Simulating occupant injury in rollover crashes. Part 1: a numerical comparison of design procedures for vehicle roof strength assessment

References

• M.W. Bidez, J.E. Cochran, and D. King, Roof crush as a source of injury in rollover crashes – an independent analysis of Autoliv SUV rollover tests B190043, B190042, B180220, B180219, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Docket No. NHTSA-1999-5572-120, 2005.
   Google Scholar
• M.W. Bidez, J.E. Cochran Jr., D. King, and D.S. Burke III, Occupant dynamics in rollover crashes: Influence of roof deformation and seat belt performance on probable spinal column injury, Ann. Biomed. Eng. 35 (11) (2007), pp. 1973–1988.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M.L. Brumbelow, E.R. Teoh, D.S. Zuby, and A.T. McCartt, Roof strength and injury risk in rollover crashes, Traffic Injury Prevention 10 (3) (2009), pp. 252–265.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Y.H. Cho and B.K. Han, Roof strength performance improvement enablers, Int. J. Automotive Technol. 13 (5) (2012), pp. 775–781.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• C. Chou, J. Hu, K. Yang, and A. King, A method for determining the vehicle-to-ground contact load during laboratory-based rollover tests, 2008 World Congress, Society of Automotive Engineers, Detroit, MI, 2008.
   Google Scholar
• F.M. Council and R.J. Stewart, Attempt to define relationship between forces to crash-test vehicles and occupant injury in similar real-world crashes, Transportation Research Record, 1419, TRB, National Research Council, Washington, DC, 1993, pp. 78–85.
   Google Scholar
• S. Forrest, B. Herbst, S.E. Meyer, and T. Orton, Evaluating ‘real world’ roof strength through inverted drop testing, Summer Bioengineering Conference, June 25–29, Key Biscayne, FL, 2003, pp. 143–144.
   Google Scholar
• S. Forrest, D. Pedder, S.E. Meyer, and B. Herbst, Inverted drop testing as a mechanism to evaluate rollover occupant injury potential, Biomed. Sci. Instrumentation 43 (2007), pp. 34–39.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• D. Friedman and C.E. Nash, Advanced roof design for rollover protection, 17th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2001.
   Google Scholar
• T.D. Gillespie, Fundamentals of Vehicle Dynamics, SAE, Warrendale, PA, 1992.
   Google Scholar
• R.W. Goldman, M. El-Gindy, and B.T. Kulakowski, Rollover dynamics of road vehicles: Literature survey, heavy vehicle systems, special series, Int. J. Vehicle Des. 8 (2) (2001), pp 103–141.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R.H. Grzebieta, D. Young, M. Bambach, and A. McIntosh, Rollover crashes: Diving versus roof crush, 20th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV), Lyon, France, 2007a.
   Google Scholar
• R.H. Grzebieta, D. Young, A. McIntosh, M. Bambach, B. Fréchède, G. Tan, and T. Achilles, Rollover crashworthiness: The final frontier for vehicle passive safety, Proceedings of the Australasian Road Safety Research Policing and Education Conference, Melbourne, Australia, 2007b.
   Google Scholar
• M. Henty, M. El-Gindy, and B.T. Kulakowski, Physical and virtual rollover crash tests: Literature review, technical report, Int. J. Heavy Vehicle Syst. 9 (4) (2002), pp. 366–379.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• B. Herbst, S. Forrest, T. Orton, S.E. Meyer, A. Sances Jr., and S. Kumaresan, The effect of roof strength on reducing occupant injury in rollovers, Biomed. Sci. Instrumentation 41 (2005), pp. 97–103.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• M.H. Hoskins and M. El-Gindy, Virtual rollover tests, Int. J. Heavy Vehicle Syst. 13 (1/2) (2006), pp. 107–124.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R.J. Hughes, L.K. Lewis, B.M. Hare, Y. Ishikawa, K. Iwasaki, K. Tsukaguchi, and N. Doi, A dynamic test procedure for evaluation of tripped rollover crashes, SAE Paper No. 2002-01-0693, Society of Automotive Engineers, 2002.
   Google Scholar
• J.R. Kerrigan, N.J. Dennis, D.P. Parent, S. Purtsezova, J.H. Asha, J.R. Crandall, and D. Stein, Test system, vehicle and occupant response repeatability evaluation in rollover crash tests: The deceleration rollover sled test, Int. J. Crashworthiness 16 (6) (2011), pp. 583–605.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. Lima, Numerical simulation of vehicular rollover – comparison among standards and evaluation of driver's injury risk, M.Sc. thesis (in Portuguese), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 2009.
   Google Scholar
• M.O. Lindquist, A. Hall, and U. Bjoumlrnstig, Real world car crash investigations – a new approach. Int. J. Crashworthiness 8 (4) (2003), pp. 375–384.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Livermore Software Technology Corporation, Dummy models overview, 2013. Available at http://www.lstc.com/products/models/dummies (retrieved in February/2014).
   Google Scholar
• M. Mao, E.C. Chirwa, and W. Wang, Assessment of vehicle roof crush test protocols using FE models: Inverted drop tests versus updated FMVSS No.216, Int. J. Crashworthiness 11 (1) (2006), pp. 49–63.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• E.A. Moffatt, Occupant motion in rollover collisions, Proceedings of the 19th Conference of American Association for Automotive Medicine, San Diego, 1975, pp. 49–59.
   Google Scholar
• National Crash Analysis Center (NCAC), Ford explorer, detailed FE model. Available at www.ncac.gwu.edu ( retrieved in September/2013).
   Google Scholar
• National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Docket No. NHTSA-1999-5572, Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards: Roof crush resistance, US Department of Transportation, Washington, DC, 1999.
   Google Scholar
• National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards, 49 CFR, Part 571.201, Standard No. 201: Occupant protection in interior impact, US Department of Transportation, Washington, DC, 2011.
   Google Scholar
• National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Docket No. NHTSA-2005-22143, Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards: Roof crush resistance – Action: Notice of proposed rulemaking (NPRM), US Department of Transportation, Washington, DC, 2005a.
   Google Scholar
• National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards: Roof crush resistance, FMVSS 571.216. Standard No. 216. US Department of Transportation, Washington, DC, 2005b.
   Google Scholar
• National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Traffic safety facts, Report no. DOT HS-810-631, US Department of Transportation, Washington, DC, 2006.
   Google Scholar
• National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 49 CFR 571.216. Standard No.216: Roof crush resistance, US Department of Transportation, Washington, DC, 2009.
   Google Scholar
• SAE J996, Inverted Vehicle Drop Test Procedure, Society of Automotive Engineers, Troy, Michigan, 1967.
   Google Scholar
• SAE J2114, Dolly Rollover Recommended Test Procedure, Surface Vehicle Recommended Practice J2114, Society of Automotive Engineers, Troy, Michigan, 1999.
   Google Scholar
• S. Shenoy, Energy absorption of a car roof reinforced with a grid stiffned composite panel in the event of a rollover, Master diss., Wichita State University, 2006.
   Google Scholar
• J. Xu, K.D. Kochanek, S.L. Murphy, and B. Tejada-Vera, Deaths: Final Data for 2007, National Vital Statistics Reports, 2010.
   Google Scholar
• K.H. Yang, J. Hu, N.A. White, A.I. King, C.C. Chou, and P. Prasad, Development of numerical models for injury biomechanics research: A review of 50 years of publications in the Stapp Car Crash Conference, Stapp Car Crash J. 50 (2006), pp. 429–490.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar