, 22(3), 354–369.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swamy, A., Knack, S., Lee, Y., & Azfar, O. (2001). Gender and corruption. Journal of Development Economics, 64(1), 25–55.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan, N. (2016). Gender reforms, electoral quotas, and women’s political representation in Taiwan, South Korea, and Singapore. Pacific Affairs, 89(2), 309–323.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tinker, I. (2004). Quotas for women in elected legislatures: Do they really empower women? Women’s Studies International Forum, 27(5), 531–546.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Togeby, L. (1994). Political implications of increasing numbers of women in the labor force. Comparative Political Studies, 27(2), 211–240.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Transparency International. (2015). Corruption perceptions index 2015. Retrieved from http://www.transparency.org/cpi2015#downloads
   Google Scholar
• Treisman, D. (2000). The causes of corruption: A cross-national study. Journal of Public Economics, 76(3), 399–457.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tremblay, M. (2007). Democracy, representation, and women: A comparative analysis. Democratization, 14(4), 533–553.
   Google Scholar
• True, J., George, N., Niner, S., & Parashar, S. (2012). Women’s political participation in Asia and the Pacific. Social Science Research Council. Retrieved from http://artsonline.monash.edu.au/thebordercrossingobservatory/files/2013/02/UNDPA-Women’s-Political-Participation-in-Asia-and-the-Pacific.pdf
   Google Scholar
• UNDP. (2013). Labour force participation rate (female-male ratio). Retrieved from http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/labour-force-participation-rate-female-male-ratio
   Google Scholar
• UNDP. (2015). Human development report 2015: Work for human development. New York: United Nations Development Programme. Retrieved from http://hdr.undp.org/en/2015-report/download
   Google Scholar
• Vis, B. (2012). The comparative advantages of fsQCA and regression analysis for moderately large-N analyses. Sociological Methods & Research, 41(1), 168–198.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viterna, J., Fallon, K., & Beckfield, J. (2006). Gender, development and democracy: Re-examining the variation of women’s cross national legislative representation. Annual meeting of the American sociological association, Montreal convention center, (Vol. 11). Montreal, Quebec.
   Google Scholar
• Welzel, C., Norris, P., & Inglehart, R. (2002). Gender equality and democracy. Comparative Sociology, 1(3–4), 321–345.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WomenSuffrage.org. (2015). Women suffrage and beyond: Confronting the democratic deficit. Retrieved from http://womensuffrage.org/?page_id=95
   Google Scholar
• Wu, P.-L., Yeh, S.-S., & Woodside, A. G. (2014). Applying complexity theory to deepen service dominant logic: Configural analysis of customer experience-and-outcome assessments of professional services for personal transformations. Journal of Business Research, 67(8), 1647–1670.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WVS. (2018). Online data analysis. Retrieved from http://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/WVSOnline.jsp
   Google Scholar
• Yoon, M. Y. (2001). Democratization and women’s legislative representation in sub-Saharan Africa. Democratization, 8(2), 169–190.
   Google Scholar