Changing with the Times? Current Attitudes about Non-Parental Care and Maternal Employment in Relation to Young Children

References

• Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1978). The bowlby-ainsworth attachment theory. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 1(3), 436–438. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X00075828
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barroso, A., & Horowitz, J. M. (2021). The pandemic has highlighted many challenges for mothers, but they aren’t necessarily new. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2021/03/17/the-pandemic-has-highlighted-many-challenges-for-mothers-but-they-arent-necessarily-new/
   Google Scholar
• Belsky, J. (1986). Infant day care: A cause for concern? Zero to three.
   Google Scholar
• Belsky, J. (2009). Early day care and infant-mother attachment security. In R. E. Tremblay, R. G. Barr, P. R. DeV, & M. Bolvin (Eds.), Encyclopedia on early childhood development (pp. 1–6). Centre of Excellence for Early Childhood Development. http://www.childencyclopedia.com/documents/BelskyANGxp-Attachment.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Borelli, J. L., Nelson, S. K., River, L. M., Birken, S. A., & Moss-Racusin, C. (2017). Gender differences in work-family guilt in parents of young children. Sex Roles, 76(5), 356–368. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-016-0579-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broom, D. (2021). Home or office? Survey shows opinions about work after COVID-19. World Economic Forum. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2021/07/back-to-office-or-work-from-home-survey
   Google Scholar
• Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2022). Women in the labor force: A databook. United States Department of Labor. https://www.bls.gov/opub/reports/womens-databook/2021/home.htm
   Google Scholar
• Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2023). Occupational outlook handbook, childcare workers. United States Department of Labor. https://www.bls.gov/ooh/personal-care-and-service/childcare-workers.htm
   Google Scholar
• Çekici, F. (2019). The relationships between the Big Five personality traits and attitudes towards seeking professional psychological help in mental health counselor candidates: Mediating effect of cognitive flexibility. Educational Research and Reviews, 14(14), 501–511. https://doi.org/10.5897/ERR2019.3706
   Google Scholar
• Child Care Aware of America. (2020). Picking up the pieces: Building a better child care system post COVID-19. https://www.childcareaware.org/picking-up-the-pieces
   Google Scholar
• Clarke-Stewart, K. A. (1991). Researchers’ attitudes toward child care [Unpublished questionnaire].
   Google Scholar
• Danzer, N., Huebener, M., Pape, A., Spiess, K., Siegel, N. A., & Wagner, G.G. (2021). Cracking under pressure? Gender role attitudes toward maternal employment in times of a pandemic. DIW Berlin Discussion Paper No. 1951. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3873157
   Google Scholar
• Domingues, R. B., & Carmo, C. (2021). Orthorexia nervosa in yoga practitioners: Relationship with personality, attitudes about appearance, and yoga engagement. Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity, 26(3), 789–795. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40519-020-00911-w
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dworkin, S. L., & Wachs, F. L. (2004). Getting your body back’ postindustrial fit motherhood in shape fit pregnancy magazine. Gender & Society, 18(5), 610–624. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243204266817
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forry, N., Tout, K., Rothenberg, L., Sandstorm, H., & Vesely, C. (2013). Child care decision-making literature review (OPRE Brief 2013-45). Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation, Administration for Children and Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. https://www.acf.hhs.gov/opre/report/child-care-decision-making-literature-review
   Google Scholar
• Gallego, A., & Pardos-Prado, S. (2013). The Big Five personality traits and attitudes towards immigrants. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 40(1), 79–99. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2013.826131
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gambone, K., Arena, J., Weiner, S., Thomas, A., Johnson, L., Nyce, S., Lang, A., Alvazian, C., Szuchyt, J., Farrell, D., Cane, S., Gelband, A., Zohe, D., Dous, J.-A., Black, A., & Chambliss, C. (2002). Changes in attitudes toward maternal employment during the past decade. Ursinus College. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED463485
   Google Scholar
• Gladstone, J. R., & Cimpian, A. (2021). Which role models are effective for which students? A systematic review and four recommendations for maximizing the effectiveness of role models in STEM. International Journal of STEM Education, 8(1), 59. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40594-021-00315-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gosling, S. D., Rentfrow, P. J., & Swann, W. B. (2003). A very brief measure of the big five personality domains. Journal of Research in Personality, 37(6), 504–528. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0092-6566(03)00046-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenberger, E., Goldberg, W. A., Crawford, T. J., & Granger, G. (1988). Beliefs about the consequences of maternal employment for children. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 12(1), 35–59. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1988.tb00926.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heggeness, M. (2020). Why is mommy so stressed? Estimating the immediate impact of the COVID-19 shock on parental attachment to the labor market and the double bind of mothers [Institute Working Paper 33]. United States Census Bureau. https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2020/08/parents-juggle-work-and-child-care-during-pandemic.html
   Google Scholar
• Heggeness, M. L., Fields, J., García Trejo, Y. A., & Schulzetenberg, A. (2021). Tracking job losses for mothers of school-age children during a health crisis. United States Census Bureau. https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2021/03/moms-work-and-the-pandemic.html
   Google Scholar
• Kaufman, G., & White, D. (2014). For the good of our family’: Men’s attitudes toward their wives’ employment. Journal of Family Issues, 37(11), 1585–1610. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X14546719
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maclean, E. I., Andrew, B., & Eivers, A. (2021). The motherload: Predicting experiences of work-interfering-with-family guilt in working mothers. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 30(1), 169–181. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-020-01852-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markowsky, G. J., & Pence, A. R. (1997). Looking back: Early adolescents’ recollections of their preschool day care experiences. Early Child Development and Care, 135(1), 123–143. https://doi.org/10.1080/0300443971350111
   Google Scholar
• McGinn, K. L., Ruiz Castro, M., & Lingo, E. L. (2018). Learning from mum: Cross-national evidence linking maternal employment and adult children’s outcomes. Work, Employment and Society, 33(1), 374–400. https://doi.org/10.1177/0950017018760167
   Google Scholar
• National Survey of Early Care and Education Project Team. (2014). National survey of early care & education fact sheet. Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation, Administration for Children and Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. https://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/documents/opre/factsheet_hh_search_for_and_perceptions_of_ece_100114.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Neimanns, E. (2022). Making mothers stay at home? Analyzing the impact of partisan cueing on attitudes toward maternal employment. Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State & Society, 29(3), 831–855. https://doi.org/10.1093/sp/jxab035
   Google Scholar
• NICHD Early Child Care Research Network. (1997). The effects of infant child care on infant-mother attachment security: Results of the NICHD study of early child care. Child Development, 68(5), 860–879. https://doi.org/10.2307/1132038
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norris, C. J. (2019). The negativity bias, revisited: Evidence from neuroscience measures and an individual differences approach. Social Neuroscience, 16(1), 68–82. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470919.2019.1696225
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Odenweller, K. G., & Rittenour, C. E. (2017). Stereotypes of stay-at-home and working mothers. Southern Communication Journal, 82(2), 57–72. https://doi.org/10.1080/1041794X.2017.1287214
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prinzie, P., Stams, G. J. J. M., Deković, M., Reijntjes, A. H., & Belsky, J. (2009). The relations between parents’ Big Five personality factors and parenting: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97(2), 351–362. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015823
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raikes, H., Torquati, J., Wang, C., & Shjegstad, B. (2012). Parent experiences with state child care subsidy systems and their perceptions of choice and quality in care selected. Early Education & Development, 23(4), 558–582. https://doi.org/10.1080/10409289.2011.574268
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodríguez Sánchez, A., Fasang, A., & Harkness, S. (2021). Gender division of housework during the COVID-19 pandemic: Temporary shocks or durable change? Demographic Research, 45(43), 1297–1316. https://doi.org/10.4054/DemRes.2021.45.43.
   Google Scholar
• Shpancer, N., & Bennett-Murphy, L. (2006). The link between daycare experience and attitudes toward daycare and maternal employment. Early Child Development and Care, 176(1), 87–97. https://doi.org/10.1080/0300443042000302591.
   Google Scholar
• Shpancer, N., Bowden, J. M., Ferrell, M. A., Pavlik, S. F., Robinson, M. N., Schwind, J. L., Volpe, E. K., Williams, L. M., & Young, J. N. (2010). Young adults’ recollections of parental and non-parental childcare. Early Child Development and Care, 180(3), 263–269. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004430701764168
   Google Scholar
• Shpancer, N., & Britner, P. A. (1995). Biases in quality attribution to mother-child and caregiver-child interaction. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 10(2), 249–259. https://doi.org/10.1016/0885-2006(95)90006-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shpancer, N., & Schweitzer, S. N. (2016). A history of non-parental care in childhood predicts more positive adult attitudes towards non-parental care and maternal employment. Early Child Development and Care, 188(3), 375–386. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004430.2016.1220372
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singer, J. D., Fuller, B., Keiley, M. K., & Wolf, A. (1998). Early child-care selection: Variation by geographic location, maternal characteristics, and family structure. Developmental Psychology, 34(5), 1129–1144. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.34.5.1129
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sylvester, K. (2001). Caring for our youngest: Public attitudes in the United States. The Future of Children, 11(1), 52–61. https://doi.org/10.2307/1602809
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thørrisen, M. M., & Sadeghi, T. (2023). The Ten-Item Personality Inventory (TIPI): A scoping review of versions, translations and psychometric properties. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1202953. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1202953
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. (2006). Early childhood program participation survey: 2005 (NCES 2006-075). https://nces.ed.gov/pubs2006/earlychild/index.asp
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. (2021). Early childhood program participation: 2019 (NCES 2020-075REV). https://nces.ed.gov/pubs2020/2020075REV.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Vaish, A., Grossmann, T., & Woodward, A. (2008). Not all emotions are created equal: The negativity bias in social-emotional development. Psychological Bulletin, 134(3), 383–403. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.134.3.383
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Bergen, P., Wall, J., & Salmon, K. (2015). The good, the bad, and the neutral: The influence of emotional valence on young children’s recall. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 4(1), 29–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmac.2014.11.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, W. (2013). Mothers and work: What’s ‘ideal’? Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2013/08/19/mothers-and-work-whats-ideal
   Google Scholar
• Willetts-Bloom, M. C., & Nock, S. L. (1994). The influence of maternal employment on gender role attitudes of men and women. Sex Roles, 30(5), 371–389. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01420599
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright, D. W., & Young, R. (1998). The effects of family structure and maternal employment on the development of gender-related attitudes among men and women. Journal of Family Issues, 19(3), 300–314. https://doi.org/10.1177/019251398019003004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xue, B., & McMunn, A. (2021). Gender differences in unpaid care work and psychological distress in the UK COVID-19 lockdown. PLoS One, 16(3), e0247959. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247959
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu, W., & Lee, P. (2013). Decomposing gender beliefs: Cross-national differences in attitudes toward maternal employment and gender equality at home. Sociological Inquiry, 83(4), 591–621. https://doi.org/10.1111/soin.12013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar