References
- Adams , G. A. and Jex , S. M. 1999 . Relationships between time management, control, work-family conflict, and strain . Journal of Occupational Health Psychology , 4 : 72 – 77 .
- Ainslie , G. 1975 . Specious reward: A behavioral theory of impulsiveness and impulse control . Psychological Bulletin , 82 : 463 – 496 .
- Ainslie , G. 1992 . Picoeconomics: The strategic interaction of successive motivational states within the person , New York : Cambridge University Press .
- Becker , G. S. 1976 . The economic approach to human behavior , Chicago : Chicago University Press .
- Benzion , U. , Rapoport , A. and Yagil , J. 1989 . Discount rates inferred from decisions: An experimental study . Management Science , 35 : 270 – 284 .
- Britton , B. K. and Tesser , A. 1991 . Effects of time-management practices on college grades . Journal of Educational Psychology , 83 : 405 – 410 .
- Buehler , R. , Griffin , D. and MacDonald , H. 1997 . The role of motivated reasoning in optimistic time predictions . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 23 : 238 – 247 .
- Buehler , R. , Griffin , D. and Ross , M. 1994 . Exploring the ”planning fallacy”: Why people underestimate their task completion times . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 67 : 366 – 381 .
- Byram , S. I. 1997 . Cognitive and motivational factors influencing time prediction . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied , 3 : 216 – 239 .
- Chapman , G. B. , Nelson , R. and Hier , D. B. 1999 . Familiarity and time preferences: Decision making about treatments for migraine headaches and Crohn's disease . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied , 5 : 17 – 34 .
- Christensen-Szalanski , J. J. J. and Northcraft , G. B. 1985 . Patient compliance behavior: The effects of time on patients' values of treatment regimens . Social Science Medicine , 21 : 263 – 273 .
- Chung , S. H. and Herrnstein , R. J. 1967 . Choice and delay of reinforcement . Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior , 10 : 67 – 74 .
- Coller , M. and Williams , M. B. 1999 . Elicting individual discount rates . Experimental Economics , 2 : 107 – 127 .
- Covey , S. R. , Menill , A. R. and Merrill , R. R. 1994 . First things first , New York : Simon & Schuster .
- Crean , J. P. , de Wit , H. and Richards , J. B. 2000 . Reward discounting as a measure of impulsive behavior in a psychiatric outpatient population . Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology , 8 : 155 – 162 .
- Forgas , J. P. , ed. 2001 . Handbook of affect and social cognition , Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc .
- Francis-Smythe , J. A. and Robertson , I. T. 1999 . On the relationship between time management and time estimation . British Journal of Psychology , 90 : 333 – 347 .
- Gately , D. 1980 . Individual discount rates and the purchase and utilization of energy-using durables: Comment . Bell Journal of Economics , 11 : 373 – 374 .
- Gray , J. R. 1999 . A bias toward short-term thinking in threat-related negative emotional states . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 25 : 65 – 75 .
- Green , L. , Fristoe , N. and Myerson , J. 1994 . Temporal discounting and preference reversals in choice between delayed outcomes . Psychonomic Bulletin and Review , 1 : 383 – 389 .
- Green , L. , Fry , A. F. and Myerson , J. 1994 . Discounting of delayed rewards: A life-span comparison . Psychological Science , 5 : 33 – 36 .
- Green , L. , Myerson , J. and McFadden , E. 1997 . Rate of temporal discounting decreases with amount of reward . Memory and Cognition , 25 : 715 – 723 .
- Green , L. , Myerson , J. and Ostaszewski , P. 1999 . Amount of reward has opposite effects on the discounting of delayed and probabilistic outcomes . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition , 25 : 418 – 427 .
- Griffin , D. and Buehler , R. 1999 . Frequency, probability, and prediction: Easy solutions to cognitive illusions? . Cognitive Psychology , 38 : 48 – 78 .
- Hawkins , F. and Klas , L. 1997 . Time management as a Stressor for helping professionals: Implications for employment . Journal of Employment Counseling , 34 ( 1 ) : 2 – 6 .
- Herrnstein , R. J. 1961 . Relative and absolute strength of response as a function of frequency of reinforcement . Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior , 4 : 267 – 272 .
- Hesketh , B. 2000 . Time perspective in career-related choices: Applications of time-discounting principles . Journal of Vocational Behavior , 57 : 62 – 84 .
- Hesketh , B. , Watson-Brown , C. and Whiteley , S. 1998 . Time-related discounting of value and decision-making about job options . Journal of Vocational Behavior , 52 : 89 – 105 .
- Holcomb , J. H. and Nelson , P. S. 1992 . Another experimental look at individual time preference . Rationality and Society , 4 : 199 – 220 .
- Jex , S. M. and Elacqua , T. C. 1999 . Time management as a moderator of relations between Stressors and employee strain . Work and Stress , 13 : 182 – 191 .
- Josephs , R. A. , Giesler , R. B. and Silvera , D. H. 1994 . Judgment by quantity . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 123 : 21 – 32 .
- Josephs , R. A. and Hahn , E. D. 1995 . Bias and accuracy in estimates of task duration . Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes , 61 : 202 – 213 .
- Kahneman , D. and Tversky , A. 1979a . Intuitive prediction: Biases and corrective procedures . TIMS Studies in the Management Sciences , 12 : 313 – 327 .
- Kahneman , D. and Tversky , A. 1979b . Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk . Econometrica , 47 : 263 – 291 .
- Keren , G. and Roelofsma , P. 1995 . Immediacy and certainty in intertemporal choice . Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes , 63 : 287 – 297 .
- King , A. C. , Winett , R. A. and Lovett , S. B. 1986 . Enhancing coping behaviors in at-risk populations: The effects of time-management instruction and social support in women from dual-earner families . Behavior Therapy , 17 : 57 – 66 .
- Kirby , K. N. 1997 . Bidding on the future: Evidence against normative discounting of delayed rewards . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 126 : 54 – 70 .
- Kirby , K. N. and Guastello , B. 2001 . Making choices in anticipation of similar future choices can increase self-control . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied , 7 : 154 – 164 .
- Kirby , K. N. and Herrnstein , R. J. 1995 . Preference reversals due to myopic discounting of delayed reward . Psychological Science , 6 : 83 – 89 .
- Kirby , K. N. and Marakovié , N. N. 1995 . Modeling myopic decisions: Evidence for hyperbolic delay-discounting within subjects and amounts . Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes , 64 : 22 – 30 .
- Kirby , K. N. , Petry , N. M. and Bickel , W. K. 1999 . Heroin addicts have higher discount rates for delayed rewards than non-drug-using controls . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 128 : 78 – 87 .
- Koole , S. and van't Spijker , M. 2000 . Overcoming the planning fallacy through willpower: Effects of implementation intentions on actual and predicted task-completion times . European Journal of Social Psychology , 30 : 873 – 888 .
- Lakein , A. 1973 . How to get control of your time and your life , New York : Signet .
- Levin , I. P. , Schneider , S. L. and Gaeth , G. J. 1998 . All frames are not created equal: A typology and critical analysis of framing effects . Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes , 76 : 149 – 188 .
- Loewenstein , G. 1992 . “ The fall and rise of psychological explanations in the economics of intertemporal choice ” . In Choice over time , Edited by: Loewenste , G. and Elster , J. 3 – 34 . New York : Russell Sage Foundation .
- Logan , F. A. and Spanier , D. 1970 . Chaining and nonchaining delay of reinforcement . Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology , 72 : 98 – 101 .
- Logue , A. W. 1988 . Research on self-control: An integrating framework . Behavioral and Brain Sciences , 11 : 665 – 709 .
- Macan , T. H. 1994 . Time management: Test of a process model . Journal of Applied Psychology , 79 : 381 – 391 .
- Macan , T. H. 1996 . Time-management training: Effects on time behaviors, attitudes and job performance . Journal of Psychology , 130 : 229 – 236 .
- Macan , T. H. , Shahani , C. , Dipboye , R. L. and Phillips , A. P. 1990 . College students' time management: Correlations with academic performance and stress . Journal of Educational Psychology , 82 : 760 – 768 .
- Mackenzie , A. 1997 . The time trap , 3rd ed. , New York : Amacom .
