The blurred line in elite sport: exploring UK media reporting of bullying and banter

References

• Alexander, D., Duncan, L. R., & Bloom, G. A. (2022). A critical discourse analysis of the dominant discourses being used to portray parasport coaches in the newspaper media. Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health, 14(4), 511–529. https://doi.org/10.1080/2159676X.2021.1947885
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Attia, M., & Edge, J. (2017). Be(com)ing a reflexive researcher: A developmental approach to research methodology. Open Review of Educational Research, 4(1), 33–45. https://doi.org/10.1080/23265507.2017.1300068
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandura, A. (2002). Selective moral disengagement in the exercise of moral agency. Journal of Moral Education, 31(2), 101–119. https://doi.org/10.1080/0305724022014322
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BBC. (2019). Peter Beardsley: Football association to investigate ex-Newcastle coach. Retrieved March 12, from https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/47535578.
   Google Scholar
• BBC. (2021a). Azeem Rafiq: Report by Yorkshire finds former player was ‘victim of racial harassment and bullying’. Retrieved June 12, from https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/58514665.
   Google Scholar
• BBC. (2021b). Azeem Rafiq: Yorkshire cricket racism scandal – How we got here. Retrieved April 1, from https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/59166142.
   Google Scholar
• BBC. (2021c). Fulham open investigation into academy allegations. Retrieved February 26, from https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/55813618.
   Google Scholar
• Booth, R. J., Cope, E., & Rhind, D. J. A. (2023). Crossing the line: Conceptualising and rationalising bullying and banter in male adolescent community football. Sport, Education and Society, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/13573322.2023.2180498
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyle, R. (2013). Book review: Neil Farrington, Daniel Kilvington, John Price and Amir Saeed, race, racism and sports journalism. Journalism, 14(7), 983–984. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884913480299
   Google Scholar
• Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2019). Reflecting on reflexive thematic analysis. Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health, 11(4), 589–597. https://doi.org/10.1080/2159676X.2019.1628806
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2022). Thematic analysis: A practical guide. SAGE.
   Google Scholar
• Bronfenbrenner, U. (1999). Environments in developmental perspective: Theoretical and operational models. In S. L. Friedman & T. D. Wachs (Eds.), Measuring environment across the life span: Emerging methods and concepts (pp. 3–28). American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Bronfenbrenner, U., & Evans, G. W. (2000). Developmental science in the 21st century: Emerging questions, theoretical models, research designs and empirical findings. Social Development, 9, 115–125. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9507.00114
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carrington, B. (2011). What I said was racist – But I’m not a racist’: Anti-racism and the white sports/media complex. In J. Long & K. Spracklen (Eds.), Sport and challenges to racism (pp. 83–99). Palgrave Macmillan UK.
   Google Scholar
• Cheong, J. P. G., Khoo, S., & Razman, R. (2016). Spotlight on athletes with a disability: Malaysian newspaper coverage of the 2012 London Paralympic Games. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 33(1), 15–32. https://doi.org/10.1123/APAQ.2015-0021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cowan, D., & Taylor, I. M. (2016). ‘I’m proud of what I achieved; I’m also ashamed of what I done’: A soccer coach’s tale of sport, status, and criminal behaviour. Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health, 8(5), 505–518. https://doi.org/10.1080/2159676X.2016.1206608
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cushion, S., Kilby, A., Thomas, R., Morani, M., & Sambrook, R. (2018). Newspapers, impartiality and television news. Journalism Studies, 19(2), 162–181. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2016.1171163
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dewar, H. (2022). Explosive report reveals Scottish cricket governance and leadership practices ARE institutionally racist … with governing body to be placed in ‘special measures’ until at least October 2023 on one of the darkest days for sport in the country. Mail Online. https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/sportsnews/article-11045809/Cricket-Scotlands-governance-leadership-practices-institutionally-racist-reveals-report.html.
   Google Scholar
• Dynel, M. (2008). No aggression, only teasing: The pragmatics of teasing and banter. Lodz Papers in Pragmatics, 4(2), 241–261. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10016-008-0001-7
   Google Scholar
• Eriksson, M., Ghazinour, M., & Hammarström, A. (2018). Different uses of Bronfenbrenner’s ecological theory in public mental health research: What is their value for guiding public mental health policy and practice? Social Theory & Health, 16(4), 414–433. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41285-018-0065-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falkingham, K. (2022). Gymnastics abuse: Athletes reveal their stories after Whyte Review report. Retrieved December 13, from https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/gymnastics/61843628.
   Google Scholar
• Farrell, A., Cioppa, V., Volk, A., & Book, A. (2014). Predicting bullying heterogeneity with the HEXACO model of personality. International Journal of Advances in Psychology, 3, 30–39. https://doi.org/10.14355/ijap.2014.0302.02
   Google Scholar
• Gibson, K. (2019). Mixed method research in sport and exercise: Integrating qualitative research. In B. Smith & A. C. Sparkes (Eds.), Routledge handbook of qualitative research in sport and exercise (pp. 382–396). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Guest, G., MacQueen, K. M., & Namey, E. E. (2012). Applied thematic analysis. SAGE Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Hayward, P. (2017). Exclusive: Aston Villa warned over ‘bullying’ of young players by U-23 coach Kevin MacDonald. The Telegraph. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/football/2017/02/28/aston-villa-warned-bullying-young-players-u-23-coach-kevin-macdonald/.
   Google Scholar
• Hershcovis, M. S. (2011). Incivility, social undermining, bullying … oh my!: A call to reconcile constructs within workplace aggression research. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 32(3), 499–519. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.689
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hurst Media. (2020a). The Guardian: One of the UK’s most influential leading daily newspapers. Retrieved September 28, from https://www.hurstmediacompany.co.uk/the-guardian-profile/.
   Google Scholar
• Hurst Media. (2020b). The Telegraph: One of the world’s greatest quality newspaper brands. Retrieved September 28, from https://www.hurstmediacompany.co.uk/the-daily-telegraph-profile/.
   Google Scholar
• Hurst Media. (2020c). The Times: One of Britain’s oldest and most influential newspapers. Retrieved September 28, from https://www.hurstmediacompany.co.uk/the-times-profile/.
   Google Scholar
• Ingle, S. (2021). Blurred lines: when does a bit of banter slip into bullying in sport? The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/sport/blog/2021/nov/15/the-line-between-banter-and-bullying-in-sport-is-a-blurred-one.
   Google Scholar
• Jewett, R., Kerr, G., MacPherson, E., & Stirling, A. (2019). Experiences of bullying victimisation in female interuniversity athletes. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2019.1611902
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jonker, H., Vanlee, F., & Ysebaert, W. (2022). Societal impact of university research in the written press: Media attention in the context of SIUR and the open science agenda among social scientists in Flanders, Belgium. Scientometrics, 127(12), 7289–7306. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-022-04374-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kavanagh, E. J., Brown, L., & Jones, I. (2017). Elite athletes’ experience of coping with emotional abuse in the coach–athlete relationship. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 29(4), 402–417. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2017.1298165
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keene, J. (2022). DUNNE AND DUSTED ‘It’s been a horrible time and I’m truly sorry’ – Robbie Dunne releases statement on Bryony Frost bullying saga. The Sun. https://www.thesun.co.uk/sport/20082476/robbie-dunne-statement-bryony-frost-bullying-saga/
   Google Scholar
• Kelly, S., & Waddington, I. (2006). Abuse, intimidation and violence as aspects of managerial control in professional soccer in Britain and Ireland. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 41(2), 147–164. https://doi.org/10.1177/1012690206075417
   Google Scholar
• Kerr, G., Jewett, R., Macpherson, E., & Stirling, A. (2016). Student athletes’ experiences of bullying on intercollegiate teams. Journal for the Study of Sports and Athletes in Education, 10(2), 132–149. https://doi.org/10.1080/19357397.2016.1218648
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kleinman, M. (2023). Daily Mail proprietor Rothermere in talks with investors over Telegraph bid. Retrieved September 28, from https://news.sky.com/story/daily-mail-proprietor-rothermere-in-talks-with-investors-over-telegraph-bid-12938653.
   Google Scholar
• Langdridge, D. (2007). Phenomenological psychology: Theory, research and method. Pearson Prentice Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Lawless, W., & Magrath, R. (2021). Inclusionary and exclusionary banter: English club cricket, inclusive attitudes and male camaraderie. Sport in Society, 24(8), 1493–1509. https://doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2020.1819985
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis, N., & Weaver, A. J. (2013). More than a game: Sports media framing effects on attitudes, intentions, and enjoyment. Communication & Sport, 3(2), 219–242. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167479513508273
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magowan, A. (2022). Chelsea pay damages to former youth players after racism claims. Retrieved June 12, from https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/60289437.
   Google Scholar
• Morgan, D. L. (2007). Paradigms lost and pragmatism regained: Methodological implications of combining qualitative and quantitative methods. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 1(1), 48–76. https://doi.org/10.1177/2345678906292462
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newman, J. A., Eccles, S., Rumbold, J. L., & Rhind, D. J. A. (2022). When it is no longer a bit of banter: Coaches’ perspectives of bullying in professional soccer. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 20(6), 1576–1593. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2021.1987966.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newman, J. A., Warburton, V. E., & Russell, K. (2021). Conceptualizing bullying in adult professional football: A phenomenological exploration. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 101883. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2021.101883
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newman, J. A., Warburton, V. E., & Russell, K. (2022). It can be a “very fine line”: Professional footballers’ perceptions of the conceptual divide between bullying and banter. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389fpsyg.2022.838053
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olweus, D. (1993). Bullying at school: What we know and what we can do. Wiley-Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Parker, A. (2006). Lifelong learning to labour: Apprenticeship, masculinity and communities of practice. British Educational Research Journal, 32(5), 687–701. https://doi.org/10.1080/01411920600895734
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative research and evaluation methods. Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Pellegrino, S. (2023). Who owns The Telegraph? Retrieved Septemvber 28, from https://pressgazette.co.uk/publishers/nationals/who-owns-the-telegraph/.
   Google Scholar
• Pilar, P. M., Rafael, M. C., Félix, Z. O., & Gabriel, G. V. (2019). Impact of sports mass media on the behavior and health of society. A systematic review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(3), https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16030486
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ponsford, D. (2023). Audience data: Sun claims top spot as UK’s most widely read commercial newsbrand. Retrieved September 28, from https://pressgazette.co.uk/media-audience-and-business-data/media_metrics/most-popular-newspaper-uk-the-sun/.
   Google Scholar
• Rumbold, J. L., Newman, J. A., & Carr, S. (2023). Coaches’ experiences of job crafting through organizational change in high-performance sport. Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology, https://doi.org/10.1037/spy0000328
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rumsby, B., & Davies, G. A. (2017). Coach accused of ‘culture of fear’ as bullying inquiry is launched: Sport Formula One SWIMMING. The Daily Telegraph, 8. https://www.pressreader.com/uk/the-daily-telegraph-sport/20170324/281560880620158
   Google Scholar
• Russell, K., Leeder, T. M., Ferguson, L., & Beaumont, L. C. (2022). The space between two closets: Erin Parisi mountaineering and changing the trans* narrative. Sport, Education and Society, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/13573322.2022.2029738
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salim, J., & Winter, S. (2022). I still wake up with nightmares … The long-term psychological impacts from gymnasts’ maltreatment experiences. Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology, 11(4), 429–443. https://doi.org/10.1037/spy0000302
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seanor, M. E., Giffin, C. E., Schinke, R. J., Coholic, D. A., & Larivière, M. (2023). Pixies in a windstorm: Tracing Australian gymnasts’ stories of athlete maltreatment through media data. Sport in Society, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2022.2060825
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seward, J. (2018). Manchester United stars left shocked by Jose Mourinho's ‘bullying’ of Luke Shaw after latest public slamming. Mail Online. https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/football/article-5517919/Man-Utd-stars-shocked-Jose-Mourinhos-bullying-Luke-Shaw.html.
   Google Scholar
• Shannon-Baker, P. (2016). Making paradigms meaningful in mixed methods research. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 10(4), 319–334. https://doi.org/10.1177/1558689815575861
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simon, N. (2022). ‘When is this going to stop?': England star Luther Burrell lifts the lid on racist ‘banter’ about wearing shackles as a slave and ‘jokes’ about bananas and fried chicken, from his own team-mates, as he lays bare rugby's shocking racism problem. Mail Online. https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/rugbyunion/article-10953063/England-star-Luther-Burrell-lays-bare-rugby-unions-racism-problem.html.
   Google Scholar
• Sky News. (2022). Wolves fan in court after ‘making monkey gesture’ at Rio Ferdinand during Premier League match. Retrieved June 12, from https://news.sky.com/story/wolves-fan-in-court-after-making-monkey-gesture-at-rio-ferdinand-during-premier-league-match-12668555.
   Google Scholar
• Sky News. (2023). The Trust Project: Sky News policies and standards. Retrieved September 28, from https://news.sky.com/feature/sky-news-policies-and-standards-11522046.
   Google Scholar
• Sky Sports News. (2019). Craig Bellamy apologises after Cardiff bullying investigation. Retrieved June 12, from https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11704/11844962/craig-bellamy-apologises-after-cardiff-city-bullying-investigation.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, B., & McGannon, K. R. (2018). Developing rigor in qualitative research: Problems and opportunities within sport and exercise psychology. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 11(1), 101–121. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2017.1317357
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sparkes, A. C., & Smith, B. (2014). Qualitative research methods in sport, exercise and health: From process to product. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Steer, O. L., Betts, L. R., Baguley, T., & Binder, J. F. (2020). I feel like everyone does it”- adolescents’ perceptions and awareness of the association between humour, banter, and cyberbullying. Computers in Human Behavior, 108, 106297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106297
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stirling, A. E. (2009). Definition and constituents of maltreatment in sport: Establishing a conceptual framework for research practitioners. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 43, 1091–1099. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2008.051433
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson, J. (2022). A guide to abductive thematic analysis. The Qualitative Report, 27, 1410–1421. https://doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/2022.5340
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tobitt, C., & Majid, A. (2023). National press ABCs: Daily Star Sunday and Sunday People record biggest annual declines. Retrieved 28th September from https://pressgazette.co.uk/media-audience-and-business-data/media_metrics/most-popular-newspapers-uk-abc-monthly-circulation-figures-2/.
   Google Scholar
• Velija, P., & Silvani, L. (2020). Print media narratives of bullying and harassment at the football association: A case study of Eniola Aluko. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 45(4), 358–373. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193723520958342
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Volk, A. A., Dane, A. V., & Marini, Z. A. (2014). What is bullying? A theoretical redefinition. Developmental Review, 34(4), 327–343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2014.09.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willson, E., Kerr, G., Battaglia, A., & Stirling, A. (2022). Listening to athletes’ voices: National team athletes’ perspectives on advancing safe sport in Canada. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 4. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2022.840221
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Woods, R. (2023). Swimmers ‘ruined’ by culture of fat-shaming and bullying. Retrieved 12th June from https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-64256659
   Google Scholar