5,492
Views
108
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

The Five-Factor Model, forced-choice personality inventories and performance: A comprehensive meta-analysis of academic and occupational validity studies

&
Pages 3-30 | Received 23 May 2012, Accepted 17 Jul 2012, Published online: 10 Oct 2012

References

  • Articles with an asterisk are included in the meta-analysis
  • *Adkins , C. L. and Naumann , S. E. 2001 . Situational constraints on the achievement-performance relationship: A service sector study . Journal of Organizational Behavior , 22 : 453 – 465 .
  • *Alonso , P. 2011 . Effects of social desirability in normative and ipsative tests Unpublished master's dissertation, Department of Social Psychology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain
  • American Psychological Association . 2009 . Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.) , Washington, DC : Author .
  • American Psychological Association Publications and Communications Board Working Group on Journal Article Reporting Standards . 2008 . Reporting standards for research in psychology. Why do we need them? What might they be? . The American Psychologist , 63 : 839 – 851 . doi:10.1037/0003-066X.63.9.839
  • Anderson, N., & Sleap, S . 2004 . An evaluation of gender differences on the Belbin Team Role Self-Perception Inventory . Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology , 77 : 429 – 437 .
  • *Antler , L. , Zaretsky , H. H. and Ritter , W. 1967 . The practical validity of the Gordon Personal Profile among United States and foreign medical residents . Journal of Social Psychology , 72 : 257 – 263 .
  • *Azen , S. P. , Snibbe , H. M. , Montgomery , H. R. , Fabricatore , J. and Earle , H. H. 2002 . Predictors of resignation and performance of law enforcement officers . American Journal of Community Psychology , 2 : 79 – 86 .
  • *Bachman , J. G. 1964 . Prediction of academic achievement using the Edwards Need Achievement Scale . Journal of Applied Psychology , 48 : 16 – 19 .
  • *Balch , D. E. 1977 . Personality trait differences between successful and non-successful police recruits at a typical police academy and veteran police officers , US International University, Kenya : Unpublished doctoral dissertation .
  • Baron , H. 1996 . Strengths and limitation of ipsative measurement . Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology , 69 : 49 – 56 .
  • Barrick , M. R. 2005 . Yes, personality matters: Moving on to more important matters . Human Performance , 18 : 359 – 372 .
  • Barrick , M. R. and Mount , M. K. 1991 . The Big Five personality dimensions and job performance: A meta-analysis . Personnel Psychology , 44 : 1 – 26 .
  • Barrick , M. R. , Mount , M. K. and Judge , T. 2001 . Personality and performance at the beginning of the new millennium: What do we know and where do we go next? . International Journal of Selection and Assessment , 9 : 9 – 30 .
  • Bartram , D. 1996 . The relationship between ipsatized and normative measures of personality . Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology , 69 : 25 – 39 .
  • *Bartram , D. 2005 . The great eight competencies: A criterion-centric approach to validation . Journal of Applied Psychology , 90 : 1185 – 1203 . doi:10.1037/0021-9010.90.6.1185
  • *Bartram , D. 2007 . Increasing validity with forced-choice criterion measurement formats . International Journal of Selection and Assessment , 15 : 263 – 272 .
  • Belbin , M. 1981 . Management teams: Why they succeed or fail , London, UK : Heinemann .
  • Bennett , M. 1977 . Testing management theories cross-culturally . Journal of Applied Psychology , 62 : 578 – 581 .
  • *Bhatnagar , R. P. 1969 . A study of some EPPS variables as factors of academic achievement . Journal of Applied Psychology , 53 : 107 – 111 .
  • Brogden , H. E . 1954 . A rationale for minimizing distortion in personality questionnaire keys . Psychometrika , 19 : 151 – 148 .
  • *Brown , A. and Bartram , D. Doing less but getting more: Improving forced-choice measures with IRT . Paper presented at the 24th annual conference of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology . April , New Orleans, LA .
  • Brown , A. and Maydeu-Olivares , A. 2011 . Item response modeling of forced-choice questionnaires . Educational and Psychological Measurement , 71 : 460 – 502 . doi:10.1177/0013164410375112
  • *Buel , W. D. and Bachner , V. M. 1961 . The assessment of creativity in a research setting . Journal of Applied Psychology , 45 : 353 – 358 .
  • Carretta , T. and Ree , M. J. 2000 . General and specific cognitive and psychomotor abilities in personnel selection: The prediction of training and job performance . International Journal of Selection and Assessment , 8 : 227 – 236 .
  • Carreta , T. and Ree , M. J. 2001 . Pitfalls of ability research . International Journal of Selection and Assessment , 9 : 325 – 335 .
  • Cattell , R. B. 1944 . Psychological measurement: Ipsative, normative and interactive . Psychological Review , 51 : 292 – 303 .
  • Cattell , R. B. and Brennan , J. 1994 . Finding personality structure when ipsative measurements are the unavoidable basis of the variables . American Journal of Psychology , 107 : 261 – 274 .
  • Chan , W. and Bentler , P. M. 1993 . The covariance structure analysis of ipsatives . Sociological Methods and Research , 22 : 214 – 247 .
  • Chapman , D. W. , Blackburn , R. W. , Austin , A. E. and Hutcheson , S. M. 1983 . Expanding analytic possibilities of Rokeach values data . Educational and Psychological Measurement , 43 : 419 – 421 . doi:10.1177/001316448304300211
  • Chernyshenko , O. , Stark , S. , Drasgow , F. and Roberts , B. W. 2007 . Constructing personality scales under the assumption of an ideal point response process: Towards increasing the flexibility of personality measures . Psychological Assessment , 19 : 88 – 106 .
  • Cheung , M. W.-L. and Chan , W. 2002 . Reducing uniform response bias with ipsative measurement in multiple-group confirmatory factor analysis . Structural Equation Modeling , 9 : 55 – 77 .
  • *Christiansen , N. D. , Burns , G. N. and Montgomery , G. E. 2005 . Reconsidering forced-choice item formats for applicant personality assessment . Human Performance , 18 : 267 – 307 .
  • Clarke , S. and Robertson , I. T. 2005 . A meta-analytic review of the Big Five personality factors and accidents involvement in occupational and non-occupational settings . Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology , 78 : 355 – 36 .
  • Clemans , W. V. 1966 . An analytical and empirical examination of some properties of ipsative measures . Psychometric Monographs , 14 : 1 – 56 .
  • *Clevenger , J. , Pereira , G. M. , Wiechman , D. , Schmitt , N. and Schmidt-Harvey , V. 2001 . Incremental validity of situational judgment tests . Journal of Applied Psychology , 86 : 410 – 417 . doi:10.1037/0021-9010.86.3.410
  • *Cocolas , G. H. , Sleath , B. and Hanson-Drivers , C. 1997 . Use of the Gordon Personal Profile-Inventory of pharmacists and pharmacy students . American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education , 61 : 257 – 265 .
  • *Converse , P. D. , Oswald , F. L. , Imus , A. , Hedricks , C. , Roy , R. and Butera , H. 2008 . Comparing personality tests and warnings: Effects on criterion-related validity and test-taker reactions . International Journal of Selection and Assessment , 16 : 155 – 169 .
  • *Conway , J. M. 2000 . Managerial performance development constructs and personality correlates . Human Performance , 13 : 23 – 46 .
  • Cornwell , J. M. and Dunlap , W. P. 1994 . On the questionable soundness of factoring ipsative data: A response to Saville and Wilson (1991) . Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology , 67 : 89 – 100 .
  • Dalal , R. S. 2005 . A meta-analysis of the relationship between organizational citizenship behavior and counterproductive work behavior . Journal of Applied Psychology , 90 : 1241 – 1255 . doi:10.1037/0021-9010.90.6.1241
  • *Davis , K. R. and Banken , J. A. 2005 . Personality type and clinical evaluations in an obstetrics/gynecology medical student clerkship . American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology , 193 : 1807 – 1810 .
  • *Dodd , W. E. , Wollowick , H. B. and McNamara , W. J. 1970 . Task difficulty as a moderator of long-range prediction . Journal of Applied Psychology , 34 : 265 – 270 .
  • Dudley , N. M. , Orvis , K. A. , Liebicki , J. E. and Cortina , J. M. 2006 . A meta-analytic investigation of conscientiousness in the prediction of job performance: Examining the intercorrelations and the incremental validity of narrow traits . Journal of Applied Psychology , 91 : 40 – 57 . doi:10.1037/0021-9010.91.1.40
  • Dunlap , W. P. and Cornwell , J. M. 1994 . Factor analysis of ipsative measures . Multivariate Behavioral Research , 29 : 115 – 126 .
  • Edwards , A. L. 1957 . The social desirability variable in personality assessment and research , New York, NY : Dryden .
  • Edwards , A. L. 1973 . Edwards personal preference schedule manual , New York : Psychological Corporation .
  • Feather , N. T. 1973 . The measurement of values: Effects of different assessment procedures . Australian Journal of Psychology , 25 : 221 – 231 .
  • *Fine , S. and Dover , S. 2005 . Cognitive ability, personality, and low fidelity simulation measures in predicting training performance among customer service representatives . Applied HRM Research , 10 : 103 – 106 .
  • *Fineman , S. 1975 . The Work Preference Questionnaire: A measure of managerial need for achievement . Journal of Occupational Psychology , 48 : 11 – 32 .
  • *Francis-Smythe , J. , Tinline , G. and Allender , C. Identifying high potential police officers and role characteristics . Paper presented at the Division of Occupational Psychology conference, British Psychological Society . Bournemouth, UK .
  • French , J. and Raven , B. H. 1959 . “ The basis of social power ” . In Studies in social power , Edited by: Cartwright , D. 150 – 167 . Ann Arbor, MI : University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research .
  • *Furnham , A. 1994 . The validity of the SHL Customer Service Questionnaire (CSQ) . International Journal of Selection and Assessment , 2 : 157 – 165 .
  • *Furnham , A. and Stringfield , P. 1993 . Personality and work performance: Myers-Briggs Type Indicator correlates of managerial performance in two cultures . Personality and individual Differences , 14 : 145 – 153 .
  • *Gallessich , J. 1970 . An investigation of correlates of academic success of freshmen engineering students . Journal of Counseling Psychology , 17 : 173 – 178 .
  • *García-Izquierdo , A. L. 2001 . Validación orientada al criterio de procedimientos de selección de personal de oficio para el pronóstico del rendimiento laboral y formativo en el sector de la construcción Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
  • *Gebhart , C. G. and Hoyt , D. T. 1958 . Personality needs of under- and over-achieving freshman . Journal of Applied Psychology , 42 : 125 – 128 .
  • Ghiselli , E. E. 1954 . The forced-choice technique in self-description . Personnel Psychology , 7 : 201 – 208 . doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.1954.tb01593.x
  • Glauger , B. B. , Rosenthal , D. B. , Thornton , G. C. and Bentson , C. 1987 . Meta-analysis of assessment center validity . Journal of Applied Psychology , 72 : 493 – 511 . doi:10.1037/0021-9010.72.3.493
  • Gleser , L. J. 1972 . On bounds for the average correlation between subtest scores in ipsatively scored tests . Educational and Psychological Measurement , 32 : 759 – 765 .
  • *Goffin , R. D. , Jan , I. and Skinner , E. 2011 . Forced-choice and conventional personality assessment: Each may have unique value in pre-employment testing . Personality and Individual Differences , 5 : 840 – 844 .
  • *Goodstein , L. D. and Heilbrum , A. B. 1962 . Prediction of college achievement from the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule at three levels of intellectual ability . Journal of Applied Psychology , 46 : 317 – 320 .
  • *Gordon , L. V. 1993 . Gordon Personal Profile-Inventory: Manual 1993 revision , San Antonio, TX: Pearson-TalentLens .
  • *Graham , W. K. and Calendo , J. T. 1969 . Personality correlates of supervisory ratings . Personnel Psychology , 22 : 483 – 487 .
  • *Grimsley , G. and Jarret , H. F. 1973 . The relation of past managerial achievement to test measures obtained in the employment situation: Methodology and results . Personnel Psychology , 26 : 31 – 48 .
  • *Guller , M. Predicting performance of law enforcement personnel using the candidate and officer personnel survey and other psychological measures . Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Seton Hall University . South Orange, NJ .
  • *Hakel , M. 1966 . Prediction of college achievement from the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule using intellectual ability as a moderator . Journal of Applied Psychology , 50 : 336 – 340 .
  • Hartigan , J. A. and Wigdor , A. K. 1989 . Fairness in employment testing: Validity generalization, minority issues, and the General Aptitude Test Battery , Washington, DC : National Academies Press .
  • Hayes , W. O. 1967 . Quantification in psychology , Belmont, CA : Brooks/Cole .
  • *Helton , K. T. and Street , D. R. The five-factor model and naval aviation candidates . Naval Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory, Naval Air Station . Pensacola, FL .
  • Heggestad , E. D. , Morrison , M. , Reeve , C. L. and McCloy , R. A. 2006 . Forced-choice assessments of personality for selection: Evaluating issues of normative assessment and faking resistance . Journal of Applied Psychology , 91 : 9 – 24 .
  • Hershcovis , M. S. , Turner , N. , Barling , J. , Arnold , K. A. , Dupré , K. E. Inness , M. 2007 . Predicting workplace aggression: A meta-analysis . Journal of Applied Psychology , 92 : 228 – 238 . doi:10.1037/0021-9010.92.2.228
  • Hicks , L. E. 1970 . Some properties of ipsative, normative, and forced-choice normative measures . Psychological Bulletin , 74 : 167 – 184 .
  • *Hirsh , J. B. and Peterson , J. B. 2008 . Predicting creativity and academic success with “fake-proof” measure of the Big Five . Journal of Research in Personality , 42 : 1323 – 1333 . doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2008.04.006
  • Hogan , J. , Barrett , P. and Hogan , R. 2007 . Personality measurement, faking, and employment selection . Journal of Applied Psychology , 92 : 1270 – 1285 .
  • Hogan , J. and Brinkmeyer , K. 1997 . Bridging the gap between overt and personality-based integrity tests . Personnel Psychology , 50 : 587 – 599 . doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.1997.tb00704.x
  • Hogan , J. and Holland , B. 2003 . Using theory to evaluate personality and job performance relations: A socioanalytic perspective . Journal of Applied Psychology , 88 : 100 – 112 . doi:10.1037/0021-9010.88.1.100
  • Hogan , R.T. 2001 . “ Personality and industrial and organizational psychology ” . In Personality psychology in the workplace , 3 – 16 . Washington, DC : American Psychological Association .
  • Hogan , R. 2005a . Comments . Human Performance , 16 : 405 – 407 . doi:10.1207/s15327043hup1804_6
  • Hogan , R. 2005b . In defense of personality measurement: New wine for old whiners . Human Performance , 18 : 331 – 341 . doi:10.1207/s15327043hup1804_1
  • Hogan , R. and Hogan , J. 2001 . Assessing leadership: A view of the dark side . International Journal of Selection and Assessment , 9 : 40 – 51 .
  • Horn , J. L. 1971 . “ Motivation and dynamic calculus concepts from multivariate experiment ” . In Handbook of multivariate experimental psychology , 2nd printing , Edited by: Cattell , R. B. 611 – 641 . Chicago, IL : Rand McNally .
  • Hough , L. M. 1992 . The “Big Five” personality variables-construct confusion: Description versus prediction . Human Performance , 5 : 139 – 155 .
  • Hough , L. M. and Ones , D. S. 2001 . “ The structure, measurement, validity, and use of personality variables in industrial, work and organizational psychology ” . In Handbook of industrial, work, and organizational psychology: Vol. 1. Personnel psychology , Edited by: Anderson , N. R. , Ones , D. S. , Sinangil , H. K. and Viswesvaran , C. 233 – 276 . London, UK : Sage .
  • Hough , L. M. and Oswald , F. L. 2005 . They're right, well… mostly right: Research evidence and an agenda to rescue personality testing from 1960s insights . Human Performance , 18 ( 4 ) : 373 – 387 . doi:10.1207/S15327043hup1804_4
  • Huffcutt , A. I. and Arthur , W. 1994 . Hunter and Hunter (1984) revisited: Interview validity for entry-level jobs . Journal of Applied Psychology , 79 ( 2 ) : 184 – 190 . doi:10.1037/0021-9010.79.2.184
  • *Hughes , G. L. and Prien , E. P. 1986 . An evaluation of alternate scoring methods for the mixed standard . Personnel Psychology , 39 : 839 – 847 .
  • *Hughes , J. L. and Dood , W. E. 1961 . Validity versus stereotype: Predicting sales performance by ipsative scoring of a personality test . Personnel Psychology , 15 : 343 – 355 .
  • Hunter , J. E. 1986 . Cognitive ability, cognitive aptitudes, job knowledge, and job performance . Intelligence , 29 : 340 – 362 .
  • Hunter , J. E. and Hirsh , H. R. 1987 . “ Applications of meta-analysis ” . In International review of industrial and organizational psychology , 321 – 357 . Chichester, UK : Wiley .
  • Hunter , J. E. and Hunter , R. F. 1984 . Validity and utility of alternative predictors of job performance . Psychological Bulletin , 96 : 72 – 98 .
  • Hunter , J. E. and Schmidt , F. L. 1990 . Methods of meta-analysis: Correcting error and bias in research findings , Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
  • Hunter , J. E. and Schmidt , F. L. 2004 . Methods of meta-analysis: Correcting error and bias in research findings , 2nd ed. , Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
  • Hunter , J. E. , Schmidt , F. L and Le , H. 2006 . Implications of direct and indirect range restriction for meta-analysis methods and findings . Journal of Applied Psychology , 91 : 594 – 612 . doi:10.1037/0021-9010.91.3.594
  • Hurtz , G. M. and Donovan , J. J. 2000 . Personality and job performance: The big five revisited . Journal of Applied Psychology , 85 : 869 – 879 . doi:10.1037/0021-9010.85.6.869
  • *Illiescu , D. , Ilie , A. and Aspas , D. G. 2011 . Examining the criterion-related validity of the Employee Screening Questionnaire: A three-sample investigation . International Journal of Selection and Assessment , 19 : 222 – 228 .
