Anti-democratic youth? The influence of youth cohort size and quality of democracy on young people’s support for democracy

References

• Almond, G. A., & Verba, S. (2015[1963]). The civic culture: Political attitudes and democracy in five nations. Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ang, A. U., Dinar, S., & Lucas, R. E. (2014). Protests by the young and digitally restless: The means, motives, and opportunities of anti-government demonstrations. Information, Communication & Society, 17(10), 1228–1249. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2014.918635
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Apolte, T., & Gerling, L. (2018). Youth bulges, insurrections and labor-market restrictions. Public Choice, 175(1–2), 63–93. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-018-0514-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asomah, J. Y., & Dim, E. E. (2021). Determinants of citizens’ support for democracy in Ghana. Social Science Quarterly, 102, 2578–2590. https://doi.org/10.1111/ssqu.13062
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benedicto, J. (2013). The political cultures of young people: An uncertain and unstable combinatorial logic. Journal of Youth Studies, 16(6), 712–729. https://doi.org/10.1080/13676261.2012.744812
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergh, J., Christensen, D. A., & Matland, R. E. (2021). When is a reminder enough? Text message voter mobilization in a European context. Political Behavior, 43(3), 1091–1111. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-019-09578-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boese, V. A. (2019). How (not) to measure democracy. International Area Studies Review, 22(2), 95–127. https://doi.org/10.1177/2233865918815571
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bratton, M., Mattes, R., & Gyimah-Boadi, E. (2004). Public opinion, democracy, and market reform in Africa. Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bricker, N. Q., & Foley, M. C. (2013). The effect of youth demographics on violence: The importance of the labor market. International Journal of Conflict and Violence (IJCV), 7, 179–194. https://doi.org/10.4119/UNIBI/IJCV.290
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brunello, G. (2010). The effects of cohort size on European earnings. Journal of Population Economics, 23(1), 273–290. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00148-009-0250-y
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campante, F. R., & Chor, D. (2014). “The people want the fall of the regime”: Schooling, political protest, and the economy. Journal of Comparative Economics, 42(3), 495–517. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2014.04.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cincotta, R., Doces, P., & A, J. (2011). The age-structural maturity thesis: The youth bulge’s influence on the advent and stability of liberal democracy. In J. A. Goldstone, E. P. Kaufmann, & M. D. Toft (Eds.), Political demography: How population changes are reshaping international security and national politics (pp. 98–116). Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Cincotta, R. P. (2009). Half a chance: Youth bulges and transitions to liberal democracy (No. 13; Environmental Change and Security Program Report, pp. 10–18).
   Google Scholar
• Claassen, C., & Magalhães, P. C. (2022). Effective government and evaluations of democracy. Comparative Political Studies, 55(5), 869–894. https://doi.org/10.1177/00104140211036042
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collier, P., & Hoeffler, A. (2004). Greed and grievance in civil war. Oxford Economic Papers, 56(4), 563–595. https://doi.org/10.1093/oep/gpf064
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costello, M., Jenkins, J. C., & Aly, H. (2015). Bread, justice, or opportunity? The determinants of the Arab awakening protests. World Development, 67, 90–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.10.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahlberg, S., Linde, J., & Holmberg, S. (2015). Democratic discontent in old and new democracies: assessing the importance of democratic input and governmental output. Political Studies, 63(1_suppl), 18–37. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9248.12170
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalton, R. J. (2004). Democratic challenges, democratic choices. Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Dalton, R. J. (2009). The good citizen: How a younger generation is reshaping American politics (Rev. ed.). CQ Press.
   Google Scholar
• Dalton, R. J., & Welzel, C.2014). The civic culture transformed: From allegiant to assertive citizens. Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Doorenspleet, R. (2012). Critical citizens, democratic support and satisfaction in African democracies. International Political Science Review, 33(3), 279–300. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192512111431906
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dostie-Goulet, E. (2009). Social networks and the development of political interest. Journal of Youth Studies, 12(4), 405–421. https://doi.org/10.1080/13676260902866512
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Easterlin, R. A. (1987). Birth and fortune: The impact of numbers on personal welfare (2nd ed.). University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Easton, D. (1965). A systems analysis of political life. John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Easton, D. (1975). A re-assessment of the concept of political support. British Journal of Political Science, 5(4), 435–457. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123400008309
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eguavoen, I. (2010). Lawbreakers and livelihood makers: Youth–specific poverty and ambiguous livelihood strategies in Africa. Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies, 5(3), 268–273. https://doi.org/10.1080/17450128.2010.507803
   Google Scholar
• Elff, M., & Ziaja, S. (2018). Method factors in democracy indicators. Politics and Governance, 6(1), 92–104. https://doi.org/10.17645/pag.v6i1.1235
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans, G., & Rose, P. (2012). Understanding education’s influence on support for democracy in sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of Development Studies, 48(4), 498–515. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2011.598508
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farthing, R. (2010). The politics of youthful antipolitics: Representing the ‘issue’ of youth participation in politics. Journal of Youth Studies, 13(2), 181–195. https://doi.org/10.1080/13676260903233696
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flückiger, M., & Ludwig, M. (2018). Youth bulges and civil conflict. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 62(9), 1932–1962. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002717707303
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foa, R. S., & Mounk, Y. (2016). The democratic disconnect. Journal of Democracy, 27(3), 5–17. https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2016.0049
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuchs, D. (2007). The political culture paradigm. In R. J. Dalton, & H. Klingemann (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of political behavior (pp. 161–184). Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Fuchs, D., & Roller, E. (2019). Globalization and political legitimacy in Western Europe. In U. van Beek (Ed.), Democracy under threat: A crisis of legitimacy? (pp. 221–251). Springer International Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Goldstone, J. A. (2002). Population and security: How demographic change Can lead to violent conflict. Journal of International Affairs, 56(1), 1–22. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24357881
   Google Scholar
• Goldstone, J. A., Marshall, M. G., & Root, H. (2014). Demographic growth in dangerous places: Concentrating conflict risks. International Area Studies Review, 17(2), 120–133. https://doi.org/10.1177/2233865914535596
   Google Scholar
• Hainmueller, J., Mummolo, J., & Xu, Y. (2019). How much should We trust estimates from multiplicative interaction models? Simple tools to improve empirical practice. Political Analysis, 27(2), 163–192. https://doi.org/10.1017/pan.2018.46
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hart, D., Atkins, R., Markey, P., & Youniss, J. (2004). Youth bulges in communities. Psychological Science, 15(9), 591–597. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.00725.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, M., Chang, Y., & Chu, Y. (2008). Identifying sources of democratic legitimacy: A multilevel analysis. Electoral Studies, 27(1), 45–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2007.11.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huntington, S. P. (2011). The clash of civilizations and the remaking of world order (Simon&Schuster hardcover ed.). Simon & Schuster.
   Google Scholar
• Inglehart, R. (1990). Culture shift in advanced industrial society. Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Inglehart, R. (2016). Silent revolution—Changing values and political styles among Western publ. Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Inglehart, R., Haerpfer, C., Moreno, A., Welzel, C., Kizilova, K., Diez-Medrano, J., Lagos, M., Norris, P., Ponarin, E., & Puranen, B. et al. (Eds.). (2014). World values survey: Round-six-country pooled datafile version. JD Systems Institute. https://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/WVSDocumentationWV6.jsp
   Google Scholar
• Kitanova, M. (2020). Youth political participation in the EU: Evidence from a cross-national analysis. Journal of Youth Studies, 819–836. https://doi.org/10.1080/13676261.2019.1636951
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klingemann, H.-D. (1999). Mapping political support in the 1990s: A global analysis. In P. Norris (Ed.), Critical citizens: Global support for democratic government (pp. 31–56). Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Klingemann, H.-D. (2014). Dissatisfied democrats democratic maturation in Old and New democracies. In R. J. Dalton, & C. Welzel (Eds.), The civic culture transformed from allegiant to assertive citizens (pp. 116–157). Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Klingemann, H.-D. (2018). The impact of the global economic crisis on patterns of support for democracy in Germany. Historical Social Research / Historische Sozialforschung, 43(4), 203–234. https://doi.org/10.12759/hsr.43.2018.4.164-174
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klofstad, C. A. (2011). Civic talk: Peers, politics, and the future of democracy. Temple University Press. http://site.ebrary.com/id/10436250.
   Google Scholar
• Konte, M., & Klasen, S. (2016). Gender difference in support for democracy in sub-Saharan Africa: Do social institutions matter? Feminist Economics, 22(2), 55–86. https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2015.1103379
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korenman, S., & Neumark, D. (2000). Cohort crowding and youth labor markets: A cross-national analysis. In D. Blanchflower, & R. Freeman (Eds.), A cross-national analysis’. In youth employment and joblessness in advanced countries (pp. 57–106). University of Chicago Press. https://www.nber.org/books/blan00-1.
   Google Scholar
• Korotayev, A., Romanov, D., Zinkina, J., & Slav, M. (2022). Urban youth and terrorism: A quantitative analysis (Are youth bulges relevant anymore?). Political Studies Review, 147892992210759. https://doi.org/10.1177/14789299221075908
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lipset, S. M. (1959). Some social requisites of democracy: Economic development and political legitimacy. American Political Science Review, 53(1), 69–105. https://doi.org/10.2307/1951731
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macunovich, D. J., & Easterlin, R. A. (2008). Easterlin hypothesis. In S. N. Durlauf, & L. E. Blume (Eds.), The New Palgrave dictionary of economics (Vol. 1–8, pp. 1490–1494). Palgrave Macmillan UK.
   Google Scholar
• Magalhães, P. C. (2014). Government effectiveness and support for democracy. European Journal of Political Research, 53(1), 77–97. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6765.12024
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maseland, R., & van Hoorn, A. (2011). Why Muslims like democracy yet have so little of it. Public Choice, 147(3–4), 481–496. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-010-9642-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mattes, R., & Bratton, M. (2007). Learning about democracy in Africa: Awareness, performance, and experience. American Journal of Political Science, 51(1), 192–217. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2007.00245.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moller, H. (1968). Youth as a force in the modern world. Comparative Studies in Society and History, 10(3), 237–260. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0010417500004898
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mounk, Y. (2018). The people Vs. democracy: Why our freedom is in danger and How to save It. Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Nkansah, G. B. (2022). Youth cohort size, structural socioeconomic conditions, and youth protest behavior in democratic societies (1995–2014). SAGE Open, 12(2), 215824402210961. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440221096146
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nkansah, G. B., & Papp, Z. (2022). Does cohort size matter? Assessing the effect of youth cohort size and peer influence on young people’s electoral participation. Journal of Youth Studies, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/13676261.2022.2053666
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norris, P. (Eds.). 1999). Critical citizens: Global support for democratic government. Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Norris, P. (2002). Democratic phoenix reinventing political activism. Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Norris, P. (2011). Democratic deficit: Critical citizens revisited. Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Nový, M., & Katrňák, T. (2015). Democratic maturity, external efficacy, and participation in elections: Towards macro-micro interaction. Österreichische Zeitschrift Für Politikwissenschaft, 44(3), 1. https://doi.org/10.15203/ozp.274.vol44iss3
   Google Scholar
• Ozerim, M. G. (2019). Can the youth bulge pose a challenge for Turkey? A comparative analysis based on MENA region–driven factors. YOUNG, 27(4), 414–434. https://doi.org/10.1177/1103308818797792
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pennings, P. (2017). When and where did the great recession erode the support of democracy? Zeitschrift Für Vergleichende Politikwissenschaft, 11(1), 81–103. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12286-017-0337-x
   Google Scholar
• Pilkington, H., & Pollock, G. (2015). ‘Politics are bollocks’: Youth, politics and activism in contemporary Europe. The Sociological Review, 63(2_suppl), 1–35. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-954X.12260
   Google Scholar
• Putnam, R. D. (2000). Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American community. Simon & Schuster.
   Google Scholar
• Quintelier, E. (2007). Differences in political participation between young and old people. Contemporary Politics, 13(2), 165–180. https://doi.org/10.1080/13569770701562658
   Google Scholar
• Quintelier, E. (2015). Engaging adolescents in politics. Youth & Society, 47(1), 51–69. https://doi.org/10.1177/0044118X13507295
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sawyer, P. S., Romanov, D. M., Slav, M., & Korotayev, A. V. (2022). Urbanization, the youth, and protest: A cross-national analysis. Cross-Cultural Research, 56(2-3), 125–149. https://doi.org/10.1177/10693971211059762
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soler-i-Martí, R. (2015). Youth political involvement update: Measuring the role of cause-oriented political interest in young people’s activism. Journal of Youth Studies, 18(3), 396–416. https://doi.org/10.1080/13676261.2014.963538
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoker, G., Li, J., Halupka, M., & Evans, M. (2017). Complacent young citizens or cross-generational solidarity? An analysis of Australian attitudes to democratic politics. Australian Journal of Political Science, 52(2), 218–235. https://doi.org/10.1080/10361146.2017.1298718
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Urdal, H. (2006). A clash of generations? Youth bulges and political violence. International Studies Quarterly, 50(3), 607–629. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2478.2006.00416.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Urdal, H., & Hoelscher, K. (2012). Explaining urban social disorder and violence: An empirical study of event data from Asian and Sub-Saharan African cities. International Interactions, 38(4), 512–528. https://doi.org/10.1080/03050629.2012.697427
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verba, S., Schlozman, K., & Brady, H. (1995). Voice and equality: Civic voluntarism in American democracy. Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Walker, L. D., & Kehoe, G. (2013). Regime transition and attitude toward regime: The Latin American gender Gap in support for democracy. Comparative Politics, 45(2), 187–205. https://doi.org/10.5129/001041513804634262
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weber, H. (2013). Demography and democracy: The impact of youth cohort size on democratic stability in the world. Democratization, 20(2), 335–357. https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2011.650916
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weber, H. (2019). Age structure and political violence: A re-assessment of the “youth bulge” hypothesis. International Interactions, 45(1), 80–112. https://doi.org/10.1080/03050629.2019.1522310
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yair, O., & Miodownik, D. (2016). Youth bulge and civil war: Why a country’s share of young adults explains only non-ethnic wars. Conflict Management and Peace Science, 33(1), 25–44. https://doi.org/10.1177/0738894214544613
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhai, Y. (2022). Embracing the concept of democracy in China: Citizens’ democratic perceptions and support. Contemporary Politics, 0(0), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/13569775.2022.2118436
   Google Scholar