- Madden , G. J. , Petry , N. M. , Badger , G. J. and Bickel , W. K. 1997 . Impulsive and self-control choices in opioid-dependent patients and non-drug-using control patients: Drug and monetary rewards . Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology , 5 : 256 – 262 .
- Mazur , J. E. 1987 . “ An adjusting procedure for studying delayed reinforcement ” . In Quantitative analyses of behavior: Vol. 5. The effect of delay and of intervening events on reinforcement value , Edited by: Commons , M. L. , Mazur , J. E. , Nevin , J. A. and Rachlin , H. 55 – 73 . Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc .
- McConalogue , T. 1984 . Developing the skill of time management . Leadership and Organization Development Journal , 5 : 25 – 27 .
- Millar , A. and Navarick , D. J. 1984 . Self-control and choice in humans: Effects of video game playing as a positive reinforcer . Learning and Motivation , 15 : 203 – 218 .
- Mischel , W. , Cantor , N. and Feldman , S. 1996 . “ Principles of self-regulation: The nature of willpower and self-control ” . In Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles , Edited by: Higgins , E. T. and Kruglanski , A. W. 329 – 360 . New York : Guilford Press .
- Mischet , W. , Ebbesen , E. B. and Zeiss , A. R. 1972 . Cognitive and attentional mechanisms in delay of gratification . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 21 : 204 – 218 .
- Mischet , W. and Giusec , J. 1967 . Waiting for rewards and punishments: Effects of time and probability on choice . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 5 : 24 – 31 .
- Mitchell , S. H. 1999 . Measures of impulsivity in cigarette smokers and nonsmokers . Psychopharmacology , 146 : 455 – 464 .
- Mobini , S. , Chiang , T.-J. , Ho , M.-Y. , Bradshaw , C. M. and Szabadi , E. 2000 . Effects of central 5hydroxytiyptamine depletion on sensitivity to delayed and probabilistic reinforcement . Psychopharmacology , 152 : 390 – 397 .
- Möwen , J. C. and Möwen , M. M. 1991 . Time and outcome valuation: Implications for marketing decision making . Journal of Marketing , 55 ( 4 ) : 54 – 62 .
- Myerson , J. and Green , L. 1995 . Discounting of delayed rewards: Models of individual choice . Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior , 64 : 263 – 276 .
- Navarick , D. J. 1982 . Negative reinforcement and choice in humans . Learning and Motivation , 13 : 361 – 377 .
- Navarick , D. J. 1987 . Reinforcement probability and delay as determinants of human impulsiveness . Psychological Record , 37 : 219 – 225 .
- Newby-Clark , I. R. , Ross , M. , Buehler , R. , Koehler , D. J. and Griffin , D. 2000 . People focus on optimistic scenarios and disregard pessimistic scenarios while predicting task completion times . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied , 6 : 171 – 182 .
- Nonis , S. A. , Hudson , G. I. , Logan , L. B. and Ford , C. W. 1998 . Influence of perceived control over time on college students' stress and stress-related outcomes . Research in Higher Education , 39 : 587 – 605 .
- Ordönez , L. and Benson , L. III . 1997 . Decisions under time pressure: How time constraint affects risky decision making . Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes , 71 : 121 – 140 .
- Open , C. 1994 . The effect of time-management training on employee attitudes and behavior: A field experiment . Journal of Psychology , 128 : 393 – 396 .
- Ostaszewski , P. 1996 . The relation between temperament and rate of temporal discounting . European Journal of Personality , 10 : 161 – 172 .
- Ostaszewski , P. 1997 . Temperament and the discounting of delayed and probabilistic rewards: Conjoining European and American psychological traditions . European Psychologist , 2 : 35 – 43 .
- Petry , N. M. 2001 . Delay discounting of money and alcohol in actively using alcoholics, currently abstinent alcoholics, and controls . Psychopharmacology , 154 : 243 – 250 .
- Rachlin , H. 1995 . Self-control: Beyond commitment . Behavioral and Brain Sciences , 18 : 109 – 159 .
- Rachlin , H. and Green , L. 1972 . Commitment, choice and self-control . Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior , 17 : 15 – 22 .
- Rachlin , H. , Logue , A. W. , Gibbon , J. and Frankel , M. 1986 . Cognition and behavior in studies of choice . Psychological Review , 93 : 33 – 45 .
- Rachlin , H. , Rainen , A. and Cross , D. 1991 . Subjective probability and delay . Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior , 55 : 233 – 244 .
- Ragotzy , S. P. , Blakely , E. and Poling , A. 1988 . Self-control in mentally retarded adolescents: Choice as a function of amount and delay of reinforcement . Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior , 49 : 191 – 199 .
- Richards , J. B. , Zhang , L. , Mitchell , S. H. and de Wit , H. 1999 . Delay or probability discounting in a model of impulsive behavior: Effect of alcohol . Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior , 71 : 121 – 143 .
- Richards , J. H. 1987 . Time management: A review . Work and Stress , 1 : 73 – 78 .
- Roelofsma , P. H. M. P. 1996 . Modelling intertemporal choices: An anomaly approach . Acta Psychologica , 93 : 5 – 22 .
- Samuelson , P. A. 1937 . A note on measurement of utility . Review of Economic Studies , 4 : 155 – 161 .
- Saunders , B. and Fogarty , G. 2001 . Time discounting in relation to career preferences . Journal of Vocational Behavior , 58 : 118 – 126 .
- Schouwenburg , H. C. and Groenewoud , J. T. 2001 . Study motivation under social temptation: Effects offrait procrastination . Personality and Individual Differences , 30 : 229 – 240 .
- Seiwert , L. J. 1998 . Wenn Du es eilig hast, gehe langsam: Das neue Zeitmanagement in einer beschleunigten WeIt [If you are in a hurry, go slowly: New time management in an accelerated world] , Frankfurt/Main, , Germany : Campus Verlag .
- Shelley , M. K. and Orner , T. C. 1996 . Intertemporal framing issues in management compensation . Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes , 66 : 42 – 58 .
- Simon , H. A. 1955 . A behavioral model of rational choice . Quarterly Journal of Economics , 69 : 99 – 118 .
- Simon , H. A. 1978 . Rationality as process and as product of thought . American Economic Review, Papers and Proceedings , 68 : 1 – 16 .
- Slaven , G. and Totterdell , P. 1993 . Time management training: Does it transfer to the workplace? . Journal of Managerial Psychology , 8 : 20 – 28 .
- Solnick , J. V. , Kannenberg , C. H. , Eckerman , O. A. and Waller , M. B. 1980 . An experimental analysis of impulsivity and impulse control in humans . Learning and Motivation , 11 : 61 – 77 .
- Soman , D. 1998 . The illusion of delayed incentives: Evaluating future effort-money transactions . Journal of Marketing Research , 35 : 427 – 437 .
- Thompson , L. 1998 . The mind and heart of the negotiator , Upper Saddle River, NJ : Prentice-Hall .
- Trueman , M. and Hartley , J. 1996 . A comparison between the time-management skills and academic performance of mature and traditional-entry university students . Higher Education , 32 : 199 – 215 .
- Tversky , A. and Kahneman , D. 1974 . Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases . Science , 185 : 1124 – 1131 .
- van Eerde , W. 2000 . Procrastination: Self-regulation in initiating aversive goals . Applied Psychology: An International Review , 49 : 372 – 389 .
- Vuchinich , R. E. and Simpson , C. A. 1998 . Hyperbolic temporal discounting in social drinkers and problem drinkers . Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology , 6 : 292 – 305 .
- Weissberg , M. , Berentsen , M. , Cote , A. , Cravey , B. and Heath , K. 1982 . An assessment of the personal, career, and academic needs of undergraduate students . Journal of College Student Personnel , 23 : 115 – 122 .
- Wilson , T. D. , Wheatley , T. , Meyers , J. M. , Gilbert , D. T. and Axsom , D. 2000 . Focalism: A source of durability bias in affective forecasting . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 78 : 821 – 836 .
- Woolfolk , A. E. and Woolfolk , R. L. 1986 . Time management: An experimental investigation . Journal of School Psychology , 24 : 267 – 275 .
- Yates , G. C. , Lippett , R. M. and Yates , S. M. 1981 . The effects of age, positive affect induction, and instructions on children's delay of gratification . Journal of Experimental Child Psychology , 32 : 169 – 180 .