Federalism and Decentralization in Sub-Saharan Africa: Five Patterns of Evolution

References

• Aalen, Lovise (2006), Ethnic Federalism and Self-Determination for Nationalities in a Semi-Authoritarian State: The Case of Ethiopia, International Journal on Minority and Group Rights, Vol.13, pp. 243–261. doi: 10.1163/157181106777909849
   Google Scholar
• Abbink, Jon (2009) The Ethoipian Second Republic and the Fragile ‘Social Contract’, Africa Spectrum, Vol. 44, No.2, pp.3–28.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abebe, Adem Kassie (2013), Umpiring Federalism in Africa: Institutional Mosaic and Institutions, African Studies Quarterly, Vol.13, No.4, pp. 53–78.
   Google Scholar
• Asnake, Kefale (this volume), Ethnic Decentralization and the Challenges of Inclusive Governance in Multiethnic Cities: The Case of Dire Dawa, Ethiopia, Regional and Federal Studies, Vol. 24, No. 5.
   Google Scholar
• Bach, Daniel C. (1989), Managing a Plural Society: The Boomerang Effects of Nigerian Federalism, The Journal of Commonwealth and Comparative Politics, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp. 218–45. doi: 10.1080/14662048908447568
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bierschenk, Thomas and Jean-Pierre Olivier de Sardan (2003), Powers in the Village: Rural Benin between Democratisation and Decentralisation, Africa Affairs, Vol. 73, No. 2, pp. 145–73.
   Google Scholar
• Boone, Catherine (2013), Property and Political Order in Africa: Land Rights and the Structure of Politics, London and New York: Cambridge.
   Google Scholar
• Bratton, Michael and Nicolas van de Walle (1997), Democratic Experiments in Africa: Regime Transitions in Comparative Perspective, New York and London: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Cheema, Shabbir G. and Dennis Rondinelli (2007), From Government Decentralization to Decentralized Governance, in Cheema and Rondinelli Decentralization and Governance: Emerging Concepts and Practices, Washington DC: Brookings Institution, pp.1–20.
   Google Scholar
• Cooper, Frederick (2014), Africa in the World: Capitalism, Empire, Nation-State, Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Crawford, Gordon and Christof Hartmann (2008), Introduction, Decentralisation as a Pathway out of Poverty and Conflict?, in Crawford and Hartmann (eds) Decentralisation in Africa: A Pathway out of Poverty and Conflict?, Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, pp. 7–32.
   Google Scholar
• Crowder, Michael (1964), Indirect Rule, French and British Styles, Africa, Vol. 33, No. 4, pp. 293–306.
   Google Scholar
• De Zwart, Frank (2005), The Dilemma of Recognition: Administrative Categories and Cultural Diversity, Theory and Society, Vol. 35, pp. 137–69. doi: 10.1007/s11186-005-6234-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dickovick, Tyler (this volume), Federalism in Africa: Origin, Operation, (In)Significance, Regional and Federal Studies, Vol. 24, No.5.
   Google Scholar
• Dunning, Thad (2004), Conditioning the Effects of Aid: Cold War Politics, Donor Credibility, and Democracy in Africa, International Organization, Vol. 58, No.2, 40923. doi: 10.1017/S0020818304582073
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elazar, Daniel (1998), Constitutionalizing Globalization: The Postmodern Revival of Confederal Arrangements, Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefeld.
   Google Scholar
• Erk, Jan and Wouter Veenendaal (2014), Is Small Really beautiful? The Microstate Mistake, Journal of Democracy, Vol. 25, No.3, pp. 135–148. doi: 10.1353/jod.2014.0054
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erk, Jan and Wilfried Swenden (2009), The New Wave of Federalism Scholarship: An Analytical Framework, in Erk and Swenden (eds.) New Directions in Federalism Studies, London: Routledge, pp.1–15.
   Google Scholar
• Fegue, Cyril (2008), The Games Elites Play: Notes Towards Understanding of the Failure of the Federal Republic of Cameroon (1961–1972), in Emilian Kawalski and Magdalena Zorkos (eds) (2008), Defunct Federalism: Critical Perspectives on Federal Failure, Aldershot: Ashgate, pp. 59–70.
   Google Scholar
• Fessha, Yonathan and Coel Kirkby (2008), A Critical Survey of Subnational Autonomy in African States, Publius: The Journal of Federalism, Vol. 38, No. 2, pp. 248–271.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fiseha, Assefa (2012), Ethiopia's Experiment in Accommodating Diversity: 20 Years’ Balance Sheet, Regional and Federal Studies, Vol. 22, No.4, pp.435–473. doi: 10.1080/13597566.2012.709502
   Google Scholar
• Fullerton Joireman, Sandra (2001), Inherited Legal Systems and Effective Rule of Law: Africa and the Colonial Legacy, Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol. 39, No. 4, pp. 571–596.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geschiere, Peter (2004), Ecology, Belonging and Xenophobia: The 1994 Forest Law in Cameroon and the Issue of Community, in Harri Englund and Francis. B. Nyamnjoh (eds.), Rights and the Politics of Recognition in Africa, London: Zed, pp. 237–59.
