446
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Technology-facilitated coercive control: response, redress, risk, and reform

ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon

References

  • Academic Literature
  • Ajder, H., G. Patrini, F. Cavalli, and L. Cullen. 2019. “The State of Deepfakes: Landscape, Threats, and Impact.” DeepTrace Technologies. https://regmedia.co.uk/2019/10/08/deepfake_report.pdf.
  • Australian House of Representatives Standing Committee on Social Policy and Legal Affairs. 2021. Inquiry Into Family, Domestic and Sexual Violence: Final Report. Canberra: Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia.
  • Australia’s National Research Organisation for Women’s Safety (ANROWS). 2021. Defining and Responding to Coercive Control: Policy Brief. Sydney: ANROWS.
  • Bailey, J., A. Flynn, and N. Henry. 2021. The Emerald International Handbook of Technology-Facilitated Violence and Abuse. Bingley: Emerald Publishing Limited.
  • Barlow, C., and S. Walklate. 2021. “Gender, Risk Assessment and Coercive Control: Contradictions in Terms?” The British Journal of Criminology 61 (4): 887–904. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azaa104.
  • Bates, H. 2017. “Revenge Porn and Mental Health: A Qualitative Analysis of the Mental Health Effects of Revenge Porn on Female Survivors.” Feminist Criminology 12 (1): 22–42. https://doi.org/10.1177/1557085116654565.
  • Belknap, J. 2021. The Invisible Woman: Gender, Crime, and Justice. 5th ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Bishop, C. 2016. “Why it’s so Hard to Prosecute Cases of Coercive or Controlling Behaviour.” The Conversation, October 31, 2016.
  • Black, A., K. Lumsden, and L. Hadlington. 2019. “Why Don’t You Block Them?’ Police Officers’ Constructions of the Ideal Victim When Responding to Reports of Interpersonal Cybercrime.” In Online Othering: Exploring Digital Violence and Discrimination on the Web, edited by K. Harmer, and E. Lumsden, 355–378. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Bowles, N. 2018. “Thermostats, Locks and Lights: Digital Tools of Domestic Abuse.” New York Times, June 23, 2018.
  • Boxall, H., and A. Morgan. 2021. Experiences of Coercive Control among Australian Women. Statistical Bulletin 30. Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology.
  • Buzawa, E. S., C. G. Buzawa, and E. D. Stark. 2017. Responding to Domestic Violence: The Integration of Criminal Justice and Human Services. 5th ed. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
  • Christie, L., and S. Wright. 2020. Technology and Domestic Abuse. London: UK Parliament.
  • Crawford, K., and T. Gillespie. 2016. “What is a Flag for? Social Media Reporting Tools and the Vocabulary of Complaint.” New Media & Society 18 (3): 410–428. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444814543163.
  • Dobash, R. E., and R. Dobash. 1979. Violence Against Wives: A Case Against the Patriarchy. New York: The Free Press.
  • Douglas, H. 2018. “Legal Systems Abuse and Coercive Control.” Criminology & Criminal Justice 18 (1): 84–99. https://doi.org/10.1177/1748895817728380.
  • Douglas, H., and K. Chapple. 2019. National Domestic and Family Violence Bench Book. https://dfvbenchbook.aija.org.au/contents.
  • Douglas, H., and R. Fitzgerald. 2018. “The Domestic Violence Protection Order System as Entry to the Criminal Justice System for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People.” International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy 7 (3): 41–57. https://doi.org/10.5204/ijcjsd.v7i3.499.
  • Douglas, H., B. Harris, and M. Dragiewicz. 2019. “Technology-facilitated Domestic and Family Violence: Women’s Experiences.” The British Journal of Criminology 59 (3): 551–570. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azy068.
  • Dowling, C., A. Morgan, S. Hulme, M. Manning, and G. Wong. 2018. “Protection Orders for Domestic Violence: A Systematic Review.” Trends & Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice 5 (1): 1–19.
  • Dragiewicz, M., J. Burgess, A. Matamoros-Fernández, M. Salter, N. P. Suzor, D. Woodlock, and B. Harris. 2018. “Technology Facilitated Coercive Control: Domestic Violence and the Competing Roles of Digital Media Platforms.” Feminist Media Studies 18 (4): 609–625. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2018.1447341.
  • Dragiewicz, M., D. Woodlock, M. Salter, and B. Harris. 2022. “What’s Mum’s Password?” Australian Mothers’ Perceptions of Children’s Involvement in Technology-Facilitated Coercive Control.” Journal of Family Violence 37: 137–149. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-021-00283-4.
  • Dunn, S. 2021. Women, Not Politicians, Are Targeted Most Often by Deepfake Videos. Waterloo: Centre for International Governance Innovation.
  • Dutton, M. A., L. Goodman, and R. J. Schmidt. 2005. “Development and Validation of a Coercive Control Measure for Intimate Partner Violence.” Final Technical Report for National Institute of Justice, Office of Justice Programs. COSMOS Corporation.
  • Fitz-Gibbon, K., and S. Walklate. 2018. Gender, Crime and Criminal Justice. 3rd ed. Abingdon: Routledge.
  • Freed, D., J. Palmer, D. Minchala, K. Levy, T. Ristenpart, and N. Dell. 2018. “A Stalker’s Paradise”: How Intimate Partner Abusers Exploit Technology. CHI 2018. https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.11453173574.3174241.
  • Gieseke, A. P. 2020. “The New Weapon of Choice”: Law’s Current Inability to Properly Address Deepfake Pornography.” Vanderbilt Law Review 73 (5): 1479–1515.
  • Godin, M. 2020. “How Domestic Abusers Have Exploited Technology During the Pandemic.” Time, December 31, 2020.
  • Goodmark, L. 2018. Decriminalising Domestic Violence: A Balanced Approach to Intimate Partner Violence. Oakland, CA: University of California Press.
  • Goodmark, L. 2021. “Reimagining VAWA: Why Criminalization is a Failed Policy and What a non-Carceral VAWA Could Look Like.” Violence Against Women 27 (1): 84–101. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801220949686.
  • Gosse, C., and J. Burkell. 2020. “Politics and Porn: How News Media Characterizes Problems Presented by Deepfakes.” Critical Studies in Media Communication 37 (5): 497–511. https://doi.org/10.1080/15295036.2020.1832697.
  • Hand, T., D. Chung, and M. Peters. 2009. The Use of Information and Communication Technologies to Coerce and Control in Domestic Violence and Following Separation. Australian Domestic & Family Violence Clearinghouse. Sydney: University of New South Wales.
  • Hanna, C. 2009. “The Paradox of Progress: Translating Evan Stark’s Coercive Control Into Legal Doctrine for Abused Women.” Violence Against Women 15 (12): 1458–1476. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801209347091.
  • Harris, B., and D. Woodlock. 2019. “Digital Coercive Control: Insights from two Landmark Domestic Violence Studies.” The British Journal of Criminology 59 (3): 530–550. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azy052.
  • Henry, N., and A. Powell. 2015. “Embodied Harms: Gender, Shame and Technology-Facilitated Sexual Violence.” Violence Against Women 21 (6): 758–779. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801215576581.
  • Hill, J. 2019. See What you Made me do: Power, Control and Domestic Abuse. Melbourne: Black Inc Books.
  • Kaspiew, R., B. Horsfall, L. Qu, J. M. Nicholson, C. Humphreys, K. Diemer, C. D. Nguyen, et al. 2017. Domestic and Family Violence and Parenting: Mixed Method Insights Into Impact and Support Needs: Final Report. Sydney: ANROWS.
  • Kelly, L. 1987. “The Continuum of Sexual Violence.” In Women, Violence and Social Control, edited by J. Holmes, and M. Maynards, 46–60. Houndmills: Macmillan Press Ltd.
  • Kelly, L. 1988. Surviving Sexual Violence. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
  • Killean, R. 2021. “A Leap Forward’? Critiquing the Criminalization of Domestic Abuse in Northern Ireland.” Northern Ireland Legal Quarterly 71 (4): 595–617. https://doi.org/10.53386/nilq.v71i4.918.
  • Lever, K., and J. Eckstein. 2021. “I Never Did Those Things They Said!” Image, Coercive Control, and Intrusion from Former Partners’ Technology-Mediated Abuse.” Iowa Journal of Communication 52 (1): 49–67.
  • Mantle, G., and M. Hermans. 2020. “Criminalising Coercive Control is Not the Answer: An Abolitionist Critique.” Honi Soit, October 22, 2020.
  • Maras, M.-H. 2015. “Internet of Things: Security and Privacy Implications.” International Data Privacy Law 5 (2): 99–104. https://doi.org/10.1093/idpl/ipv004.
  • Maras, M.-H., and A. Alexandrou. 2019. “Determining Authenticity of Video Evidence in the Age of Artificial Intelligence and in the Wake of Deepfake Videos.” The International Journal of Evidence & Proof 23 (3): 255–262. https://doi.org/10.1177/1365712718807226.
  • Matias, J. N., A. Johnson, W. E. Boesel, B. Keegan, J. Friedman, and C. DeTar. 2015. “Reporting, Reviewing, and Responding to Harassment on Twitter.” Women, Action, and the Media. May 13, 2015.
  • Mcglynn, C., E. Rackley, and R. Houghton. 2017. “Beyond ‘Revenge Porn’: The Continuum of Image-Based Sexual Abuse.” Feminist Legal Studies 25: 25–46.
  • McGorrery P., J. Hill, H. Foster, M. McMahon, and A. Daniel. 2020. “Coercive Control is a Form of Intimate Terrorism and Must be Criminalised.” The Guardian, October 6, 2020.
  • McMahon, M., and P. McGorrery. 2016. “Criminalising Emotional Abuse, Intimidation and Economic Abuse in the Context of Family Violence: The Tasmanian Experience.” University of Tasmania Law Review 35 (2): 1–22.
  • McMahon, M., and P. McGorrery. 2020. Criminalising Coercive Control: Family Violence and the Criminal law. Singapore: Springer International.
  • Messing, J., M. Bagwell-Gray, M. L. Brown, A. Kappas, and A. Durfee. 2020. “Intersections of Stalking and Technology-Based Abuse: Emerging Definitions, Conceptualization, and Measurement.” Journal of Family Violence 35 (7): 693–704. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-019-00114-7.
  • Mitchell, J. E., and C. Raghavan. 2021. “The Impact of Coercive Control on Use of Specific Sexual Coercion Tactics.” Violence Against Women 27 (2): 187–206. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801219884127.
  • Nancarrow, H., K. Thomas, V. Ringland, and T. Modini. 2020. Accurately Identifying the “Person Most in Need of Protection” in Domestic and Family Violence law: Research Report 23. Sydney: ANROWS.
  • Parsons, C., A. Molnar, J. Dalek, J. Knockel, M. Kenyon, B. Haselton, C. Khoo, et al. 2019. The Predator in Your Pocket: A Multidisciplinary Assessment of the Stalkerware Application Industry. Toronto: Citizen Lab. June 12, 2019.
  • PenzeyMoog, E., and D. C. Slakoff. 2021. “As Technology Evolves, so Does Domestic Violence: Modern-Day Tech Abuse and Possible Solutions.” In The Emerald International Handbook of Technology-Facilitated Violence and Abuse, edited by J. Bailey, A. Flynn, and N. Henry, 643–662. Bingley: Emerald Publishing Limited.
  • Powell, A., and N. Henry. 2017. Sexual Violence in a Digital Age. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Powell, A., and N. Henry. 2018. “Policing Technology-Facilitated Sexual Violence Against Adult Victims: Police and Service Sector Perspectives.” Policing and Society 28 (3): 291–307. https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.2016.1154964.
  • Powell, A., N. Henry, and A. Flynn. 2018. “Image-based Sexual Abuse.” In Handbook of Critical Criminology, edited by W. DeKeseredy, and M. Dragiewicz, 305–3015. New York: Routledge.
  • Quilter, J. 2020. “Evaluating Criminalisation as a Strategy in Relation to Non-Physical Family Violence.” In Criminalising Coercive Control: Family Violence and the Criminal law, edited by M. McMahon, and P. McGorrery, 111–131. Singapore: Springer International.
  • Riley, A. 2020. “How Your Smart Home Devices Can be Turned Against You.” BBC News, May 11, 2020.
  • Schechter, S. 1982. Women and Male Violence: The Visions and Struggles of the Battered Women’s Movement. Boston: South End Press.
  • Shoalcast Community Legal Centre. 2020. Submission to the NSW Parliamentary Inquiry on Coercive Control (Submission 136).
  • Smart, C. 1989. Feminism and the Power of Law. London: Routledge.
  • Smith, S.G., X. Zhang, K.C. Basile, M.T. Merrick, J. Wang, M.-J. Kresnow, and J.Chen. 2018. The National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey: 2015 Data Brief – Updated Release. Atlanta, GA: National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  • Stark, E. 2007. Coercive Control: The Entrapment of Women in Personal Life. London: Oxford University Press.
  • Stark, E. 2020. “The ‘Coercive Control Framework’: Making Law Work for Women.” In Criminalising Coercive Control: Family Violence and the Criminal law, edited by M. McMahon, and P. McGorrery, 33–49. Singapore: Springer International.
  • Stark, E., and M. Hester. 2019. “Coercive Control: Update and Review.” Violence Against Women 25 (1): 81–104. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801218816191.
  • State of Queensland. 2015. Not Now Not Ever: Putting an End to Domestic and Family Violence in Queensland.
  • Tarrant, S., J. Tolmie, and G. Giudice. 2019. Transforming Legal Understandings of Intimate Partner Violence. Research Report 03/2019. Sydney: ANROWS.
  • Tolmie, J. 2018. “Coercive Control: To Criminalize or not to Criminalize?” Criminology & Criminal Justice 18 (1): 50–66. https://doi.org/10.1177/1748895817746712.
  • Tyson, D. 2020. “Coercive Control and Intimate Partner Homicide.” In Criminalising Coercive Control: Family Violence and the Criminal law, edited by M. McMahon, and P. McGorrery, 73–92. Singapore: Springer International.
  • United Kingdom Home Office. 2015. Statutory Guidance Framework on Controlling or Coercive Behaviour in an Intimate or Family Relationship. London: UK Home Office.
  • Vera-Grey, F., and L. Kelly. 2020. “Contested Gendered Space: Public Sexual Harassment and Women’s Safety Work.” International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice 44 (4): 265–275. https://doi.org/10.1080/01924036.2020.1732435.
  • Walklate, S., and K. Fitz-Gibbon. 2019. “The Criminalisation of Coercive Control: The Power of law?” International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy 8 (4): 94–108. https://doi.org/10.5204/ijcjsd.v8i4.1205.
  • Walklate, S., and K. Fitz-Gibbon. 2021. “Why Criminalise Coercive Control? The Complicity of the Criminal Law in Punishing Women Through Furthering the Power of the State.” International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy 10 (4): 1–12.
  • Walklate, S., K. Fitz-Gibbon, and J. McCulloch. 2018. “Is More law the Answer? Seeking Justice for Victims of Intimate Partner Violence Through the Reform of Legal Categories.” Criminology & Criminal Justice 18 (1): 115–131. https://doi.org/10.1177/1748895817728561.
  • Wangmann, J. 2020. “Coercive Control as the Context for Intimate Partner Violence: The Challenge for the Legal System.” In Criminalising Coercive Control: Family Violence and the Criminal law, edited by M. McMahon, and P. McGorrery, 219–242. Singapore: Springer International.
  • Woodlock, D. 2015. ReCharge: Women’s Technology Safety, Legal Resources, Research & Training. Women’s Legal Services NSW, Domestic Violence Resource Centre Victoria and WESNET Collingwood.
  • Woodlock, D. 2017. “The Abuse of Technology in Domestic Violence and Stalking.” Violence Against Women 23 (5): 584–602. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801216646277.
  • Woodlock, D., M. McKenzie, D. Western, and B. Harris. 2020. “Technology as a Weapon in Domestic Violence: Responding to Digital Coercive Control.” Australian Social Work 73 (3): 368–380. https://doi.org/10.1080/0312407X.2019.1607510.
  • Yardley, E. 2021. “Technology-Facilitated Domestic Abuse in Political Economy: A New Theoretical Framework.” Violence Against Women 27 (10): 1479–1498. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801220947172.
  • Zauner, J. 2021. “The Continuum of Symbolic Violence: How Sexting Education Neglects Image-Based-Abuse Sexual Abuse, Dismisses Perpetrators’ Responsibility, and Violates Rights to Sexual Autonomy.” Journal of Gender-Based Violence 5 (3): 483–498.
  • Case Law
  • Attorney-General (Tas) v CL [2018] TASFC 6
  • Buturugă v. Romania (App No. 56867/15) [2020] ECHR
  • Harrison v. Moore [2018] TASSC 53
  • International Legal Materials
  • Council of Europe, 2001. “Convention on Cybercrime.” European Treaty Series 185.
  • Legislation
  • Crimes Act 1958 [Vic]
  • Crimes Amendment (Apprehended Violence) Act 2006 [NSW]
  • Crimes (Sentencing Procedure) Act 1999 (NSW)
  • Criminal Code (Stalking) Amendment Act of 1999 [Qld]
  • Domestic Abuse Act 2018 [Scotland]
  • Domestic and Family Violence Protection Act 2012 [Qld]
  • Domestic Violence Act 2018 [Ireland]
  • Family Code [California]
  • Family Court Act [NY]
  • Family Violence Act 2004 [Tas]
  • Family Violence Protection Act 2008 [VIC]
  • Hawaii Revised Statutes [Hawaii]
  • Serious Crime Act 2015 [England and Wales]
  • Victims of Crime Assistance Act 1976 [Tas]
  • Bills and Decrees
  • Crimes (Stalking) Bill (Victoria) (2003).
  • Decree on the promulgation of the Law amending and supplementing Law no. 217/2003 for the prevention and combating of domestic violence (2020) (Romania).
  • Senate Bill No. 1141 (California) (2020).
  • Senate Bill No. 1091 (Connecticut) (2021).
  • South Australia Criminal Law Consolidation (Coercive Control) Amendment Bill (105) (2020). Parliament of South Australia).
  • House Bill No. 2425 (Hawaii) (2020).
  • Ontario Bill 207 (Ontario). 2020.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.