References
- Abbott, Kenneth W., Philipp Genschel, Duncan Snidal, and Bernhard Zangl. 2015. “Orchestration: Global Governance Through Intermediaries.” In International Organizations as Orchestrators, edited by Kenneth W. Abbott, and Philipp Genschel, 3–36. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Abrahamsen, Rita, and Anna Leander. 2016. “Introduction.” Chap. 1 In Routledge Handbook of Private Security Studies, edited by Rita Abrahamsen, and Anna Leander, 1–7. London: Routledge.
- Abrahamsen, Rita, and Michael C. Williams. 2011. Security Beyond the State. Private Security in International Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Amnesty International. 2004a. “Call For Corporate Accountability in Iraq.” Accessed November 13 2013. http://web.archive.org/web/20041019214211/http://takeaction.amnestyusa.org/action/display/wacmoreinfo.asp?item=10897.
- Amnesty International. 2004b. “Taking on the Titans.” Accessed November 13 2013. http://web.archive.org/web/20041010060752/http://www.amnestyusa.org/business/taking_on_the_titans.html.
- Amnesty International. 2006a. “Dead on Time – Arms Transportation, Brokering and the Threat to Human Rights.” Accessed November 13 2018. https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/68000/act300082006en.pdf.
- Amnesty International. 2006b. “USA: Below the Radar: Secret Flights to Torture and ‘Disappearance’.” Accessed November 14 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20110907041021/http://amnesty.org/en/library/asset/AMR51/051/2006/en/b543c574-fa09-11dd-b1b0-c961f7df9c35/amr510512006en.pdf.
- Amnesty International. 2012. “The Costs of Outsourcing War.” Accessed January 16 2013. http://www.amnestyusa.org/our-work/issues/business-and-human-rights/private-military-and-security-companies.
- ASIS International. 2012. ANSI/ASIS PSC.1-2012 Management System for Quality of Private Security Company Operations - Requirements with Guidance. Alexandria.
- Avant, Deborah, and Lee Sigelman. 2010. “Private Security and Democracy: Lessons From the US in Iraq.” Security Studies 19 (2): 230–265. doi: 10.1080/09636412.2010.480906
- Avant, Deborah, and Oliver Westerwinter. 2016. The New Power Politics: Networks and Transnational Security Governance. New York: Oxford University Press.
- Baumann-Pauly, Dorothée, Justine Nolan, Auret van Heerden, and Michael Samway. 2016. “Industry-Specific Multi-Stakeholder Initiatives That Govern Corporate Human Rights Standards: Legitimacy Assessments of the Fair Labor Association and the Global Network Initiative.” Journal of Business Ethics 143 (4), 1–17.
- Baur, Dorothea, and Hans Peter Schmitz. 2012. “Corporations and NGOs: When Accountability Leads to Co-Optation.” Journal of Business Ethics 106 (1): 9–21. doi: 10.1007/s10551-011-1057-9
- Bäckstrand, Karin. 2006. “Multi-stakeholder Partnerships for Sustainable Development: Rethinking Legitimacy, Accountability and Effectiveness.” European Environment 16 (5): 290–306. doi: 10.1002/eet.425
- Beerli, Christine. 2012. “A Humanitarian Perspective on the Privatization of Warfare. September 14."International Committee of the Red Cross, Accessed October 15 2013. http://www.icrc.org/eng/resources/documents/statement/2012/privatization-war-statement-2012-09-06.htm.
- Bellingham, Henry. 2011. “Written Ministrial Statement. Promoting High Standards in the Private Military and Security Company Industry. June 21."Foreign and Commonwealth Office, Accessed February 5 2014. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/promoting-high-standards-in-the-private-military-and-security-company-industry–2.
- Bohm, Alexandra, Kerry Senior, and Adam White. 2012. “The United Kingdom.” Chap. 15 In Multilevel Regulation of Military and Security Contractors: The Interplay Between International, European and Domestic Norms, edited by Mirko Sossai, and Christine Bakker, 309–328. Oxford: Hart.
- Boström, Magnus, and Kristina Tamm Hallström. 2010. “NGO Power in Global Social and Environmental Standard-Setting.” Global Environmental Politics 10 (4): 36–59. doi: 10.1162/GLEP_a_00030
- Brooks, Doug, and Matan Chorev. 2008. “Ruthless Humanitarianism. Why Marginalizing Private Peacekeeping Kills People.” In Private Military and Security Companies: Ethics, Policies and Civil-Military Relations, edited by Marina Caparini, Deane-Peter Barker, and Andrew Alexandra, 116–131. New York: Routledge.
- Buller, Jim, and Matthew Flinders. 2005. “The Domestic Origins of Depoliticisation in the Area of British Economic Policy.” The British Journal of Politics & International Relations 7 (4): 526–543. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-856x.2005.00205.x
- Bures, Oldrich, and Jeremy Meyer. 2019. “The Anti-Mercenary Norm and United Nations’ Use of Private Military and Security Companies.” Global Governance 25 (1): 77–99. doi: 10.1163/19426720-02501002
- Burnham, Peter. 2001. “New Labour and the Politics of Depoliticisation.” The British Journal of Politics & International Relations 3 (2): 127–149. doi: 10.1111/1467-856X.00054
- CAAT. 2009. “Response from the Campaign Against Arms Trade to the Consultation on Private Military and Security Companies.” Accessed November 13 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20120806235706/www.caat.org.uk/resources/publications/government/FCO_PMSC_consultation_July09.pdf.
- Carpenter, R. Charli. 2007. “Setting the Advocacy Agenda: Theorizing Issue Emergence and Nonemergence in Transnational Advocacy Networks.” International Studies Quarterly 51 (1): 99–120. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2478.2007.00441.x
- Carr, Madeline. 2015. “Power Plays in Global Internet Governance.” Millennium 43 (2): 640–659. doi: 10.1177/0305829814562655
- Cheyns, Emanuelle, and Lone Riisgaard. 2014. “The Exercise of Power Through Multi-Stakeholder Initiatives for Sustainable Agriculture and its Inclusion and Exclusion Outcomes.” Agriculture and Human Values 31 (3): 409–423. doi: 10.1007/s10460-014-9508-4
- Dany, Charlotte. 2014. “Janus-Faced NGO Participation in Global Governance: Structural Constrains for NGO Influence.” Global Governance 20 (3): 419–436. doi: 10.1163/19426720-02003007
- DCAF. 2015. “The Montreux Document. The Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces.” Accessed November 13 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20170824113938/www.dcaf.ch/Project/The-Montreux-Document.
- Dingwerth, Klaus. 2005. “The Democratic Legitimacy of Public-Private Rule Making: What Can We Learn From the World Commission on Dams?” Global Governance 11 (1): 65–83. doi: 10.1163/19426720-01101006
- Fawcett, Paul, Matthew Flinders, Colin Hay, and Matthew Wood. 2017a. Anti-Politics, Depoliticization, and Governance. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Fawcett, Paul, Matthew Flinders, Colin Hay, and Matthew Wood. 2017b. “Anti-Politics, Depoliticization, and Governance.” In Anti-Politics, Depoliticization, and Governance, edited by Paul Fawcett, Matthew Flinders, Colin Hay, and Matthew Wood, 3–27. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- FCO. 2002. “Private Military Companies: Options for Regulation."Foreign and Commonwealth Office. HC 577, Accessed February 05 2014. http://psm.du.edu/media/documents/national_regulations/countries/europe/united_kingdom/united_kingdom_white_paper_on_regulatory_options_for_private_military_companies_2002-english.pdf.
- FCO. 2009a. Consultation Document. Consultation on Promoting High Standards of Conduct by Private Military and Security Companies (PMSCs) Internationally. London: Foreign and Commonwealth Office.
- FCO. 2009b. Impact Assessment on Promoting High Standards of Conduct by Private Military and Security Companies (PMSCs) Internationally. London: Foreign and Commonwealth Office.
- FCO. 2010. “Private Military and Security Companies (PMSCs): Summary of Public Consultation Working Group. Foreign and Commonwealth Office. April 2010.” Accessed February 4 2014. http://www.caat.org.uk/issues/corporate-mercenaries/pmsc-working-group-summary-060410.pdf.
- FDFA. 2015. “The Montreux Document." Federal Department of Foreign Affairs, Accessed July 10 2015. https://www.eda.admin.ch/eda/en/fdfa/foreign-policy/international-law/international-humanitarian-law/private-military-security-companies/montreux-document.html.
- Ferguson, James. 1990. The Anti-Politics Machine: “Development,” Depoliticization, and Bureaucratic Power in Lesotho. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Flinders, Matthew, and Jim Buller. 2006. “Depoliticisation: Principles, Tactics and Tools.” British Politics 1 (3): 293–318. doi: 10.1057/palgrave.bp.4200016
- Foreign Affairs Committee. 2002. “Private Military Companies. Ninth Report of Session 2001–2002."House of Commons, HC 922, Accessed September 6 2017. https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200102/cmselect/cmfaff/922/922.pdf.
- Foreign Affairs Committee. 2008. “Human Rights Annual Report 2007. Ninth Report of Session 2007–08. HC 533."The Stationery Office Limited, Accessed February 5 2014. http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200708/cmselect/cmfaff/533/533.pdf.
- Fransen, Luc W., and Ans Kolk. 2007. “Global Rule-Setting for Business: A Critical Analysis of Multi-Stakeholder Standards.” Organization 14 (5): 667–684. doi: 10.1177/1350508407080305
- Fuchs, Doris. 2005. “Commanding Heights? The Strength and Fragility of Business Power in Global Politics.” Millennium - Journal of International Studies 33 (3): 771–801. doi: 10.1177/03058298050330030501
- Habermas, Jürgen. 1971. Technik und Wissenschaft als “Ideologie”. Edition Suhrkamp. 5. Aufl., 51.-65. Tsd ed. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp.
- Hale, Thomas, and Charles Roger. 2014. “Orchestration and Transnational Climate Governance.” The Review of International Organizations 9 (1): 59–82. doi: 10.1007/s11558-013-9174-0
- Hay, Colin. 2014. “Depoliticisation as Process, Governance as Practice: What Did the ‘First Wave’ Get Wrong and Do We Need a ‘Second Wave’ to Put it Right?” Policy & Politics 42 (2): 293–311. doi: 10.1332/030557314X13959960668217
- Hirst, Clayton. 2005. “Dogs of War to Face New Curbs in Foreign Office Crackdown.” The Independent on Sunday, 13 May, 3.
- Human Rights First. 2008. “Private Security Contractors at War. Ending the Culture of Impunity.” Accessed June 9 2013. http://www.humanrightsfirst.org/wp-content/uploads/pdf/08115-usls-psc-final.pdf.
- Human Rights First. 2010. “Written Testimony for the Commission on Wartime Contracting in Iraq and Afghanistan. Hearing on “Are Private Security Contractors Performing Inherently Governmental Functions”.” Accessed June 9 2013. http://www.humanrightsfirst.org/wp-content/uploads/pdf/CWC-Hearing_Written_Testimony.pdf.
- ICRC. 2012. “The Grey Zone.” Red Cross Magazine 2012 (03): 12–15.
- ICRC, and FDFA. 2008. “The Montreux Document on Pertinent International Legal Obligations and Good Practices for States Related to Operations of Private Military and Security Companies During Armed Conflict.” Accessed February 10 2016. https://www.icrc.org/eng/assets/files/other/icrc_002_0996.pdf.
- Jaeger, Hans-Martin. 2007. ““Global Civil Society” and the Political Depoliticization of Global Governance.” International Political Sociology 1 (3): 257–277. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-5687.2007.00017.x
- Jenkins, Laura. 2011. “The Difference Genealogy Makes: Strategies for Politicisation or How to Extend Capacities for Autonomy.” Political Studies 59 (1): 156–174. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9248.2010.00844.x
- Jerbi, Scott. 2012. “Assessing the Roles of Multi-Stakeholder Initiatives in Advancing the Business and Human Rights Agenda.” International Review of the Red Cross 94 (887): 1027–1046. doi: 10.1017/S1816383113000398
- Joachim, Jutta. 2007. Agenda Setting, the UN, and NGOs: Gender Violence and Reproductive Rights. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press.
- Joachim, Jutta, and Andrea Schneiker. 2012. “New Humanitarians? Frame Appropriation Through Private Military and Security Companies.” Millennium: Journal of International Studies 40 (2): 365–388. doi: 10.1177/0305829811425890
- Joachim, Jutta, and Andrea Schneiker. 2015. “NGOS and the Price of Governance: The Trade-Offs Between Regulating and Criticizing Private Military and Security Companies.” Critical Military Studies 1 (3): 185–201. doi: 10.1080/23337486.2015.1050270
- Keck, Margaret E., and Kathryn Sikkink. 1998. Activists Beyond Borders. Advocacy Networks in International Politics. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
- Krahmann, Elke. 2008. “Security: Collective Good or Commodity?” European Journal of International Relations 14 (3): 379–404. doi: 10.1177/1354066108092304
- Krahmann, Elke. 2012. “From ‘Mercenaries’ to ‘Private Security Contractors’: The (Re)Construction of Armed Security Providers in International Legal Discourses.” Millennium - Journal of International Studies 40 (2): 343–363. doi: 10.1177/0305829811426673
- Krahmann, Elke. 2016. “Choice, Voice, and Exit: Consumer Power and the Self-Regulation of the Private Security Industry.” European Journal of International Security 1 (01): 27–48. doi: 10.1017/eis.2015.6
- Krahmann, Elke. 2017. “From Performance to Performativity: The Legitimization of US Security Contracting and its Consequences.” Security Dialogue 48 (6): 541–559. doi: 10.1177/0967010617722650
- Kruck, Andreas. 2014. “Theorising the Use of Private Military and Security Companies: A Synthetic Perspective.” Journal of International Relations and Development 17 (1): 112–141. doi: 10.1057/jird.2013.4
- Landwehr, Claudia. 2017. “Depoliticization, Repoliticization, and Deliberative Systems.” In Anti-Politics, Depoliticization, and Governance, edited by Paul Fawcett, Matthew Flinders, Colin Hay, and Matt Wood, 40–67. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Leander, Anna. 2011. “Risk and the Fabrication of Apolitical, Unaccountable Military Markets: The Case of the CIA ‘Killing Program’.” Review of International Studies 37 (5): 2253–2268. doi: 10.1017/S026021051100043X
- Leander, Anna. 2012. “What do Codes of Conduct Do? Hybrid Constitutionalization and Militarization in Military Markets.” Global Constitutionalism 1 (1): 91–119. doi: 10.1017/S2045381711000074
- Leander, Anna. 2016. “The Politics of Whitelisting: Regulatory Work and Topologies in Commercial Security.” Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 34 (1): 48–66. doi: 10.1177/0263775815616971
- Leander, Anna, and Rens van Munster. 2007. “Private Security Contractors in the Debate About Darfur: Reflecting and Reinforcing Neo-Liberal Governmentality.” International Relations 21 (2): 201–216. doi: 10.1177/0047117807077004
- Levy, Jack S. 2008. “Case Studies: Types, Designs, and Logics of Inference.” Conflict Management and Peace Science 25 (1): 1–18. doi: 10.1080/07388940701860318
- Lilly, Damian. 2000. “The Privatization of Security and Peacebuilding: A Framework for Action."International Alert, Policy and Advocacy Department, Accessed October 30 2013. http://psm.du.edu/media/documents/reports_and_stats/ngo_reports/intlalert_lilly_private_security_peacebuilding_2000.pdf.
- MacLeod, Sorcha. 2015. “Private Security Companies and Shared Responsibility: The Turn to Multistakeholder Standard-Setting and Monitoring Through Self-Regulation-‘Plus’.” Netherlands International Law Review 62 (1): 119–140. doi: 10.1007/s40802-015-0017-y
- Michaels, Jon D. 2004. “Beyond Accountability: The Constitutional, Democratic, and Strategic Problems with Privatizing War.” Washington University Law Quarterly 82 (3): 1001–2004.
- Moog, Sandra, André Spicer, and Steffen Böhm. 2015. “The Politics of Multi-Stakeholder Initiatives: The Crisis of the Forest Stewardship Council.” Journal of Business Ethics 128 (3): 469–493. doi: 10.1007/s10551-013-2033-3
- O'Brien, Claire Methven, Amol Mehra, and Nicole Vander Meulen. 2016. “Public Procurement and Human Rights: A Survey of Twenty Jurisdictions."International Learning Lab on Public Procurement and Human Rights, Accessed August 12 2019. https://www.hrprocurementlab.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Public-Procurement-and-Human-Rights-A-Survey-of-Twenty-Jurisdictions-Final.pdf.
- Palazzo, Guido, and Andreas Georg Scherer. 2006. “Corporate Legitimacy as Deliberation: A Communicative Framework.” Journal of Business Ethics 66 (1): 71–88. doi: 10.1007/s10551-006-9044-2
- Pauly, Louis W. 2001. “Global Finance, Political Authority, and the Problem of Legitimation.” In The Emergence of Private Authority in Global Governance, edited by Rodney Bruce Hall, and Thomas J. Biersteker, 76–90. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Percy, Sarah. 2007a. Mercenaries. The History of a Norm in International Relations. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Percy, Sarah. 2007b. “Morality and Regulation.” In From Mercenaries to Market: The Rise and Regulation of Private Military Companies, edited by Simon Chesterman, and Chia Lehnardt, 11–28. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Percy, Sarah. 2012. “Regulating the Private Security Industry: A Story of Regulating the Last War.” International Review of the Red Cross 94 (887): 941–960. doi: 10.1017/S1816383113000258
- Pingeot, Lou. 2014. “Contracting Insecurity. Private Military and Security Companies and the Future of the United Nations."Global Policy Forum and Rosa Luxemburg Stiftung, Bonn/New York, Accessed 04/23/2014, http://www.globalpolicy.org/images/pdfs/GPFEurope/PMSC_2014_Contracting_Insecurity_web.pdf.
- Prem, Berenike. 2020. Private Military and Security Companies as Global Governors: From Barricades to Boardrooms. Abingdon: Routledge.
- Saldaña, Johnny. 2013. The Coding Manual for Qualitative Researchers. 2nd ed. London: SAGE.
- SCEG. 2013. “About the SCEG.” Accessed February 5 2014. https://www.adsgroup.org.uk/pages/19813174.asp.
- Schakowski, Jan. 2007. “Stop Outsourcing Security Act, H.R. 4102." 110th Congress, 2007–2009, Accessed September 6 2017. https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/110/hr4102/text.
- Schäferhoff, Marco, Sabine Campe, and Christopher Kaan. 2009. “Transnational Public-Private Partnerships in International Relations: Making Sense of Concepts, Research Frameworks, and Results.” International Studies Review 11 (3): 451–474. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2486.2009.00869.x
- Schneiker, Andrea, and Jutta Joachim. 2018. “Revisiting Global Governance in Multistakeholder Initiatives: Club Governance Based on Ideational Prealignments.” Global Society 32 (1): 2–22. doi: 10.1080/13600826.2017.1377688
- Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft. 2010. “International Code of Conduct for Private Security Service Providers.” Accessed February 12 2016. http://web.archive.org/web/20110726170210/http://www.icoc-psp.org/uploads/INTERNATIONAL_CODE_OF_CONDUCT_Final_without_Company_Names.pdf.
- Seiberth, Corinna. 2014. Private Military and Security Companies in International Law. A Challenge for Non-Binding Norm: The Montreux Document and the International Code of Conduct for Private Security Service Providers. Cambridge: Intersentia.
- Simmonds, Mark. 2012. “Written Ministerial Statement. Private Security Companies. December 17."Foreign and Commonwealth Office, Accessed August 21 2013. http://psm.du.edu/media/documents/national_regulations/countries/europe/united_kingdom/uk_2012_fco-statement_adoption_of_asis-psc1.pdf.
- Stone, Diane. 2017. “Global Governance Depoliticized: Knowledge Networks, Scientization, and Anti-Policy.” In Anti-Politics, Depoliticization, and Governance, edited by Paul Fawcett, Matthew Flinders, Colin Hay, and Matt Wood, 91–111. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Trumpy, Alexa J. 2008. “Subject to Negotiation: The Mechanisms Behind Co-Optation and Corporate Reform.” Social Problems 55 (4): 480–500. doi: 10.1525/sp.2008.55.4.480
- Volk, Christian. 2018. “On a Radical Democratic Theory of Political Protest: Potentials and Shortcomings.” Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy, 1–23. doi: 10.1080/13698230.2018.1555684
- War on Want. 2007. “‘Stop Mercenaries Abuse’ Call.” Accessed November 13 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20130620070257/http://www.waronwant.org/news/press-releases/15217-stop-mercenaries-abuse-call.
- War on Want. 2008. “Getting Away With Murder. The Need for Action on UK Private Military and Security Companies.” Accessed November 13 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20150406145856/http://www.waronwant.org/attachments/Getting%20Away%20with%20Murder.pdf.
- War on Want, and CAAT. 2006. “Corporate Mercenaries: The Threat of Private Military and Security Companies.” Accessed November 13 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20100616185416/https://www.waronwant.org/attachments/Corporate%20Mercenaries.pdf.
- White, Nigel D. 2016. “Regulation of the Private Military and Security Sector: Is the UK Fulfilling its Human Rights Duties?” Human Rights Law Review 16 (3): 585–599. doi: 10.1093/hrlr/ngw019
- Wood, Matt, and Matthew Flinders. 2014. “Rethinking Depoliticisation: Beyond the Governmental.” Policy & Politics 42 (2): 151–170.