1,698
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Disentangling Islamist Politics in North Africa: The Domestic, Regional and International Nexus

Rethinking Islamist politics in North Africa: a multi-level analysis of domestic, regional and international dynamics

ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon

References

  • Abouzzohour, Y., & Tomé-Alonso, B. (2019). Moroccan foreign policy after the Arab Spring: A turn for the Islamists or persistence of royal leadership? The Journal of North African Studies, 24(3), 444–467. https://doi.org/10.1080/13629387.2018.1454652
  • Acharya, A. (2014a). How ideas spread: Whose norms matter? Norm localization and institutional change in Asian regionalism. International Organization, 58(2), 239–275. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818304582024
  • Acharya, A. (2014b). The end of American world order. Polity Press.
  • Adraoui, M. A. (2018). The foreign policy of Islamist political parties: Ideology in practice. Edinburgh University Press.
  • Al-Anani, K. (2012). Islamist parties post-Arab Spring. Mediterranean Politics, 17(3), 466–472. https://doi.org/10.1080/13629395.2012.725309
  • Al-Anani, K. (2016). Inside the Muslim brotherhood: Religion, identity, and politics. Oxford University Press.
  • Ambrosio, T. (2010). Constructing a framework of authoritarian diffusion: Concepts, dynamics, and future research. International Studies Perspectives, 11(4), 375–392. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-3585.2010.00411.x
  • Ambrosio, T., & Tolstrup, J. (2019). How do we tell authoritarian diffusion from illusion? Exploring methodological issues of qualitative research on authoritarian diffusion. Quality & Quantity, 53(6), 2741–2763. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-019-00892-8
  • Ayoob, M. (2004). Political Islam: Image and reality. World Policy Journal, 21(3), 1-14. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40210231
  • Azaola-Piazza, B. (2019). The foreign policy of post-Mubarak Egypt and the strengthening of relations with Saudi Arabia: Balancing between economic vulnerability and regional and regime security. The Journal of North African Studies, 24(3), 401–425. https://doi.org/10.1080/13629387.2018.1454650
  • Azaola-Piazza, B., & Hernando de Larramendi, M. (2021). The interplay of regional and domestic politics in Egypt: The case of Salafism. Contemporary Politics. https://doi.org/10.1080/13569775.2020.1858565.
  • Bank, A. (2017). The study of authoritarian diffusion and cooperation: Comparative lessons on interests versus ideology, nowadays and in history. Democratization, 24(7), 1345–1357. https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2017.1312349
  • Bayat, A. (2007). Making Islam democratic: Social movements and the post-Islamist turn. Stanford University Press.
  • Brownlee, J. (2012). Democracy prevention: The politics of the US-Egyptian alliance. Cambridge University Press.
  • Burnell, P., & Schlumberger, O. (2010). Promoting democracy - promoting autocracy? International politics and national political regimes. Contemporary Politics, 16(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/13569771003593805
  • Casani, A., & El Asri, F. (2021). Between national and international interests: Morocco’s Al-Adl wa-l-Ihsane from an international perspective. Contemporary Politics. https://doi.org/10.1080/13569775.2020.1854966
  • Cavatorta, F. (2005). The international context of Morocco's stalled Democratization. Democratization, 12(4), 548-566. https://doi.org/10.1080/13510340500226101
  • Cavatorta, F. (2009). The international dimension of the failed Algerian transition. Democracy betrayed? Manchester University Press.
