Occupant injury risk assessment and protective measures in frontal collision of a bus

References

• Ren B, Liu R, Li X, et al. The safety technology research progress of domestic buses. J East China Jiaotong Univ. 2013;10(1):81–86.
   Google Scholar
• Wang X, Yan CZ, Qin Z, et al. Study on bus frontal crash standards. Commun Stand. 2011;8:6–10.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang Z, Xiao S, Yang G. Research on collision safety of high-speed train crews & passenger. J China Railway Soc. 2013;35(10):24–32.
   Google Scholar
• Mitsuishi H, Sukegawa Y, Okano S, et al. Frontal collision safety of bus passengers in Japan. 18th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV 2003). 2003; Nagoya, Japan.
   Google Scholar
• FARS Analytic Reference Guide 1975-2009. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), US Department of Transportation. 2010. Available from: https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/811352
   Google Scholar
• United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE). 1998. ECE R80: uniform provisions concerning the approval of seats of large passenger vehicles and of these vehicles with regard to the strength of the seats and their anchorages.Geneva: UNECE.
   Google Scholar
• National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), 1998, Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards(FMVSS)-seating system. FMVSS 207: seating system.
   Google Scholar
• General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of China (AQSIQ) & Standardization Administration of the People's Republic of China (SAC), 2014. GB13057-2014: The strength of seats and their anchorages of passenger vehicles.
   Google Scholar
• Páez J, Furones A, Aparicio F, et al. Spanish frontal accidents of buses & coaches. Injury mechanism analysis. Procedia – Soc Behav Sci. 2014;160:314–322.
   Google Scholar
• Tominaga S, Nishimoto T, Kikuchi A. Analysis of thoracic and abdominal injury of belted occupants in frontal impact based on in-depth accident sampling data. Int J Auto Eng. 2013;44:1073–1078.
   Google Scholar
• Mayrhofer E, Geigl BC, Steffan H. Evaluation of the effectiveness of a bus and coach seat during rear end impact by means of sled tests. Int J Crashworthiness. 2003;8(3):255–267.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li Z, Ge H, Zhang J, et al. The necessity of evaluating child neck injury in frontal collision of school bus for transportation safety. Safety Sci. 2015;62(1):441–449.
   Google Scholar
• Martínez L, Vicente T, García A, et al. Analysis of coaches rows seats distance influence on the passengers comfort and safety. International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV-21 2009)21st. 2009, Germany, stuttgart.
   Google Scholar
• Matsika E, Peng Q. Crash safety of a typical bay table in a railway vehicle. Trans Probl Int Sci J ( Special Edition). 2015;10:97–110.
   Google Scholar
• Matsika E, Chirwa, EC, Peng Q. Kinematics and injury risk of a wheelchair occupant in a railway vehicle crash. Int J Crashworthiness. 2014;19(5):446–456.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsika E, Chirwa EC, Peng Q, et al. Wheelchair occupant kinematics during a rail carriage crash. Int J Crashworthiness. 2011;16(5):487–500.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lissner HR, Lebow M, Evans FG. Experimental studies on the relation between acceleration and intracranial pressure changes in man. Surgery. Surgery, Gynecology and Obstetrics. 1960;111:329–338.
   Google Scholar
• National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), 1997. Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards(FMVSS)-Occupant Crash Protection.1997. Standard No. 208:1997.
   Google Scholar
• United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE), 1995, Geneva. UN R94: uniform provisions concerning the approval of vehicles with regard to the protection of the occupants in the event of a frontal collision.
   Google Scholar
• Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of the People's Republic of China. Industry standard No. QC/T 633-2000: the seats of passenger vehicles, 2000.
   Google Scholar