Varieties of democratic understanding and political participation: multi-level evidence from the world

References

• Alesina, A., Devleeschauwer, A., Easterly, W., Kurlat, S., & Wacziarg, R. (2003). Fractionalization. Journal of Economic Growth, 8, 155–194. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024471506938
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Almond, G., & Verba, S. (1963). The civic culture: Political attitudes and democracy in five nations. Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Alonso, S. (2016). What type of democratic commitment lies behind the importance of living in a democracy? In M. Ferrin & K. Hanspeter (Eds.), How Europeans view and evaluate democracy (pp. 130–154). Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson, C. J., & Singer, M. M. (2008). The sensitive left and the impervious right: Multilevel models and the politics of inequality, ideology, and legitimacy in Europe. Comparative Political Studies, 41(4–5), 564–599. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414007313113
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnes, S., & Kaase, M. (1979). Political action: Mass participation in five western democracies (Ed.). Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Bauer, P., & Fatke, M. (2014). Direct democracy and political trust: Enhancing trust, initiating distrustor both? Swiss Political Science Review, 20(1), 49–69. https://doi.org/10.1111/spsr.12071
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baviskar, S., & Malone, M. F. T. (2004). What democracy means to citizens – and why it matters. European Review of Latin American and Caribbean Studies, (76), 3–23. https://doi.org/10.18352/erlacs.9682
   Google Scholar
• Bhatti, Y., Hansen, K., & Wass, H. (2012). The relationship between age and turnout: A roller-coaster ride. Electoral Studies, 31(3), 588–593. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2012.05.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blais, A. (2006). What affects voter turnout? Annual Review of Political Science, 9(1), 111–125. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.polisci.9.070204.105121
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Booth, D. E. (2021). Post-materialism’s social class divide: Experiences and life satisfaction. Journal of Human Values, 27(2), 141–160. https://doi.org/10.1177/0971685820946180
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canache, D. (2012). Citizens’ conceptualizations of democracy: Structural complexity, substantive content, and political significance. Comparative Political Studies, 45(9), 1132–1158. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414011434009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carpini, M. X. D., & Keeter, S. (1996). What Americans know about politics and why it matters. Yale University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Cho, Y. (2014). To know democracy is to love it: A cross-national analysis of democratic understanding and political support for democracy. Political Research Quarterly, 67(3), 478–488. https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912914532721
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cho, Y. (2015). How well are global citizenries informed about democracy? Ascertaining the breadth and distribution of their democratic enlightenment and its sources. Political Studies, 63(1), 240–258. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9248.12088
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cinar, K., & Ugur-Cinar, M. (2018). The effects of executive constraints on political trust. Democratization, 25(8), 1519–1538. https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2018.1493050
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coffe, H., & Bolzendahl, C. (2010). Same game, different rules? Gender differences in political participation. Sex Roles, 62(5-6), 318–333. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-009-9729-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coppedge, M., Gerring, J., Altman, D., Bernhard, M., Fish, S., Hicken, A., & Teorell, J. (2011). Conceptualizing and measuring democracy: A new approach. Perspectives on Politics, 9(2), 247–267. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1537592711000880
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahl, R. (1971). Polyarchy. Yale University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Dahl, R. (1998). On democracy. Yale University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Dalton, R., & Klingemann, H. D. (2007). The Oxford handbook of political behavior. Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Dalton, R., Shin, D. C., & Jou, W. (2007). Understanding democracy: Data from unlikely places. Journal of Democracy, 18(4), 142–156. https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/articles/understanding-democracy-data-from-unlikely-places/
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darden, K., & Grzymala-Busse, A. (2006). The great divide: Literacy, nationalism, and the communist collapse. World Politics, 59(1), 83–115. https://doi.org/10.1353/wp.2007.0015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Della Porta, D., Peterson, A., & Reiter, H. (2006). The policing of transnational protest. Ashgate.
   Google Scholar
• Denny, K., & Doyle, O. (2008). Political interest, cognitive ability and personality: Determinants of voter turnout in Britain. British Journal of Political Science, 38(2), 291–310. https://doi.org/10.1017/S000712340800015X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esposito, J. L., & Voll, J. O. (1996). Islam and democracy. Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Freedom House. (2020). Freedom in the world 2020 finds established democracies in decline. https://freedomhouse.org/article/new-report-freedom-world-2020-finds-established-democracies-are-decline
   Google Scholar
• Fukuyama, F. (1992). The end of history and the last man. The Free Press.
   Google Scholar
• Geys, B. (2006). Explaining voter turnout: A review of aggregate-level research. Electoral Studies, 25(4), 637–663. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2005.09.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gherghina, S., & Geissel, B. (2017). Linking democratic preferences and political participation: Evidence from Germany. Political Studies, 65(1_suppl), 24–42. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032321716672224
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goerres, A. (2007). Why are older people more likely to vote? The impact of ageing on electoral turnout in Europe. The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 9(1), 90–121. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-856x.2006.00243.x
   Google Scholar
• Held, D. (2006). Models of democracy. Stanford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hood, S. J. (1998). The myth of Asian-style democracy. Asian Survey, 38(9), 853–866. https://doi.org/10.2307/2645622
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huber, E. (1999). The paradoxes of contemporary democracy: Formal, participatory and social dimensions. In E. Huber, D. Rueschemeyer, & J. D. Stephens (Eds.), Transition to democracy (pp. 168–192). Colombia University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Huntington, S. P. (1991). Democracy’s third wave. Journal of Democracy, 2(2), 12–34. https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.1991.0016
   Google Scholar
• Inglehart, R. (1997). Modernization and postmodernization: Cultural, economic, and political change in 43 societies. Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kern, A., Marien, S., & Hooghe, M. (2015). Economic crisis and levels of political participation in Europe (2002–2010): The role of resources and grievances. West European Politics, 38(3), 465–490. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2014.993152
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirsch, H., & Welzel, C. (2019). Democracy misunderstood: Authoritarian notions of democracy around the globe. Social Forces, 98(1), 59–92. https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/soy114
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knutsen, C., & Wegmann, S. (2016). Is democracy about redistribution? Democratization, 23(1), 164–192. https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2015.1094460
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuran, T. (1997). Private truths, public lies: The social consequences of preference falsification. Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Marien, S., Hooghe, M., & Quintelier, E. (2010). Inequalities in non-institutionalized forms of political participation: A multi-level analysis of 25 countries. Political Studies, 58(1), 187–213. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.2009.00801.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maseland, R., & Van Hoorn, A. (2011). Why Muslims like democracy yet have so little of it. Public Choice, 147(3-4), 481–496. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-010-9642-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mill, J. S. (2007). On liberty and the subjection of women. (Alan Ryan, Ed.). Penguin Books.
   Google Scholar
• Norris, P. (2002). Democratic phoenix: Reinventing political activism. Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Norris, P. (2011). Democratic deficit: Critical citizens revisited. Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Oser, J., & Hooghe, M. (2018). Democratic ideals and levels of political participation: The role of political and social conceptualisations of democracy. British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 20(3), 711–730. https://doi.org/10.1177/1369148118768140
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panagopoulos, C. (2008). The calculus of voting in compulsory voting systems. Political Behavior, 30(4), 455–467. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-008-9058-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quaranta, M. (2018). The meaning of democracy to citizens across European countries and the factors involved. Social Indicators Research, 136(3), 859–880. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-016-1427-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosanvallon, P. (2008). Counter-democracy: Politics in an age of distrust. Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Rose, R. (2007). Perspectives on political behavior in time and space. In R. J. Dalton & H.-D. Klingemann (Eds.), Oxford handbook of political behavior (pp. 283–301). Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Rousseau, J. J. (1970). The social contact. Penguin Books.
   Google Scholar
• Schedler, A., & Sarsfield, R. (2007). Democrats with adjectives: Linking direct and indirect measures of democratic support. European Journal of Political Research, 46(5), 637–659. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6765.2007.00708.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheidegger, R., & Staerkle, C. (2011). Political trust and distrust in Switzerland: A normative analysis. Swiss Political Science Review, 17(2), 164–187. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1662-6370.2011.02010.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smets, K., & van Ham, C. (2013). The embarrassment of riches? A meta-analysis of individual-level research on voter turnout. Electoral Studies, 32(2), 344–359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2012.12.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stockemer, D. (2014). What drives unconventional political participation ? A two level study. The Social Science Journal, 51(2), 201–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soscij.2013.10.012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stolle, D., & Hooghe, M. (2011). Shifting inequalities. European Societies, 13(1), 119–142. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616696.2010.523476
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tocqueville, A. d. (1988). Democracy in America (J.P. Mayer, Ed.). Harper and Row.
   Google Scholar
• Torcal, M., Rodon, T., & Hierro, M. J. (2016). Word on the street: The persistence of leftist-dominated protest in Europe. West European Politics, 39(2), 326–350. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2015.1068525
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ugur-Cinar, M., Cinar, K., & Kose, T. (2020). How does education affect political trust?: An analysis of moderating factors. Social Indicators Research, 152(2), 779–808. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-020-02463-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van de Meer, T., van Deth, J. W., & Scheepers, P. L. H. (2009). The politicized participant: Ideology and political action in 20 democracies. Comparative Political Studies, 42(11), 1426–1457. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414009332136
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verba, S., & Nie, H. N. (1972). Participation in America: Social equality and political democracy. Harper& Row.
   Google Scholar
• Verba, S., Schlozman, K. L., & Brady, H. E. (1995). Voice and equality: Civic volunteerism in American politics. Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Welzel, C. (2013). Freedom rising: Human empowerment and the quest for emancipation. Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Welzel, C., & Alvarez, A. M. (2014). Enlightening people. The civic culture transformed: From allegiant to assertive citizens. In R. Dalton & C. Welzel (Eds.), The civic culture transformed (pp. 59–88). Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Zagrebina, A. (2020). Concepts of democracy in democratic and nondemocratic countries. International Political Science Review, 41(2), 174–191. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192512118820716
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zmerli, S. (2012). Social structure and political trust in Europe. In S. I. Keil & O. W. Gabriel (Eds.), Society and democracy in Europe (pp. 111–138). Routledge.
   Google Scholar