The psychosocial foundation of China’s state-led nationalism

References

• Arkin, R. M. (1981). Self-presentation style. In J. T. Tedeschi (Ed.), Impression management theory and social psychological research (pp. 311–333). Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Barnouw, V. (1985). Culture and personality. Dorsey Press.
   Google Scholar
• Benedict, R. F. (1974). The chrysanthemum and the sword: Patterns of Japanese culture.
   Google Scholar
• Benford, R. D., & Snow, D. A. (2000). Framing processes and social movements: An overview and assessment. Annual Review of Sociology, 26(1), 611–639. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.26.1.611
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bislev, A., & Li, X. (2014). Conceptualizing the cultural and political facets of “Chinese nationalism” in an era of China’s global rise. International Communication of Chinese Culture, 1(1–2), 21–33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40636-014-0002-x
   Google Scholar
• Bock, P. K. (2000). Culture and personality revisited. American Behavioral Scientist, 44(1), 32–40. https://doi.org/10.1177/00027640021956071
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, P., & Levinson, S. C. (1987). Politeness: Some universals in language usage. Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Buzan, B. (2018). China’s rise in english school perspective. International Relations of the Asia-Pacific. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/irap/lcy005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cairns, C., & Carlson, A. (2016). Real-world islands in a social media sea: Nationalism and censorship on Weibo during the 2012 Diaoyu/Senkaku crisis. The China Quarterly, 225, 23–49. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305741015001708
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Callahan, W. A. (2004). National insecurities: Humiliation, salvation, and Chinese nationalism. Alternatives: Global, Local, Political, 29(2), 199–218. https://doi.org/10.1177/030437540402900204
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Callahan, W. A. (2005). Nationalism, civilization and transnational relations: The discourse of greater China. Journal of Contemporary China, 14(43), 269–289. https://doi.org/10.1080/10670560500065629
   Google Scholar
• Callahan, W. A. (2006, June). History, identity, and security: Producing and consuming nationalism in China. Critical Asian Studies, 38(2), 179–208. https://doi.org/10.1080/14672710600671087
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Callahan, W. A. (2009). China: The pessoptimist nation. Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Cardon, P. W., & Scott, J. C. (2003, December). Chinese business face: Communication behaviors and teaching approaches. Business Communication Quarterly, 66(4), 9–22. https://doi.org/10.1177/108056990306600402
   Google Scholar
• Chen, Q. (2022). Confucianism and the shaping of modern social order in China. In G. Sun (Ed.), Chinese culture and its impact on China’s development (pp. 157–188). World Scientific.
   Google Scholar
• Cheng, C.-Y. (1986). The concept of face and its confucian roots. Journal of Chinese Philosophy, 13(3), 329–348. https://doi.org/10.1163/15406253-01303007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christensen, T. J. (1996). Chinese realpolitik. Foreign Affairs, 75(5), 37–53. https://doi.org/10.2307/20047742
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Cillia, R., Reisigel, M., & Wodak, R. (1999). The discursive construction of national identities. Discourse & Society, 10(2), 149–173. https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926599010002002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deutsch, K. W. (1966). Nationalism and social communication: An inquiry into the foundations of nationality. The MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Duan, X. (2017). Unanswered questions: Why we may be wrong about Chinese nationalism and its foreign policy implications. Journal of Contemporary China, 26(108), 886–900. https://doi.org/10.1080/10670564.2017.1337312
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duan, X. (2023). Domestic sources of China’s wolf-warrior diplomacy: Individual incentive, institutional changes and diversionary strategies. The Pacific Review, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/09512748.2023.2205163
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Earley, P. C. (1997). Face, harmony, and social structure. Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Fei, X. (1980). The Ethnic Identification in China. Social Science in China, 1, 147–162.
   Google Scholar
• Fei, X. (1992 [1948]). From the soil, the foundations of Chinese society (Gary G. Hamilton, Trans.). University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Finlayson, A. (1998). Ideology, discourse and nationalism. Journal of Political Ideologies, 3(1), 99–118. https://doi.org/10.1080/13569319808420771
   Google Scholar
• Fitzgerald, J. (2006). Nationalism, democracy, and dignity in twentieth century China. In J. Fitzgerald & S. Y. Chien (Eds.), The dignity of nations: Equality, competition, and honor in East Asian nationalism (pp. 93–114). Hong Kong University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Friedrichs, J. (2016). An intercultural theory of international relations: How self-worth underlies politics among nations. International Theory, 8(1), 63–96. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1752971915000202
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Funder, D. C. (2013). The personality puzzle. W. W. Norton.
   Google Scholar
• Gamson, W. A., & Modigiliani, A. (1987). The changing culture of affirmative action. In R. G. Braungart & M. M. Braungart (Eds.), Research in political sociology (Vol. 3, pp. 133–177). JAI Press.
   Google Scholar
• Government of the PRC. (2000). China and the United States reached an agreement on compensation for the bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade. https://www.gov.cn/gongbao/content/2000/content_60596.htm
   Google Scholar
• Gries, P. H. (1999). A “China threat”? power and passion in Chinese “face nationalism”. World Affairs, 162(2), 63–75.
   Google Scholar
• Gries, P. H. (2004). China S new nationalism: Pride, politics, and diplomacy. University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gries, P. H. (2006). Narratives to live By: The century of humiliation and Chinese national identity today. In L. M. Jensen & T. B. Weston (Eds.), China’s transformations: The stories beyond the headlines (pp. 112–128). Rowman& Littlefield Publisher.
   Google Scholar
• Gries, P. H., Steiger, D. (2012). Popular nationalism and China’s Japan policy: the Diaoyu Islands protests. Journal of Contemporary China, 25(98), 264–276.
   Google Scholar
• Guang, L. (2005). Realpolitik nationalism. Modern China, 31(4), 487–514. https://doi.org/10.1177/0097700405279355
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo, Y. (2003). Cultural nationalism in contemporary China. Routledge Studies on China in Transition Ser. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Ho, B. T. E. (2016). About face—the relational dimension in Chinese IR discourse. Journal of Contemporary China, 25(98), 307–320.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ho, D. Y. (1976). On the concept of face. American Journal of Sociology, 81(4), 867–884. https://doi.org/10.1086/226145
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Honneth, A. (1996). The struggle for recognition. MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hopf, T. (2013). Common-sense constructivism and hegemony in world politics. International Organization, 67(2), 317–353. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818313000040
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu, H. C. (1944). The Chinese concepts of “face”. American Anthropologist, 46(1), 45–64. https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.1944.46.1.02a00040
   Google Scholar
• Hu, J. (2016). Selected works of Hu Jintao volume II. People’s Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hu, P. (2003). Be respectful to history. Xinsheng. https://www.xinsheng.net/xs/articles/big5/2003/7/1/22101.html.
   Google Scholar
• Huang, C.-C., & Shih, C. (2014). Harmonious intervention: China’s quest for relational security. Rethinking Asia and International Relations Ser. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Huang, C. C., & Shih, C. Y. (2014). Harmonious intervention: China’s quest for relational security. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Hughes, C. R. (2006). Chinese nationalism in the global era. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Hwang, K. (1987). Face and favor: The Chinese power game. American Journal of Sociology, 92(4), 944–974. https://doi.org/10.1086/228588
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hwang, K.-K., & Han, K.-H. (2010). Face and morality in confucian society. In M. H. Bond (Ed.), Oxford handbook of Chinese psychology (pp. 479–498). Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• ifeng News. (2013). Kim Jong UN hasn’t given face to China and China has been swallowing it. http://phtv.ifeng.com/program/comment/detail_2013_02/15/22150066_0.shtml
   Google Scholar
• Jiang, Y. (2022). On the contemporary significance of “The rule of ritual”. In G. Sun (Ed.), Chinese culture and its impact on China’s development (pp. 105–120). World Scientific.
   Google Scholar
• Jiang, Z. (2001). Speech by Jiang Zemin at the celebration of the 80th anniversary of the founding of the communist party of China. China News. https://www.chinanews.com.cn/2001-07-02/26/101847.html
   Google Scholar
• Katz, D. (1960). The functional approach to the study of attitudes. Public Opinion Quarterly, 24(2), 163–204. https://doi.org/10.1086/266945
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katz, D. (1965). Nationalism and strategies of international conflict resolution. In H. C. Kelman (Ed.), International behavior: A social psychological analysis (pp. 354–390). New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
   Google Scholar
• Katzenstein, P. (1976). Disjointed partners: Austria and Germany since 1815. University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kaufman, A. A. (2010). The “century of humiliation,” then and now: Chinese perceptions of the international order. Pacific Focus, 25(1), 1–33. doi:10.1111/j.1976-5118.2010.01039.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaufman, S. J. (2015). Nationalist passions. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kavalski, E. (2013). The struggle for recognition of normative powers: Normative power Europe and normative power China in context. Cooperation and Conflict, 48(2), 247–267. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010836713485386
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kavalski, E. (2018). The guanxi of relational international affairs. Chinese Political Science Review, 3(3), 233–251.
   Google Scholar
• Kissinger, H. (2011). On China. Penguin.
   Google Scholar
• Lebow, R. N. (2008). A cultural theory of international relations. Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Leung, A. K.-Y., & Cohen, D. (2011, March). Within- and between-culture variation: Individual differences and the cultural logics of honor, face, and dignity cultures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 100(3), 507–526. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022151
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, C. (2013). The confucian philosophy of harmony. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Li, Z. (2017). A historic leap from standing up, getting rich, to becoming strong. People’s Daily. http://politics.people.com.cn/n1/2017/0906/c1001-29517381.html
   Google Scholar
• Lin, J. C. (2023). The rising China is not a “sick Man” anymore: Cultural nationalism in the Xi Jinping era. Journal of Contemporary China, 33(145), 83–100. https://doi.org/10.1080/10670564.2023.2214513
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCrae, R. R. (2001, December). Trait psychology and culture: Exploring intercultural comparisons. Journal of Personality, 69(6), 819–846. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6494.696166
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mittal, S., Singh, T., & Verma, S. K. (2021). Role of psychological makeup in psychological rehabilitation of acid attack victims. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36(23–24), NP13606–NP13622.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore, G. J. (2010). History, nationalism and face in Sino-Japanese relations. Journal of Chinese Political Science, 15(3), 283–306. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11366-010-9113-3
   Google Scholar
• Moore, G. J. (2014). “In your face”: Domestic politics, nationalism, and “face” in the Sino-Japanese islands dispute. Asian Perspective, 38(2), 219–240. https://doi.org/10.1353/apr.2014.0009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nisbett, R. E., & Cohen, D. (1996). Culture of honor. Westview Press.
   Google Scholar
• Nordholt, H. S. (2018). China and the barbarians: Resisting the western world order. Leiden University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Oetzel, J., Garcia, A. J., & Ting-Toomey, S. (2008). An analysis of the relationships among face concerns and facework behaviors in perceived conflict situations. International Journal of Conflict Management, 19(4), 382–403. https://doi.org/10.1108/10444060810909310
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pye, L. W. (1968). The spirit of Chinese politics. Harverd University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Qi, X. (2014). Globalized knowledge flows and Chinese social theory. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Robinson, A. (2005). Towards an intellectual reformation: The critique of common sense and the forgotten revolutionary project of gramscian theory. Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy, 8(4), 469–481. https://doi.org/10.1080/13698230500205045
   Google Scholar
• Schell, O., & Delury, J. (2013). Wealth and power: China’s long March to the twenty-first century. Random House.
   Google Scholar
• Schwartz, B. I. (1989). The world of thought in ancient China. Belknap Press.
   Google Scholar
• Shih, C. (1990). The spirit of Chinese foreign policy: A psychocultural view. St. Martin’s Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sina News. (2013). Xi Jinping: Don’t expect us to Swallow the bitter fruit of undermining sovereignty. Accessed January 29. http://mil.news.sina.com.cn/2013-01-29/1107714212.html
   Google Scholar
• Smith, A. D. (2001). Nationalism: Theory, ideology, history. Key Concepts Ser. Polity.
   Google Scholar
• Snow, D. A., & Benford, R. D. (1988). Ideology, frame resonance, and participant moblisation. International Social Movement Research, 1, 197–217.
   Google Scholar
• Sohu. (2023). No meeting! China doesn’t give the United States face, and the Americans become angry and threaten to retaliate? https://www.sohu.com/a/680694260_121687423#google_vignette
   Google Scholar
• Stalin, J. (1936). Marxism and the national and colonial question: A collection of articles and speeches. Lawrence and Wishart.
   Google Scholar
• Sun, W. (1998). Love your country in your own way: Chinese media, nationalism and official culture. Social Semiotics, 8(2–3), 297–308. https://doi.org/10.1080/10350339809360414
   Google Scholar
• Sutherland, C. (2005). Nation-building through discourse theory. Nations and Nationalism, 11(2), 185–202. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1354-5078.2005.00199.x
   Google Scholar
• Sznycer, D., Takemura, K., Delton, A. W., Sato, K., Robertson, T., Cosmides, L., & Tooby, J. (2012). Cross-cultural differences and similarities in proneness to shame: An adaptationist and ecological approach. Evolutionary Psychology, 10(2), 352–370. https://doi.org/10.1177/147470491201000213
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tajfel, H. (1969). The formation of national attitudes: A social-psychological perspective. In M. Sherif & C. W. Sherif (Eds.), Interdisciplinary relationships in the social sciences (pp. 137–176). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Tajfel, H. (1981). Human groups and social categories. Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1986). The social identity theory of intergroup behavior. In S. Worchel & W. G. Austin (Eds.), Psychology of intergroup relation (pp. 7–24). Hall Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• The Global Times. (2015). The AIIB is not China’s “face project.” https://m.huanqiu.com/article/9CaKrnJJwLu
   Google Scholar
• Tilly, C. (1994). States and nationalism in Europe 1492–1992. Theory and Society, 23(1), 131–146. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00993675
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ting-toomey, S., & Kurogi, A. (1998). Facework competence in intercultural conflict: An updated face-negotiation theory. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 22(2), 187–225. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0147-1767(98)00004-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsang, S. (2019). Party-state realism: A framework for understanding China’s approach to foreign policy. Journal of Contemporary China, 29(122), 304–318. https://doi.org/10.1080/10670564.2019.1637562
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Dijk, T. A. (2011). Discourse studies. Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Vickers, E. (2022). Smothering diversity: Patriotism in China’s school curriculum under Xi Jinping. Journal of Genocide Research, 24(2), 158–170. https://doi.org/10.1080/14623528.2021.1968142
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, Y. (2020). “The backward will be beaten”: Historical lesson, security, and nationalism in China. Journal of Contemporary China, 29(126), 887–900. https://doi.org/10.1080/10670564.2020.1744387
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, Z. (2008). National humiliation, history education, and the politics of historical memory: Patriotic education campaign in China. International Studies Quarterly, 52(4), 783–806. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2478.2008.00526.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, Z. (2012). Never forget national humiliation: Historical memory in Chinese politics and foreign relations. Columbia University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Weiss, J. C. (2014). Powerful patriots: Nationalist protest in China’s foreign relations. Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Whitmeyer, J. M. (2002). Elites and popular nationalism*. The British Journal of Sociology, 53(3), 321–341. https://doi.org/10.1080/0007131022000000536
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolf, R. (2011). Respect and disrespect in international politics: The significance of status recognition. International Theory, 3(1), 105–142. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1752971910000308
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Womack, B. (2008). China as a normative foreign policy actor. In N. Tocci (Ed.), Who Is a normative foreign policy actor? (pp. 265–298). Centre for European Policy Studies.
   Google Scholar
• Wu, H. (2022). The pluralistic coexistence of contemporary Chinese cultures. In G. Sun (Ed.), Chinese culture and its impact on China’s development (pp. 233–266). World Scientific.
   Google Scholar
• Xi, J. (2012). Xi Jinping: Inherit the past, usher in the future, continue to forge ahead towards the goal of the great Rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. Xinhua News. http://www.xinhuanet.com//politics/2012-11/29/c_113852724.htm
   Google Scholar
• Xi, J. (2014). Xi Jinping: The governance of China (English Chinese version). Foreign Language Press.
   Google Scholar
• Xinhua News. (2018). Regarding the “Chinese Dream”, general secretary Xi Jinping described it this way. http://www.xinhuanet.com/zgjx/2018-11/30/c_137641470.htm
   Google Scholar
• Xiong, X. (1989). Preliminary analysis of “national consciousness”. Journal of Minzu Univesity of China, 3, 29–30.
   Google Scholar
• Xue, Y. (2023a). China’s rise, Guanxi, and primary institutions. The Pacific Review, 36(1), 1–31. https://doi.org/10.1080/09512748.2021.1917645
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xue, Y. (2023b). China as a great power: Reconsidering face culture in Chinese foreign policy. International Journal: Canada’s Journal of Global Policy Analysis, 78, 521–538.
   Google Scholar
• Yan, X. (2001). The rise of China in Chinese eyes. Journal of Contemporary China, 10(26), 33–39. https://doi.org/10.1080/10670560123407
   Google Scholar
• Yang, L. (2022). Socialising Chinese nationalism: Education and media. Nations and Nationalism, 28(2), 696–713. https://doi.org/10.1111/nana.12828
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuan, N. (2011). China’s millennium diplomacy and national mentality. Tongzhou Gongjin, 11, 65–68.
   Google Scholar
• Yue, S. (2019). Towards a global partnership network: Implications, evolution and prospects of China’s partnership diplomacy. The Copenhagen Journal of Asian Studies, 36(2), 5–27.
   Google Scholar
• Zhai, X. (2004). Reciprocity, face, and the reproduction of power: Social exchange practices in a soceity of affection and reason. Sociological Studies, 5, 48–57.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, F. (2019). The Xi Jinping doctrine of China’s international relations. Asia Policy, 26(3), 7–23. https://doi.org/10.1353/asp.2019.0029
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, Y. (2000). Turn of the century: On the trilateral relations Among China, the United States, and japand. Global Review, 7, 9–11.
   Google Scholar
• Zhao, S. (1998). A state-led nationalism: The patriotic education campaign in post-tiananmen China. Communist and Post-Communist Studies, 31(3), 287–302. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-067X(98)00009-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao, S. (2021). From affirmative to assertive patriots: Nationalism in Xi Jinping’s China. The Washington Quarterly, 44(4), 141–161. https://doi.org/10.1080/0163660X.2021.2018795
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng, H., & Cherng, H.-Y. S. (2020). State-led Chinese nationalism: An analysis of primary school textbooks. China: An International Journal, 18(4), 27–48. https://doi.org/10.1353/chn.2020.0040
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng, Y. (1999). Discovering Chinese nationalism in China: Modernization, identity, and international relations. Cambridge Asia-Pacific Studies. Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar