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Philip Leith: A Tribute

The rise and fall of the legal expert systemFootnote

References

  • A rough comparison with funding this today. 2009. would be £500 million of public funding.
  • Bainbridge, D. 1990. “CASE Computer Assisted Sentencing in Magistrates’ Courts.” Proceedings of 5th bILETA conference, British and Irish Legal Technology Association.
  • Bruce, G., B. G. Buchanan, and E. A. Feigenbaum. 1978. Dendral and meta-Dendral: Their Applications Dimension, Stanford Heuristic Programming Project, Report No. STAN-CS-78-649 at §3.4.
  • Buchanan, B.G., and E.H. Shortliffe, eds. 1984. Rule-Based Expert Systems:The MYCIN Experiments of the Stanford Heuristic Programming Project. Reading, MA: Addison Wesley. Available online at http://www.u.arizona.edu/~shortlif/Buchanan-Shortliffe-1984/MYCIN%20Book.htm.
  • Capper, P. N., and R. E. Susskind. 1988. Latent Damage Law - The Expert System. London: Butterworths.
  • Carlen, P. 1976. Magistrates’ Justice. London: Martin Robertson.
  • Davis, R. 1984. “Amplifying Expertise with Expert Systems.” In The AI Business: Commercial Uses of Artificial Intelligence, edited by P.H. Winston and K.A. Prendergast, 18. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press.
  • Duda, R. O., P. E. Hart, and R. Reboh. 1985. “Letter to the Editor.” Artificial Intelligence 26 (3).
  • For a more detailed critique see my contribution in Leith P & Ingram P. 1988. The Jurisprudence of Orthodoxy:Queen's University Essays on H.L.A.Hart. Routledge.
  • Greenleaf, G. in 1989, was beginning to demonstrate the legal community's move away from the notion of robotised lawyers, but still felt “[s]een from this perspective, the task of developing legal expert systems is feasible, useful and still just as challenging.” “Legal Expert Systems - Robot Lawyers? An introduction to knowledge-based applications to law.” Online at http://austlii.edu.au/cal/papers/robots89/.
  • Guy, K., and L. Georghiou. 1991. Evaluation of the Alvey Programme for Advanced Information Technology. London: HMSO.
  • Haack, S. 1978. Philosophy of Logics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp 35.
  • Kowalski, R. 1980. Response to Questionnaire published in SIGART Newsletter, 70, February, Special issue on Knowledge Representation, P44.
  • Kowalski, R. 2001. “Logic Programming and the Real World.”Logic Programming Newsletter, January.
  • Kowalski, R. 2010. “Reasoning with Conditionals in Artificial Intelligence.” In Cognition and Conditionals: Probability and Logic in Human Thinking, edited by M. Oaksford and N. Chater, 253–282. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Leith, P. 1986. “Fundamental Errors in Legal Logic Programming.” The Computer Journal 29 (6): 545–552. I was later told that the Computer Journal only published because one AI reviewer (no friend of logic programming) argued strongly for its usefulness. doi: 10.1093/comjnl/29.6.545
  • Leith, P. 2007. Software and Patents in Europe. Cambridge University Press.
  • Leith, P., and P. Ingram. 1988. The Jurisprudence of Orthodoxy: Queen's University Essays on H.L.A. Hart. Routledge. My own contribution to the collection dealt with the rule based framework which Hart offered to the AI/logic community.
  • Lighthill, J. 1973. “Artificial Intelligence: A General Survey.” Artificial intelligence: a paper symposium, Science Research Council. See one example of the response from the AI community in John McCarthy's, Defending AI Research : a Collection of Essays and Reviews (1996).
  • “Logic and rules of law”, by B. Bloomfield, The Guardian, 28 March 1987. “How the logic of the law is put on trial”, by Robert Kowalski,The Guardian, 16 April 1987.
  • Ostberg, O., R. Whitaker, and B. Amick III. 1988. The Automated Expert: Technical, Human and Organizational Considerations in Expert Systems Applications. Sweden: Teldok.
  • Popple, J. 1993. SHYSTER: A Pragmatic Legal Expert System. Dartmouth Publishing Company.
  • The report is available at http://www.chilton-computing.org.uk/inf/alvey/overview.htm
  • See his own history of logic programming - Kowalski R.A. 1988. “The Early Years of Logic Programming.” Communications of the ACM 31 (1): 38–43. See Marek Sergot's, “Bob Kowalski: A Portrait”, in Computational Logic: Logic Programming and Beyond 2002: 5-25 which notes that logic programming and Kowalski were “so inextricably linked that it is impossible to disentangle them.”. doi: 10.1145/35043.35046
  • Sergot, M. J. 2002. “Bob Kowalski: A Portrait.” In Computational Logic: Logic Programming and Beyond: Essays in Honour of Robert A. Kowalski, edited by A.C. Kakas, R.A. Kowalski, and F. Sadri. Springer. I had a senior contact within Imperial College who, I fear, did not quite agree with the halcyon picture which Sergot paints of the department under Kowalski. Sergot also seems to be in denial about the claims he made about the relationship to logic and law: “Logic provides a natural base for a computer interpretable formalism to express legal rules: law treats large sets of complex rules that have long seemed suitable for logical analysis, and once the law is expressed in some appropriate subset of predicate logic, that formulation can function as a program which interprets the law.” Sergot M.J. (1982) “Prospects for representing the law as logic programs”, in Clark K.L & Tärnlund S.A. (eds) Logic Programming, Academic Press, London.
  • Shortliffe, E. H. 1981. “Consultation Systems for Physicians: The Role of Artificial Intelligence Techniques.” In Readings in Artificial Intelligence, edited by B.L. Webber, and N.J. Nilsson. Palo Alto: Tioga Publishing.
  • Stamper, R. 1991. “Expert Systems - Lawyers Beware!.” In Law, Decision-Making and Microcomputers, edited by S. Nagel. New York: Quorum Books. Stamper had examined my dissertation in 1985/6.
  • This section is based upon Leith P. 1998. “The Judge and the Computer: How Best `Decision Support'?” Artificial Intelligence and Law 6 (2-4): 289–309(21).

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