  • *Izard , C. E. 1962 . Personality characteristics (EPPS), level of expectation, and performance . Journal of Consulting Psychology , 26 : 394
  • Jackson , D. J. and Alvin , D. F. 1980 . The factor analysis of ipsative measures . Sociological Methods and Research , 9 : 218 – 238 .
  • Jackson , D. N. 2002 . Employee screening questionnaire manual , Port Huron, MI : Sigma Assessment Systems, ESQ .
  • *Jackson , D. N. , Wroblewski , V. R. and Ashton , M. C. 2000 . The impact of faking on employment tests: Does forced choice offer a solution? . Human Performance , 13 : 371 – 388 .
  • Johnson , C. E. , Wood , R. and Blinkhorn , S. F. 1988 . Spuriouser and spuriouser: the use of ipsative personality tests . Journal of Occupational Psychology , 61 : 153 – 162 .
  • Johnson , J. A. and Hogan , R. T. 2006 . “ A socioanalytic view of faking ” . In R. L. Griffith & M. H. Peterson (Eds.), A closer examination of applicant faking behavior 209 – 231 . Charlotte, NC: IAP
  • Judge , T. and Bono , J. E. 2001 . Relations of core self-evaluations traits –self-esteem, generalized self-efficacy, locus of control, and emotional stability–with job satisfaction and job performance: A meta-analysis . Journal of Applied Psychology , 86 : 80 – 92 . doi:10.1037/0021-9010.86.1.80
  • Judge , T. , Bono , J. E. , Ilies , R. and Gerdhardt , M. W. 2002 . Personality and leadership: A qualitative and quantitative review . Journal of Applied Psychology , 87 : 765 – 780 . doi:10.1037/0021-9010.87.6.765
  • Judge , T. A. , Bono , J. E. and Locke , E. A. 2000 . Personality and job satisfaction: The mediating role of job characteristics . Journal of Applied Psychology , 85 : 237 – 249 . doi:10.1037/0021-9010.85.2.237
  • Judge , T. , Heller , D. and Mount , M. K. 2002 . Five-factor model of personality and job satisfaction: A meta-analysis . Journal of Applied Psychology , 87 : 530 – 541 . doi:10.1037/0021-9010.87.3.530
  • Judge , T. A. , Jackson , C. L. , Shaw , J. C. , Scott , B. A. and Rich , B. L. 2007 . Self-efficacy and work-related performance: The integral roles of individual differences . Journal of Applied Psychology , 92 : 107 – 127 . doi:10.1037/0021-9010.92.1.107
  • *Kahn , J. H. , Nauta , M. M. , Gailbreath , R. D. , Tipps , J. and Chartrand , J. M. 2002 . The utility of career and personality assessment in predicting academic progress . Journal of Career Assessment , 10 : 3 – 23 . doi:10.1177/1069072702010001001
  • Kaplan , S. , Bradley , J. C. , Luschman , J. N. and Haynes , D. 2010 . On the role of positive and negative affectivity in job performance: A meta-analytic investigation . Journal of Applied Psychology , 94 : 162 – 176 . doi:10.1037/0021-9010.94.1.162
  • *Kazmier , L. J. 1961 . Cross-validation groups, extreme groups, and the prediction of academic achievement . Journal of Educational Psychology , 52 : 195 – 198 .
  • King Hunter , J. E. and Schmidt , F. L. 1980 . Halo in a multidimensional forced-choice performance evaluation scale . Journal of Applied Psychology , 65 : 507 – 516 .
  • Knapp , D. , Heggestad , E. and Young , M. 2004 . Understanding and improving the Assessment of Individual Motivation (AIM) in the Army's GED Plus program (Study Note 2004-03) , Alexandria, VA : US Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences .
  • *Knauft , E. B. 1955 . Test validity over seventeen-year period . Journal of Applied Psychology , 39 : 382 – 383 .
  • Kolb , D. A. 1985 . Learning style inventory , Boston, MA : McBer & Co .
  • *Kriedt , P. H. and Dawson , R. I. 1961 . Response set and the prediction of clerical job performance . Journal of Applied Psychology , 45 : 175 – 178 .
  • *Krug , R. D. 1959 . Over- and under-achievement and the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule . Journal of Applied Psychology , 43 : 133 – 136 .
  • Kuder , F. 1975 . Manual: Kuder E general interest survey , Chicago, IL : Science Research associates .
  • *Kusch , R. I. , Deller , J. and Albrecht , A. G. Predicting expatriate job performance: Using the normative NEO-PI-R or the ipsative OPQ32i? . Paper presented at the 29th International Congress of Psychology . July , Berlin, Germany .
  • Law , K. S. , Schmidt , F. L. and Hunter , J. E. 1994a . Nonlinearity of range corrections in meta-analysis: Test of an improved procedure . Journal of Applied Psychology , 79 : 425 – 438 .
  • Law , K. S. , Schmidt , F. L. and Hunter , J. E. 1994b . A test of two refinements in procedures for meta-analysis . Journal of Applied Psychology , 79 : 978 – 986 .
  • Le , H. and Schmidt , F. L. 2006 . Correcting for indirect range restriction in meta-analysis: Testing a new analytic procedure . Psychological Methods , 11 : 416 – 438 .
  • *Lievens , F. , Harris , M. M. , Keer , E. V. and Bisqueret , C. 2003 . Predicting cross-cultural training performance: The validity of personality, cognitive ability, and dimensions measured by an assessment center and a behavior description interview . Journal of Applied Psychology , 88 : 476 – 489 . doi:10.1037/0021-9010.88.3.476
  • *Lunneborg , P. W. 1970 . EPPS patterns and academic achievement in counseling clients . Educational and Psychological Measurement , 30 : 393 – 398 . doi:10.1177/0013164470030000223
  • *Maher , H. 1959 . Follow-up on the validity of a forced-choice study activity questionnaire in another setting . Journal of Applied Psychology , 43 : 293 – 295 .
  • Matthews , G. , Stanton , N. , Graham , N. C. and Brimelow , C. 1990 . A factor analysis of the scales of the occupational personality questionnaire . Personality and Individual Differences , 11 ( 6 ) : 591 – 596 . doi:10.1016/0191-8869(90)90042-P
  • Maydeu-Olivares , A. and Brown , A. 2010 . Item response modeling of paired comparison and ranking data . Multivariate Behavioral Research , 45 : 935 – 974 . doi:10.1080/00273171.2010.531231
  • Maydeu-Olivares , A. and Böckenhlt , U. 2005 . Structural equation modeling of paired comparison and ranking data . Psychological Methods , 10 : 285 – 304 .
  • McCloy , R. , Heggestad , E. and Reeve , C. 2005 . A silk purse from the sow's ear. Retrieving normative information from multidimensional forced-choice items . Organizational Research Methods , 8 : 222 – 248 .
  • McCrae , R. R. and Costa , P. T. 1990 . Personality in adulthood , New York, NY : Guilford Press .
  • McDaniel , M. A. , Morgeson , F. P. , Finnegan , E. B. , Campion , M. A. and Braverman , E. P. 2001 . Predicting job performance using situational judgment tests: A clarification of the literature . Journal of Applied Psychology , 86 : 730 – 740 .
  • McDaniel , M. A. , Whetzel , D. L. , Schmidt , F. L. and Maurer , S. D. 1994 . The validity of employment interviews: A comprehensive review and meta-analysis . Journal of Applied psychology , 79 ( 4 ) : 599 – 616 .
  • *McDaniel , M. A. , Yost , A. P. , Ludwick , M. H. , Hense , R. L. and Hartman , N. S. Incremental validity of a situational judgment test . Paper presented at the 19th annual conference of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology . April , Chicago, IL .
  • Meade , A. W. 2004 . Psychometric problems and issues involved with creating and using ipsative measures for selection . Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology , 77 : 531 – 552 .
  • Meglino , B. M. and Ravlin , E. C. 1998 . Individual values in organizations: concepts, controversies, and research . Journal of Management , 24 : 351 – 389 .
  • *Morgan , R. R. 1975 . Prediction of college achievement using the need achievement scale from the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule . Educational and Psychological Measurement , 35 : 387 – 392 . doi:10.1177/001316447503500217
  • *Morgan , R. R. 1976 . Utilization of levels of intellectual ability as a control variable in studies of non-intellectual factors in academic achievement . Educational and Psychological Measurement , 36 : 465 – 472 . doi:10.1177/001316447603600229
  • Morgeson , F. P. , Campion , M. A. , Dipboye , R. L. , Hollenbeck , J. R. , Murphy , K. and Schmitt , N. 2007a . Reconsidering the use of personality tests in personnel contexts . Personnel Psychology , 60 : 683 – 729 .
  • Morgeson , F. P. , Campion , M. A. , Dipboye , R. L. , Hollenbeck , J. R. , Murphy , K. and Schmitt , N. 2007b . Are we getting fooled again? Coming to terms with limitations in the use of personality tests for personnel selection . Personnel Psychology , 60 : 1029 – 1049 .
  • Moscoso , S. and Salgado , J. F. 2004 . “Dark side” personality styles as predictors of task, contextual, and job performance . International Journal of Selection and Assessment , 12 : 356 – 362 .
  • Mount , M. K. and Barrick , M. R. 1995 . The Big Five personality dimensions: Implications for research and practice in human resources management . Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management , 13 : 153 – 200 .
  • *Muchinsky , P. M. and Hoyt , D. P. 1973 . Predicting college grades of engineering graduates from selected personality and aptitude variables . Educational and Psychological Measurement , 33 : 935 – 937 . doi:10.1177/001316447303300425
  • *Mukherjee , R. N. 1968 . Achievement values and scientific productivity . Journal of Applied Psychology , 52 : 145 – 147 .
  • Murphy , K. R. and De Shon , R. 2000 . Inter-rater correlations do not estimate the reliability of job performance ratings . Personnel Psychology , 53 : 873 – 900 .
  • Murphy , K. R. and Dzieweczysnki , J. L. 2005 . Why don't measures of broad dimensions of personality perform better as predictors of job performance? . Human Performance , 18 : 343 – 357 .
  • Myers , I. B. , McCaulley , M. H. , Quenk , N. and Hammer , A. 1998 . MBTI handbook: A guide to the development and use of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator , 3rd ed. , Palo Alto, CA : Consulting Psychologists Press .
  • *Nelson , C. A. Job type as a moderator of the relationship between situational judgment and personality . Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Capella University . Minneapolis, MN .
  • *Neuman , G. A. 1991 . Autonomous work group selection . Journal of Business and Psychology , 6 : 283 – 291 .
  • *Neuman , G. A. and Kickul , J. R. 1998 . Organizational citizenship behaviors: Achievement orientation and personality . Journal of Business and Psychology , 13 : 263 – 279 .
  • Ng , T. W. H. , Eby , L. T. , Sorensen , K. L. and Feldman , D. C. 2005 . Predictors of objective and subjective career success: A meta-analysis . Personnel Psychology , 58 : 367 – 408 .
  • Ng , T. W. H. , Sorensen , K. L. and Eby , L. T. 2006 . Locus of control at work: A meta-analysis . Journal of Organizational Behavior , 27 : 1057 – 1087 .
  • Nguyen , N. T. and McDaniel , M. A. Faking and forced-choice scales in applicant screening: A meta-analysis . Paper presented at the 15th annual conference of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology . April , New Orleans, LA .
  • Norman , W. T. 1964 . Personality measurement, faking, and detection: An assessment method for use in personnel selection . Journal of Applied Psychology , 47 : 225 – 241 .
  • Nunnally , J. C. 1978 . Psychometric theory , 2nd ed. , New York, NY : McGraw-Hill .
  • *Nyfield , G. , Gibbons , P. J. , Baron , H. and Robertson , I. 1995 . The cross-cultural validity of management assessment methods , Surrey, UK : Saville & Holdsworth .
  • O'Connor , M. C. and Paunonen , S. V. 2007 . Big Five personality predictors of post-secondary academic performance . Personality and Individual Differences , 43 : 971 – 990 . doi:10.1016/j-paid.2007.3.017
  • Oh , I.-S. , Schmidt , F. L. , Mount , M. K. , Le , H. , Guay , R. P. Takahashi , K. The five-factor model of personality and performance in East Asia . Paper presented at the annual conference of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology . Chicago, IL . April
  • *Olson , D. A. , Shultz , K. S. and Scott , G. The association between personality preferences and behavioral ratings for physician leaders . Paper presented at the annual conference of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology . April , New Orleans, LA .
  • Ones , D. S. The construct of integrity tests . Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Iowa . Iowa City, IA .
  • Ones , D. S. , Dilchert , S. , Viswesvaran , C. and Judge , T. 2007 . In support of personality assessment in organizational settings . Personnel Psychology , 60 doi/10.1111/j.1744-6570
  • Ones , D. S. and Viswesvaran , C. Job-specific applicant pools and national norms for personality scales: Implications for range restriction correction in validation research . Paper presented at the 14th annual conference of the SIOP . Atlanta, GA .
  • Ones , D. S. and Viswesvaran , C. 2001a . Integrity tests and other criterion-focused occupational personality scales (COPS) used in personnel selection . International Journal of Selection and Assessment , 9 : 31 – 39 .
  • Ones , D. S. and Viswesvaran , C. 2001b . “ Personality at work: Criterion-focused occupational personality scales (COPS) used in personnel selection ” . In Applied personality psychology , Edited by: Roberts , B. and Hogan , R. T. 63 – 92 . Washington, DC : American Psychological Association .
  • Ones , D. S. , Viswesvaran , C. and Dilchert , S. 2005 . Personality at work: Raising awareness and correcting misconceptions . Human Performance , 18 : 389 – 404 . doi:10.1207/S15327043hup1804_5
  • Ones , D. S. , Viswesvaran , C. and Schmidt , F. L. 1993 . Comprehensive meta-analysis of integrity test validities: Findings and implications for personnel selection and theories of job performance . Journal of Applied Psychology , 78 : 679 – 703 .
  • Ones , D. S. , Viswesvaran , C. and Schmidt , F. L. 2003 . Personality and absenteeism: A meta-analysis of integrity tests . European Journal of Personality , 17 : 19 – 38 .
  • *Perkins , A. M. and Corr , P. J. 2005 . Can worriers be winners? The association between worrying and job performance . Personality and Individual Differences , 38 : 25 – 31 .
  • Piedmont , R. L. , Costa , P. T. and McCrae , R. R. 1992 . An assessment of the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule from the perspective of the Five-Factor Model . Journal of Personality Assessment , 58 : 67 – 78 .
  • Poropat , A. E. 2009 . A meta-analysis of the Five-Factor Model of personality and academic performance . Psychological Bulletin , 135 : 322 – 338 . doi:10.1037/a0014996
  • Radcliffe , J. A. 1963 . Some properties of ipsative score matrices and their relevance for some current interest tests . Australian Journal of Psychology , 15 : 1 – 11 .
  • *Robertson , I. , Gibbons , P. , Baron , H. , MacIver , R. and Nyfield , G. 1999 . Understanding management performance . British Journal of Management , 10 : 5 – 12 .
  • *Robertson , I. T. , Baron , H. , Gibbons , P. , MacIver , R. and Nyfield , G. 2000 . Conscientiousness and managerial performance . Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology , 73 : 171 – 180 .
  • Rolland , J. P. and De Fruyt , F. 2003 . The validity of FFM personality dimensions and maladaptive traits to predict negative affects at work: A six month prospective study in a military sample . European Journal of Personality , 17 : 101 – 121 .
  • *Rolland , J. P. and Mogenet , J. L. 2001 . Système de description en cinq dimensions (D5D). Manuel réservé aux psychologues , Paris, France : Les Editions du Centre de Psychologie Appliquée .
  • *Rothe , H. F. 1946 . Output rates among butter wrappers . Journal of Applied Psychology , 30 : 320 – 327 .
  • *Rothe , H. F. 1947 . Output rates among machine operators . Journal of Applied Psychology , 31 : 484 – 489 .
  • *Rothe , H. F. 1951 . Output rates among chocolate dippers . Journal of Applied Psychology , 35 : 94 – 97 .
  • *Rothe , H. and Nye , C. T. 1958 . Output rates among coil winders . Journal of Applied Psychology , 42 : 182 – 186 .
  • Rothmann , S. , Meiring , D. , Van der Walt , H. S. and Barrick , M. R. Predicting job performance using personality measures in South Africa . Paper presented at the 7th Annual Conference of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology . Toronto, Canada .
  • *Rose , R. M. , Fogg , L. F. , Helmreich , R. L. and McFadden , T. J. 1994 . Psychological predictors of astronaut effectiveness . Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine , 65 : 910 – 915 .
  • *Rozelle , R. 1968 . The relationship between absenteeism and grades . Educational and Psychological Measurement , 28 : 1151 – 1158 . doi:10.1177/001316446802800415
  • *Rust , J. 1999 . The validity of the Giotto integrity test . Personality and Individual Differences , 27 ( 4 ) : 755 – 768 .
  • Sackett , P. R. 2003 . “ The status of validity generalization research: Key issues in drawing inferences from cumulative research studies ” . In Validity generalization: A critical review , Edited by: Murphy , K. R. 91 – 114 . Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc .
  • *Sackett , P. R. , Gruys , M. L. and Ellington , J. E. 1998 . Ability-personality interactions when predicting job performance . Journal of Applied Psychology , 83 : 545 – 556 . doi:10.1037/0021-9010.83.4.545
  • Sackett , P. R. and Schmitt , N. 2012 . On reconciling conflicting meta-analytic findings regarding integrity test validity . Journal of Applied Psychology , 97 : 550 – 556 . doi:10.1037/a0028167
  • *Salgado , J. F. Validez del Preference and Perception Inventory (PAPI) en una compañía de servicios financieros Validity of the Preferences and Perception Inventory (PAPI) in a financial services company . Unpublished technical report, Department of Social Psychology, University of Santiago de Compostela . Spain .
  • Salgado , J. F. 1997 . The five-factor model of personality and job performance in the European Community . Journal of Applied Psychology , 82 : 30 – 43 . doi:10.1037/0021-9010.82.1.30
  • Salgado , J. F. 1998a . The Big Five personality dimensions and job performance in army and civil occupations: A European perspective . Human Performance , 11 : 271 – 288 .
  • Salgado , J. F. 1998b . Sample size in validity studies of personnel selection . Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology , 71 : 161 – 164 .
  • Salgado , J. F. The Big Five personality dimensions as predictors of alternative criteria . Paper presented at the 15th annual conference of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology . April , New Orleans, LA .
  • Salgado , J. F. 2002 . The Big Five personality dimensions and counterproductive behaviors . International Journal of Selection and Assessment , 10 : 117 – 125 .
  • Salgado , J. F. 2003 . Predicting job performance using FFM and non-FFM personality measures . Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology , 76 : 323 – 346 .
  • Salgado , J. F. Moderator effects of job complexity on the Big Five validity . Poster presented at the annual conference of Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology . Chicago, IL .
  • Salgado , J. F. 2005 . Personality and social desirability in organizational settings: Practical implications for work and organizational psychology . Papeles del Psicólogo , 26 : 115 – 128 .
  • Salgado , J. F. , Anderson , N. , Moscoso , S. , Bertua , C. , De Fruyt , F. and Rolland , J. P. 2003 . A meta-analytic study of GMA validity for different occupations in the European Community . Journal of Applied Psychology , 88 : 1068 – 1081 . doi:10.1037/0021-9010.88.6.1068
  • Salgado , J. F. and De Fruyt , F. 2005 . “ Personality in personnel selection ” . In Handbook of personnel selection , Edited by: Evers , A. , Schmit-Voskuyl , O. and Anderson , N. Oxford, UK : Blackwell .
  • Salgado , J. F. and Moscoso , S. 1996 . Meta-analysis of the interrater reliability of job performance ratings in validity studies of personnel selection . Perceptual and Motor Skills , 83 : 1195 – 1201 .
  • Salgado , J. F. and Moscoso , S. 2000 . Autoeficacia y criterios organizacionales de desempeño Self-efficacy and organizational criteria of performance . Apuntes de Psicología , 18 : 179 – 191 .
  • Saville , P. , Holdsworth , R. , Nyfield , G. , Cramp , L. and Mabey , W. 1984 . The Occupational Personality Questionnaires (OPQ) , London, UK : Saville & Holdsworth .
  • *Saville , P. , Sik , G. , Nyfield , G. , Hackston , J. and Maclver , R. 1996 . A demonstration of the validity of the Occupational Personality Questionnaire (OPQ) in the measurement of job competencies across time and in separate organisations . Applied Psychology , 45 : 243 – 262 .
  • *Schippmann , J. S. and Prien , E. P. 1989 . An assessment of the contributions of general mental ability and personality characteristics to management success . Journal of Business and Psychology , 3 : 423–437
  • Schmidt , F. L. and Hunter , J. E. 1996 . Measurement error in psychological research: Lessons from 26 research scenarios . Psychological Methods , 1 : 199 – 223 .
  • Schmidt , F. L. , Hunter , J. E. and Urry , V. W . 1976 . Statistical power in criterion-related validation studies . Journal of Applied Psychology , 61 : 473 – 485 .
  • Schmidt , F. L. , Law , K. , Hunter , J. E. , Rothstein , H. R. , Pearlman , K. and McDaniel , M. 1993 . Refinements in validity generalization methods: Implications for the situational specificity hypothesis . Journal of Applied Psychology , 78 ( 1 ) : 3 – 12 . doi:10.1037/0021-9010.78.1.3
  • Schmidt , F. L. and Le , H. 2004 . Software for the Hunter-Schmidt meta-analysis methods , Iowa City, IA : Department of Management and Organizations, University of Iowa .
  • Schmidt , F. L. , Oh , I.-S. and Le , H. 2006 . Increasing the accuracy of corrections for range restriction: Implications for selection procedure validities and other research practices . Personnel Psychology , 59 : 281 – 305 .
  • Schmidt , F. L. , Shaffer , J. A. and Oh , I.-S. 2008 . Increased accuracy for range restriction corrections: Implications for the role of personality and general mental ability in job and training performance . Personnel Psychology , 61 : 827 – 868 .
  • Schmidt , F. L. and Zimmerman , R. D. 2004 . A counterintuitive hypothesis about employment interview validity and some supporting evidence . Journal of Applied Psychology , 89 ( 3 ) : 553 – 561 . doi:10.1037/0021-9010.89.3.553
  • Schmitt , N. , Gooding , R. Z. , Noe , R. A. and Kirsch , M. 1984 . Meta-analyses of validity studies published between 1964 and 1982 and the investigation of study characteristics . Personnel Psychology , 37 : 407 – 422 .
  • *Schwab , D. P. and Packard , G. L. 1973 . Response distortion on the Gordon Personal Inventory and the Gordon Personal Profile in a selection context: Some implications for predicting employee tenure . Journal of Applied Psychology , 58 : 372 – 374 .
  • *Schwartz , S. L. and Gekoki , N. 1960 . The supervisory inventory: A forced-choice measure of human relations attitude and technique . Journal of Applied Psychology , 44 : 233 – 236 .
  • *SHL . 2006 . OPQ32 manual and user's guide , Surrey, UK : Author .
  • SHL . 2009 . OPQ32r user manual , Surrey, UK : Author .
  • *Slocum , J. W. Jr and Hand , H. H. 1971 . Prediction of job success and employee satisfaction for executives and foremen . Training and Development Journal , 25 : 28 – 36 .
  • *Small , R. J. and Rosenberg , L. J. 1977 . Determining job performance in the industrial sales force . Industrial Marketing Management , 6 : 99 – 102 .
  • *Sommerfeld , D. 1997 . Maintenance worker selection: High validity and low adverse impact. Michigan Municipal League , Ann Arbor, MI : Employment Testing Consortium Project .
  • Stark , S. , Chernyshenko , O. S. and Drasgow , F. 2005 . An IRT approach to constructing and scoring pairwise preference items involving stimuli on different dimensions: The multi-unidimensional pairwise-preference model . Applied Psychological Measurement , 29 : 184 – 203 .
  • Stark , S. , Chernyshenko , O. , Drasgow , F. and Williams , B. 2006 . Examining assumptions about item responding in personality assessment: Should ideal point methods be considered for scale development and scoring? . Journal of Applied Psychology , 91 : 25 – 39 . doi:10.1037/0021-9010.91.1.25
  • *Striker , L. J. , Schiffman , H. and Ross , J. 1965 . Prediction of college performance with the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator . Educational and Psychological Measurement , 25 : 1081 – 1095 .
  • Tenopyr , M. 1988 . Artifactual reliability of forced-choice scales . Journal of Applied Psychology , 73 : 749 – 751 .
  • Tett , R. , Rothstein , M. G. and Jackson , D. J. 1991 . Personality measures as predictors of job performance: A meta-analytic review . Personnel Psychology , 44 : 703 – 742 .
  • Tett , R. P. and Christiansen , N. D. 2007 . Personality tests at the crossroads: A response to Morgeson, Campion, Dipboye, Hollenbeck, Murphy, and Schmitt (2007) . Personnel Psychology , 60 : 967 – 993 .
  • Tett , R. P. , Christiansen , N. D. , Robie , C. and Simonet , D. V. International survey of personality test use: An American baseline . Paper presented at the 15th conference of the European Association of Work and Organizational Psychology . May , Maastricht, The Netherlands .
  • Thomas , K. W. and Killman , R. H. 1974 . Thomas-Killman Conflict Mode Instrument , Mountain View, CA : Xicom .
  • Thompson , B. , Levitov , J. E. and Miederhoff , P. A. 1982 . Validity of the Rokeach Value Survey . Educational and Psychological Measurement , 42 : 899 – 905 .
  • Thurstone , L. L. 1928 . Attitudes can be measured . American Journal of Sociology , 33 : 529 – 554 .
  • Trapmann , S. , Hell , B. , Hirn , J.-O. W. and Schuler , H. 2007 . Meta-analysis of the relationship between the Big Five and academic success at university . Zeitschrift für Psychologie , 215 : 132 – 151 .
  • Travers , R. M. W. 1951 . A critical review of the validity and rationale of forced-choice technique . Psychological Bulletin , 48 : 62 – 70 .
  • Van der Walt , H. S. , Meiring , D. , Rothmann , S. and Barrick , M. R. Meta-analysis of the relationship between personality measurements and job performance in South Africa . Paper presented at the conference of the South-Africa Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology . June , Pretoria, South Africa .
  • *Vasilopoulos , N. L. , Cucina , J. M. , Dyomina , N. V. , Morewitz , C. L. and Reilly , R. R. 2006 . Forced-choice personality tests: A measure of personality and cognitive ability? . Human Performance , 19 : 175 – 199 .
  • Villanova , P. , Bernardin , H. J. , Johnson , D. L. and Dahmus , S. A. 1994 . The validity of a measure of job compatibility in the prediction of job performance and turnover of motion picture theater personnel . Personnel Psychology , 60 : 224 – 235 .
  • Viswesvaran , C. and Ones , D. S. 1999 . Measurement error in “Big Five factors” personality assessment: Reliability generalization across studies and measures . Educational and Psychological Measurement , 60 : 224 – 235 .
  • Viswesvaran , C. , Ones , D. S. and Hough , L. M. 2001 . Do impression management scales in personality inventories predict managerial job performance ratings? . International Journal of Selection and Assessment , 9 : 277 – 289 .
  • Viswesvaran , C. , Ones , D. and Schmidt , F. L. 1996 . Comparative analysis of the reliability of job performance ratings . Journal of Applied Psychology , 81 : 557 – 574 . doi:10.1037/0021-9010.81.4.557
  • *Warr , P. , Bartram , D. and Brown , A. 2005 . Big Five validity: Aggregation method matters . Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology , 78 : 377 – 386 . doi:10.1348/096317905X53868
  • *Warr , P. , Bartram , D. and Martin , T. 2005b . Personality and sales performance: Situational variation and interactions between traits . International Journal of Selection and Assessment , 13 : 87 – 91 .
  • *Weiss , P. , Wertheimer , M. and Groesbeck , B. 1959 . Achievement motivation, academic aptitude, and college grades . Educational and Psychological Measurement , 19 : 663 – 666 .
  • *Whetzel , D. L. , McDaniel , M. A. , Yost , A. P. and Kim , N. 2010 . Linearity of personality-performance relationships: A large-scale examination . International Journal of Selection and Assessment , 18 : 310 – 320 .
  • *White , L. A. A quasi-ipsative temperament measure for assessing future leaders . Paper presented at the 14th Annual Conference of the International Military Testing Association . October , Otawa, Canada .
  • *Willingham , W. W. and Ambler , R. K. 1963 . The relation of the Gordon Personal Inventory to several external criteria . Journal of Consulting Psychology , 27 : 460
  • *Willingham , W. W. , Nelson , P. and O'Connor , W. 1958 . A note on the behavioral validity of the Gordon Personal Profile . Journal of Consulting Psychology , 22 : 378
  • *Witt , L. A. and Jones , J. W. Very particular people quit first . Paper presented at the annual conference of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology . Atlanta, GA .
  • *Wollowick , H. B. and McNamara , W. J. 1969 . Relationship of the components of an assessment center to management success . Journal of Applied Psychology , 53 : 348 – 352 .
  • Yoo , T.-Y. and Min , B.-M. A meta-analysis of the Big Five and performance in Korea . Paper presented at the 17th annual conference of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology . Toronto, Canada .
  • *Young , M. and Dulewicz , V. 2007 . Relationship between emotional and congruent self-awareness and performance in the British Royal Navy . Journal of Managerial Psychology , 22 : 465 – 478 .
  • *Zagar , R. , Arbit , J. and Wengel , W. 1982 . Personality factors as predictors of grade point average and graduation from nursing school . Educational and Psychological Measurement , 42 : 1169 – 1175 .
  • Zibarras , L. D. and Woods , S. A. 2010 . A survey of UK selection practices across different organization sizes and industry sectors . Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology , 83 : 499 – 511 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.