  • Checkel, J. T. (2017). Socialization and violence: Introduction and framework. Journal of Peace Research, 54(5), 592–605. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343317721813
  • Cimini, G. (2020). Parties in an era of change: Membership in the (re-)making in post-revolutionary Tunisia. The Journal of North African Studies, 25(6), 960–979. https://doi.org/10.1080/13629387.2019.1644918
  • Cimini, G. (2021). Learning mechanisms within an Islamist party: Tunisia’s Ennahda movement between domestic and regional balances. Contemporary Politics. https://doi.org/10.1080/13569775.2020.186810
  • Clark, J. (2006). The conditions of Islamist moderation: Unpacking cross-ideological cooperation in Jordan. International Journal of Middle East Studies, 38(4), 539–560. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020743806412460
  • Del Sarto, R. A., Malmvig, H., & Soler iLecha, E. (2019). Interregnum: The regional order in the Middle East and North Africa after 2011 (Final Reports N. 1). https://www.iai.it/sites/default/files/menara_fr_1.pdf
  • Della Porta, D., & Tarrow, S. (2012). Interactive diffusion: The coevolution of police and protest behavior with an application to transnational contention. Comparative Political Studies, 45(1), 119–152. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414011425665
  • Desrues, T. (2020). Authoritarian resilience and democratic representation in Morocco: Royal interference and political parties’ leaderships since the 2016 elections. Mediterranean Politics, 25(2), 254–262. https://doi.org/10.1080/13629395.2018.1543038
  • Dobbin, F., Simmons, B., & Garrett, G. (2007). The global diffusion of public policies: Social construction, coercion, competition, or learning? Annual Review of Sociology, 33(1), 449–472. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.33.090106.142507
  • Elkins, Z., & Simmons, B. (2005). On waves, clusters, and diffusion: A conceptual framework. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 598(1), 33–51. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716204272516
  • Esposito, J. L., & Voll, J. O. (1996). Islam and democracy. Oxford University Press.
  • Esposito, L., Rahim, L. Z., & Ghobadzadeh, N. (eds.). (2018). The politics of Islamism: Diverging visions and trajectories. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Fernández-Molina, I. (forthcoming 2021). International socialization in reverse, international resocialization? Democratization.
  • Fernández-Molina, I., Feliu, L., & Hernando de Larramendi, M. (2019). The ‘subaltern’ foreign policies of North African countries: Old and new responses to economic dependence, regional insecurity and domestic political change. The Journal of North African Studies, 24(3), 356–375. https://doi.org/10.1080/13629387.2018.1454648
  • Finnemore, M., & Sikkink, K. (1998). International norm dynamic and political change. International Organization, 53(4), 887–917. https://doi.org/10.1162/002081898550789
  • Gause III, F. G. (2014). Beyond sectarianism: The new Middle East Cold War. Brookings Doha Center Analysis Papers, 11. http://brook.gs/2bl1yS3
  • Gilardi, F. (2010). Who learns from what in policy diffusion processes? American Journal of Political Science, 54(3), 650–666. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2010.00452.x
  • Gilardi, F. (2012). Transnational diffusion: Norms, ideas, and policies. In W. Carlsnaes, T. Risse, & B. Simmons (Eds.), Handbook of international relations (pp. 453–477). SAGE Publications.
  • Gilardi, F. (2016). Four ways we can improve policy diffusion research. State Politics & Policy Quarterly, 16(1), 8–21. https://doi.org/10.1177/1532440015608761
  • Hall, S. G. F., & Ambrosio, T. (2017). Authoritarian learning: A conceptual overview. East European Politics, 33(2), 143–161. https://doi.org/10.1080/21599165.2017.1307826
  • Hanieh, A. (2019). Thinking critically about regional uprisings. Roundtable, by J. Schwedler. Middle East Report 292/3 (Fall/Winter).
  • Hazbun, W. (2018, September). Regional powers and the production of insecurity in the Middle East. MENARA Working Papers, 11.
  • Heydemann, S. (2007). Upgrading authoritarianism in the Arab world. The Brookings Institution. https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/10arabworld.pdf
  • Heydemann, S. (2016). The political ecology of authoritarian learning. POMEPS Memo. https://pomeps.org/the-political-ecology-of-authoritarian-learning
  • Heydemann, S., & Leenders, R. (2011). Authoritarian learning and authoritarian resilience: Regime responses to the Arab awakening. Globalizations, 8(5), 647–653. https://doi.org/10.1080/14747731.2011.621274
  • Heydemann, S., & Leenders, R. (2014). Authoritarian learning and counter-revolution. In M. Lynch (Ed.), The Arab uprisings explained: New contentious politics in the Middle East (pp. 75–92). Columbia University Press.
  • Keck, M. E., & Sikkink, K. (1998). Activists beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics. New York: Cornell University Press.
  • Khoury, N. A. (2013). The Arab Cold war revisited: The regional impact of the Arab uprising. Middle East Policy, 20(2), 73–87. https://doi.org/10.1111/mepo.12021
  • Kirişci, K. (2013). The rise and fall of Turkey as a model for the Arab world. Brookings, https://www.brookings.edu/opinions/the-rise-and-fall-of-turkey-as-a-model-for-the-arab-world/
  • Koesel, K., & Bunce, V. (2013). Diffusion-proofing: Russian and Chinese responses to waves of popular mobilizations against authoritarian rulers. Perspectives on Politics, 11(3), 753–768. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1537592713002107
  • Kraetzchmar, H., & Rivetti, P. (eds.). (2018). Islamists and the politics of the Arab uprisings: Governance, pluralisation and contention. Edinburgh University Press.
  • Lynch, M., & Schwedler, J. (2020). Introduction to the special issue on “Islamist politics after the Arab uprisings”. Middle East Law and Governance, 12(1), 3-13. https://doi.org/10.1163/18763375-01201008
  • Magen, A. A., & Morlino, L. (2009). Hybrid regimes, the rule of law, and external influence on domestic change. In A. A. Magen, & L. Morlino (Eds.), International actors, democratization and the rule of law: Anchoring democracy? (pp. 1–25). Routledge.
  • Maghraoui, D. (2020). On the relevance or irrelevance of political parties in Morocco. The Journal of North African Studies, 25(6), 939–959. https://doi.org/10.1080/13629387.2019.1644920
  • Mainwaring, S., & Pérez-Liñán, A. (2013). Democracies and dictatorships in Latin America: Emergence, survival and fall. Cambridge University Press.
  • Mandaville, P. (2014). Islam and politics. London: Routledge.
  • Manea, M. G., & Rüland, J. (2020). The diffusion of parliamentary oversight: Investigating the democratization of the armed forces in Indonesia and Nigeria. Contemporary Politics, 26(2), 165–185. https://doi.org/10.1080/13569775.2019.1703067
  • March, J., & Olsen, J. (1989). Rediscovering institutions: The organizational basis of politics. The Free Press.
  • Marsh, D., & Sharman, J. C. (2009). Policy diffusion and policy transfer. Policy Studies, 30(3), 269–288. https://doi.org/10.1080/01442870902863851
  • Masoud, T. E. (2014). Counting Islam: Religion, class, and elections in Egypt. Cambridge University Press.
  • McAdam, D. (1983). Tactical innovation and the pace of insurgency. American Sociological Review, 48(6), 735–754. https://doi.org/10.2307/2095322
  • McCarthy, R. (2018). Inside Tunisia’s Al-Nahda: Between politics and preaching. Cambridge University Press.
  • Nasr, V. (2005). The rise of ‘muslim democracy’. Journal of Democracy, 16(2), 13–27. https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2005.0032
  • Nye, J. S. (2007). Power in the global information age: From realism to globalization. Routledge.
  • Oliver, P., & Myers, D. (2003). The coevolution of social movements. Mobilization: An International Quarterly, 8(1), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.17813/maiq.8.1.d618751h524473u7
  • Pellicer, M., & Wegner, E. (2014). Socio-economic voter profile and motives for Islamist support in Morocco. Party Politics, 20(1), 116–133. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068811436043
  • Peterson, L. (2002, September). The Pentagon talks Turkey. The American Prospect. https://prospect.org/features/pentagon-talks-turkey/
  • Pridham, G. (1991). Encouraging democracy: The international context of regime transition in Southern Europe. St. Martin’s Press.
  • Roy, O., & Boubekeur, A. (2012). Whatever happened to the Islamists? Salafis, heavy metal Muslims and the lure of consumerist Islam. Columbia University Press.
  • Schimmelfenning, F., & Sedelmeier, U. (2005). Introduction. In F. Schimmelfenning, & U. Sedelmeier (Eds.), The Europeanization of Central and Eastern Europe (pp. 1–28). Cornell University Press.
  • Schmitz, H. P., & Sell, K. (1999). International factor in processes of political democratization. Towards a theoretical integration. In J. Grugel (Ed.), Democracy without borders: Transnationalization and conditionality in new democracies (pp. 23–41). Routledge.
  • Schraeder, P. J., Endless, B., Schumacher, M. J., & Dobbs, K. L. (2019). Revolutionary diplomats? Introduction to the study of north African foreign policies within the context of the Arab Spring. The Journal of North African Studies, 24(4), 540–557. https://doi.org/10.1080/13629387.2018.1525000
  • Schwedler, J. (2006). Faith in moderation Islamist parties in Jordan and Yemen. Cambridge University Press.
  • Schwedler, J. (2011). Can Islamists become moderates? Rethinking the inclusion-moderation hypothesis. World Politics, 63(2), 347–376. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0043887111000050
  • Schwedler, J. (2013). Islamists in power? Inclusion, moderation, and the Arab uprisings. Middle East Development Journal, 5(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1142/S1793812013500065
  • Simon, H. (1957). Models of man. John Wiley.
  • Simmons, B. A., Dobbin, F., & Garrett, G. (2008). The global diffusion of markets and democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Soler iLecha, E. (2017). Liquid alliances in the Middle East. Notes Internacionals CIDOB, 169. https://www.cidob.org/en/publications/publication_series/notes_internacionals/ n1_169
  • Szmolka, I. (2015). Inter- and intra-party relations in the formation of the Benkirane coalition governments in Morocco. The Journal of North African Studies, 20(4), 654–674. https://doi.org/10.1080/13629387.2015.1057816
  • Szmolka, I. (2019). Bipolarisation of the Moroccan political party arena? Refuting this idea through an analysis of the party system. The Journal of North African Studies. https://doi.org/10.1080/13629387.2019.1673741
  • Tomé-Alonso, B. (2016). El PJD en política local: Perfil del representante y estrategia electoral. La diferenciación como argumento político. The PJD in the local arena: Demographic profile, differenciation as political strategy. Revista de Estudios Internacionales Mediterráneos, 20(2016), 145–168. https://doi.org/10.15366/reim2016.20.008
  • Tomé-Alonso, B. (2021). What the PJD learns from the outside? The international factor and Islamist politics in Morocco. Contemporary Politics. https://doi.org/10.1080/13569775.2020.1868102
  • Valbjørn, M., & Bank, A. (2012). The new Arab cold war: Rediscovering the Arab dimension of Middle East regional politics. Review of International Studies, 38(1), 3–24. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0260210511000283
  • Wegner, E. (2011). Islamist opposition in authoritarian regimes: The party of justice and development in Morocco. Syracuse University Press.
  • Wegner, E., & Cavatorta, F. (2019). Revisiting the Islamist–secular divide: Parties and voters in the Arab world. International Political Science Review, 40(4), 558–575. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192512118784225 https://doi.org/10.1177/0192512118784225
  • Weyland, K. (2005). Theories of policy diffusion: Lessons from Latin American pension reform. World Politics, 57(2), 262–295. https://doi.org/10.1353/wp.2005.0019
  • Whitehead, L. (ed.). (2001). The international dimension of democratization. Europe and the Americas. Oxford University Press.
  • Wickham, C. R. (2004). The path to moderation: Strategy and learning in the formation of Egypt’s Wasat party. Comparative Politics, 36(2), 205–228. https://doi.org/10.2307/4150143
  • Willis, M. J. (2002). Political parties in the Maghrib: Ideology and identification: A suggested typology. The Journal of North African Studies, 7(3), 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/13629380208718471
  • Wolf, A. (2017). Political Islam in Tunisia: The history of Ennahda. Oxford University Press.
  • Zito, A., & Schout, A. (2009). Learning theory reconsidered: EU integration theories and learning. Journal of European Public Policy, 16(8), 1103-1123. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501760903332597

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.