218
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Election Articles

Political equality in unequal territories: the impact of territorial inequalities on voter turnout in Italy’s regional elections

ORCID Icon
Pages 463-485 | Received 13 May 2022, Accepted 17 Jan 2023, Published online: 01 Mar 2023

References

  • Agnew, John A. 2002. Place and Politics in Modern Italy. University of Chicago Geography Research Papers. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/P/bo3625679.html.
  • Ashworth, John, Benny Geys, and Bruno Heyndels. 2006. “Everyone Likes a Winner: An Empirical Test of the Effect of Electoral Closeness on Turnout in a Context of Expressive Voting.” Public Choice 128 (3): 383–405. doi:10.1007/s11127-005-9006-8.
  • Atkinson, Matthew D., and Anthony Fowler. 2014. “Social Capital and Voter Turnout: Evidence from Saint’s Day Fiestas in Mexico.” British Journal of Political Science 44 (1): 41–59. doi:10.1017/S0007123412000713.
  • Bartle, John, Sarah Birch, and Mariana Skirmuntt. 2017. “The Local Roots of the Participation Gap: Inequality and Voter Turnout.” Electoral Studies 48 (August): 30–44. doi:10.1016/j.electstud.2017.05.004.
  • Bauhr, Monika, and Marcia Grimes. 2014. “Indignation or Resignation: The Implications of Transparency for Societal Accountability.” Governance 27 (2): 291–320. doi:10.1111/gove.12033.
  • Blais, André. 2006. “What Affects Voter Turnout?” Annual Review of Political Science 9 (1): 111–125. doi:10.1146/annurev.polisci.9.070204.105121.
  • Blais, André, and Agnieszka Dobrzynska. 1998. “Turnout in Electoral Democracies.” European Journal of Political Research 33 (2): 239–261. doi:10.1111/1475-6765.00382.
  • Blais, André, and Filip Kostelka. 2015. “The Decision to Vote or Abstain in the 2014 European Elections.” Revue Européenne des Sciences Sociales, 53-1 (May): 79–94. doi:10.4000/ress.2993.
  • Bloise, Francesco, Daniela Chironi, and Mario Pianta. 2021. “Inequality and Voting in Italy’s Regions.” Territory, Politics, Governance 9 (3): 365–390. doi:10.1080/21622671.2020.1837219.
  • Bolgherini, Silvia, Selena Grimaldi, and Marco Valbruzzi. 2021. “Italian Regional Elections 2018–2020. Re-Alignment Beyond Populism?” Contemporary Italian Politics 13 (4): 396–401. doi:10.1080/23248823.2021.1967596.
  • Bourdieau, Pierre. 1986. “The Forms of Capital.” In Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education, by John Richardson, 241–258. Westport, CT: Greenwood. https://www.socialcapitalgateway.org/content/paper/bourdieu-p-1986-forms-capital-richardson-j-handbook-theory-and-research-sociology-educ.
  • Brady, Henry E., Sidney Verba, and Kay Lehman Schlozman. 1995. “Beyond Ses: A Resource Model of Political Participation.” American Political Science Review 89 (2): 271–294. doi:10.2307/2082425.
  • Burden, Barry C., and Amber Wichowsky. 2014. “Economic Discontent as a Mobilizer: Unemployment and Voter Turnout.” The Journal of Politics 76 (4): 887–898. doi:10.1017/S0022381614000437.
  • Camagni, Roberto, and Roberta Capello. 2013. “Regional Competitiveness and Territorial Capital: A Conceptual Approach and Empirical Evidence from the European Union.” Regional Studies 47 (9): 1383–1402. doi:10.1080/00343404.2012.681640.
  • Collier, David. 1993. “The Comparative Method.” In Political Science: The State of Discipline II, edited by Ada W. Finifter, 105–119. Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network. https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=1540884.
  • Cunial, Nicolas Alejandro, and Raffaele Terreo. 2016. “I Sistemi Elettorali Nelle Regioni a Statuto Ordinario: Un’analisi Comparata.” Quaderni Dell’Osservatorio Elettorale QOE - IJES 75 (1): 85–116. doi:10.36253/qoe-9275.
  • Doh, Soogwan. 2014. “Social Capital, Economic Development, and the Quality of Government: How Interaction Between Social Capital and Economic Development Affects the Quality of Government.” Public Administration 92 (1): 104–124. doi:10.1111/padm.12041.
  • European Commission. 2005. Territorial State and Perspectives of the European Union, Scoping Document and Summary of Political Messages. Brussels.: European Union.
  • European Commission. 2009. “GDP and Beyond Measuring Progress in a Changing World.” https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/cros/content/gdp-and-beyond-measuring-progress-changing-world_en.
  • Fiorino, Nadia, Emma Galli, and Nicola Pontarollo. 2021. “Does Social Capital Affect Voter Turnout? Evidence from Italy.” Social Indicators Research 156 (1): 289–309. doi:10.1007/s11205-021-02642-6.
  • Frank, Richard W., and Ferran Martínez i Coma. 2021. “Correlates of Voter Turnout.” Political Behavior. doi:10.1007/s11109-021-09720-y.
  • Gendzwill, Adam. 2021. “Local Autonomy and National–Local Turnout Gap: Higher Stakes, Higher Turnout?” Regional & Federal Studies 31 (4): 519–539. doi:10.1080/13597566.2019.1706496.
  • Goodin, Robert, and John Dryzek. 1980. “Rational Participation: The Politics of Relative Power.” British Journal of Political Science 10 (3): 273–292. doi:10.1017/S0007123400002209.
  • Grönlund, Kimmo, and Maija Setälä. 2007. “Political Trust, Satisfaction and Voter Turnout.” Comparative European Politics 5 (4): 400–422. doi:10.1057/palgrave.cep.6110113.
  • Hansen, Tore. 1994. “Local Elections and Local Government Performance.” Scandinavian Political Studies 17 (1): 1–30. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9477.1994.tb00047.x.
  • Henderson, Ailsa, and Nicola McEwen. 2010. “A Comparative Analysis of Voter Turnout in Regional Elections.” Electoral Studies 29 (3): 405–416. doi:10.1016/j.electstud.2010.03.012.
  • Henderson, Ailsa, and Nicola McEwen. 2015. “Regions as Primary Political Communities: A Multi-Level Comparative Analysis of Turnout in Regional Elections.” Publius: The Journal of Federalism 45 (2): 189–215. doi:10.1093/publius/pju040.
  • Hooghe, Liesbet, Gary Marks, Arjan H. Schakel, Sandra Chapman Osterkatz, Sara Niedzwiecki, and Sarah Shair-Rosenfield. 2016. Measuring Regional Authority: A Postfunctionalist Theory of Governance, Volume I. Transformations in Governance. Oxford, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • Hooghe, Liesbet, Gary N. Marks, and Arjan H. Schakel. 2010. The Rise of Regional Authority: A Comparative Study of 42 Democracies. Abingdon: Routledge.
  • Hooghe, Marc, and Dietlind Stolle. 2003. “Introduction: Generating Social Capital.” In Generating Social Capital: Civil Society and Institutions in Comparative Perspective, edited by Marc Hooghe and Dietlind Stolle, 1–18. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. doi:10.1057/9781403979544_1.
  • Huijsmans, Twan, Arieke J. Rijken, and Teodora Gaidyte. 2020. “The Income Gap in Voting: Moderating Effects of Income Inequality and Clientelism.” Political Behavior 44: 1203–1223. doi:10.1007/s11109-020-09652-z.
  • Jeffery, Charlie, and Arjan H. Schakel. 2013. “Editorial: Towards a Regional Political Science.” Regional Studies 47 (3): 299–302. doi:10.1080/00343404.2012.746443.
  • La Due Lake, Ronald, and Robert Huckfeldt. 1998. “Social Capital, Social Networks, and Political Participation.” Political Psychology 19 (3): 567–584. doi:10.1111/0162-895X.00118.
  • Lappie, John, and Melissa Marschall. 2018. “Place and Participation in Local Elections.” Political Geography 64 (May): 33–42. doi:10.1016/j.polgeo.2018.02.003.
  • Lijphart, Arend. 1997. “Unequal Participation: Democracy’s Unresolved Dilemma.” The American Political Science Review 91 (1): 1–14. doi:10.2307/2952255.
  • Martins, Rodrigo, and Francisco José Veiga. 2013. “Economic Performance and Turnout at National and Local Elections.” Public Choice 157 (3): 429–448. doi:10.1007/s11127-012-0047-5.
  • Massetti, Emanuele. 2018. “Regional Elections in Italy (2012–15): Low Turnout, Tri-Polar Competition and Democratic Party’s (Multi-Level) Dominance.” Regional & Federal Studies 28 (3): 325–351. doi:10.1080/13597566.2018.1428568.
  • Morretta, Valentina. 2021. “Territorial Capital in Local Economic Endogenous Development.” Regional Science Policy & Practice 13 (1): 103–119. doi:10.1111/rsp3.12317.
  • Mutz, Diana C. 2002. “The Consequences of Cross-Cutting Networks for Political Participation.” American Journal of Political Science 46 (4): 838–855. doi:10.2307/3088437.
  • OECD. 2001. The OECD Territorial Outlook 2001 - OECD. Paris. https://www.oecd.org/newsroom/theoecdterritorialoutlook2001.htm.
  • OECD. 2022. OECD Regions and Cities at a Glance 2022. OECD Regions and Cities at a Glance. OECD. doi:10.1787/14108660-en.
  • Polacko, Matthew, Oliver Heath, Michael S. Lewis-Beck, and Ruth Dassonneville. 2021. “Policy Polarization, Income Inequality and Turnout.” Political Studies 69 (2): 455–477. doi:10.1177/0032321720906581.
  • Putnam, Robert D. 2001. Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. 1st ed. London: Simon & Schuster.
  • Putnam, Robert D., Robert Leonardi, and Raffaella Y. Nanetti. 1993. Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Putnam, Robert D., Robert Leonardi, and Raffaella Y. Nanetti. 1994. Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Rabe-Hesketh, Sophia, and Anders Skrondal. 2008. Multilevel and Longitudinal Modeling Using Stata. 2nd ed. College Station, TX: Stata Press.
  • Rauhut, Daniel. 2019. “A Rawls-Sen Approach to Spatial Injustice.” Social Science Spectrum 4 (3): 109–122.
  • Reif, Karlheinz, and Hermann Schmitt. 1980. “Nine Second-Order National Elections – a Conceptual Framework for the Analysis of European Election Results.” European Journal of Political Research 8 (1): 3–44. doi:10.1111/j.1475-6765.1980.tb00737.x.
  • Rodríguez-Pose, Andrés. 2013. “Do Institutions Matter for Regional Development?” Regional Studies 47 (7): 1034–1047. doi:10.1080/00343404.2012.748978.
  • Rodríguez-Pose, Andrés. 2018. “The Revenge of the Places That Don’t Matter (and What to Do About It).” Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society 11 (1): 189–209. doi:10.1093/cjres/rsx024.
  • Schäfer, Armin, and Hanna Schwander. 2019. “‘Don’t Play If You Can’t Win’: Does Economic Inequality Undermine Political Equality?” European Political Science Review 11 (3): 395–413. doi:10.1017/S1755773919000201.
  • Schakel, Arjan H. 2009. “Explaining Policy Allocation Over Governmental Tiers by Identity and Functionality.” Acta Politica 44 (4): 385–409. doi:10.1057/ap.2009.9.
  • Schakel, Arjan H., and Régis Dandoy. 2014. “Electoral Cycles and Turnout in Multilevel Electoral Systems.” West European Politics 37 (3): 605–623. doi:10.1080/01402382.2014.895526.
  • Schakel, Arjan H., and Charlie Jeffery. 2013. “Are Regional Elections Really ‘Second-Order’ Elections?” Regional Studies 47 (3): 323–341. doi:10.1080/00343404.2012.690069.
  • Shair-Rosenfield, Sarah, Arjan H. Schakel, Sara Niedzwiecki, Gary Marks, Liesbet Hooghe, and Sandra Chapman-Osterkatz. 2021. “Language Difference and Regional Authority.” Regional & Federal Studies 31 (1): 73–97. doi:10.1080/13597566.2020.1831476.
  • Spicer, Jason S. 2018. “Electoral Systems, Regional Resentment and the Surprising Success of Anglo-American Populism.” Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society 11 (1): 115–141. doi:10.1093/cjres/rsx029.
  • Stockemer, Daniel. 2017. “What Affects Voter Turnout? A Review Article/Meta-Analysis of Aggregate Research.” Government and Opposition 52 (4): 698–722. doi:10.1017/gov.2016.30.
  • Stockemer, Daniel, and Lyle Scruggs. 2012. “Income Inequality, Development and Electoral Turnout – New Evidence on a Burgeoning Debate.” Electoral Studies 31 (4): 764–773. doi:10.1016/j.electstud.2012.06.006.
  • Stolle, Dietlind. 2003. “The Sources of Social Capital.” In Generating Social Capital: Civil Society and Institutions in Comparative Perspective, edited by Marc Hooghe and Dietlind Stolle, 19–42. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US. doi:10.1057/9781403979544_2.
  • Tronconi, Filippo. 2015. “Bye-Bye Bipolarism: The 2015 Regional Elections and the New Shape of Regional Party Systems in Italy.” South European Society and Politics 20 (4): 553–571. doi:10.1080/13608746.2015.1118839.
  • Vampa, Davide. 2015. “The 2015 Regional Election in Italy: Fragmentation and Crisis of Subnational Representative Democracy.” Regional & Federal Studies 25 (4): 365–378. doi:10.1080/13597566.2015.1074073.
  • Vampa, Davide. 2021. “The 2020 Regional Elections in Italy: Sub-National Politics in the Year of the Pandemic.” Contemporary Italian Politics 13 (2): 166–180. doi:10.1080/23248823.2021.1912301.
  • Verba, Sidney. 2003. “Would the Dream of Political Equality Turn out to Be a Nightmare?” Perspectives on Politics 1 (4): 663–679. doi:10.1017/S1537592703000458.
  • Verba, Sidney, Kay Lehman Scholzman, and Henry E. Brady. 1995. Voice and Equality - Civic Voluntarism in American Politics. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. https://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674942936.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.