   Google Scholar
• Gibbs, Timothy (2014), Mandela's Kinsmen: nationalist Elites and Apartheid's First Bantustan, Johannesburg: Jacanta.
   Google Scholar
• Gulliver, P. H. (1979), Dispute and Negotiations: A Cross Global Perspective, London.
   Google Scholar
• Habtu, Alem (2005), Multiethnic Federalism in Ethiopia: A Study of the Secession Clause in Constitution, Publius: The Journal of Federalism, Vol. 35, No.2, pp. 313–335.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huntington, Heather and Erik Wibbels (this volume), The Geography of Governance in Africa: New Tools from Satellites, Surveys and Mapping Initiatives, in Regional and Federal Studies, Vol. 24, No. 5.
   Google Scholar
• Hyam, Ronald (1987), The Geopolitical Origins of the Central African Federation, Britain, South Africa, Rhodesia, 1948–53, The Historical Journal, Vol. 30, No.1, pp. 145–72 doi: 10.1017/S0018246X00021956
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• International Crisis Group (2009), Ethiopia: Ethnic Federalism and Its Discontents, Africa Report, No. 153, 4 September 2009.
   Google Scholar
• King, Tony (2008), Partnership and Paternalism: Rhodesia and Nyasaland (1953–63), in Emilian Kawalski and Magdalena Zorkos (eds) (2008), Defunct Federalism: Critical Perspectives on Federal Failure, Aldershot: Ashgate, pp. 47–58.
   Google Scholar
• Koelble, Thomas A. and Andrew Siddle (this volume), Decentralization in Post-Apartheid South Africa, Regional and Federal Studies, Vol. 24, No. 5.
   Google Scholar
• Lewis, Janet I. (this volume), When Decentralization leads to Recentralization: Subnational State Transformation in Uganda, Regional and Federal Studies, Vol. 24, No. 5.
   Google Scholar
• Nkrumah, S.A. (2000), Decentralisation for Good Governance and Development: The Ghanaian Experience, Regional Development Dialogue, Vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 53–67.
   Google Scholar
• Ntseba, Lungisile (2004), Democratic Decentralisation and Traditional Authority: Dilemmas of Land Administration in Rural South Africa’, European Journal of Development Research, Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 71–89. doi: 10.1080/09578810410001688743
   Google Scholar
• Prempeh, Kwasi H. (2007), Africa's ‘Constitutionalism Revival’: False Start or New Dawn, International Journal of Constitutional Law, Vol.5, No. 3, pp. 469–506. doi: 10.1093/icon/mom016
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rondinelli, Dennis A., James S. McCullogh, and Ronald W. Johnson (1989), Analyzing Decentralization Policies in Developing Countries: A Political-Economy Framework, Development and Change, Vol. 20, pp. 57–87. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-7660.1989.tb00340.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothchild, Donald (1966), The Limits of Federalism: Am Examination of Political Institutional Transfer in Africa, Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 275–93. doi: 10.1017/S0022278X00013471
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schelnberger, Anna Katerina (2008), “Decentralization and Conflict in Kibaale, Uganda”, in Crawford and Hartmann (eds) Decentralisation in Africa: A Pathway out of Poverty and Conflict? Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, pp. 191–212.
   Google Scholar
• Simeon, Richard and Christina Murray (2001), Multisphere Governance in South Africa: An Interim Assessment, Publius: The Journal of Federalism, Vol. 31, No. 4, pp. 65–92.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smoke, Paul (2003), Decentralisation in Africa: Goals, Dimensions, Myths and Challenges, Public Administration and Development, Vol. 3, pp. 7–16. doi: 10.1002/pad.255
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steytler, Nico and Johann Mettler (2001), Federal Arrangement as a Peacekeeping Device during South Africa's Transition to Democracy, Publius: The Journal of Federalism, Vol. 31, No. 4, pp. 93–106.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suberu, Rotimi (2009), Federalism in Africa: The Nigerian Experience in Comparative Perspective, Ethnopolitics, Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 67–86. doi: 10.1080/17449050902738846
   Google Scholar
• Suberu, Rotimi (1993), Democracy in Divided Societies, Journal of Democracy, Vol. 4, No. 4, pp. 39–53. doi: 10.1353/jod.1993.0056
   Google Scholar
• Tekeste, Negash (1997), Eritrea and Ethiopia: The Federal Experience, Uppsala, Sweden: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet.
   Google Scholar
• Treisman, Daniel (2007), The Architecture of Government: Rethinking Political Decentralization, New York: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wibbels, Erik (2006), Madison in Baghdad? Decentralization and Federalism in Comparative Politics, Annual Review of Political Science, Vol. 9, pp. 165–88. doi: 10.1146/annurev.polisci.9.062404.170504
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar