References
- Allen, Asha. 2022. “An Intersectional Lens on Online Gender-Based Violence and the Digital Services Act.” VerfBlog.
- Broussard, Meredith. 2018. Artificial (Un)Intelligence: How Computers Misunderstand the World. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
- Buri, Ilaria, and Joris Van Hoboken. 2022. “The DSA Supervision and Enforcement Architecture.” DSA Observatory.
- D’Ignazio, Catherine, and Lauren Klein. 2020. Data Feminism. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
- Data and Society Research Institute. 2016. Online Harassment, Digital Abuse, and Cyberstalking in America, New York.
- Efroni, Zohar. 2021. “The Digital Services Act: Risk-Based Regulation of Online Platforms.” Internet Policy Review.
- European Commission. 2020. Advisory Committee on Equal Opportunities for Women and Men.
- European Digital Rights. 2023. Only More Rights Will Protect Women on the Internet.
- European Institute for Gender Equality. 2017. Cyber Violence Against Women and Girls.
- European Institute for Gender Equality. 2022. Combating Cyber Violence against Women and Girls.
- European Parliament. 2021. Combating Gender-Based Violence: Cyber violence. European Added Value Assessment.
- Haimson, Oliver, and Anne Lauren Hoffman. 2016. “Constructing and Enforcing ‘Authentic’ Identity Online: Facebook, Real Names, and Non-normative Identities.” First Monday.
- Jonusaite, Rita, Maria Giovanna Sessa, and Kristina Wilfore. 2022. “The Directive on Combating Violence Against Women and Domestic Violence Should Address Gender-based Disinformation”.
- Kelly, Liz. 1988. Surviving Sexual Violence. Cambridge: Polity Press.
- Marwick, Alice. 2014. “Gender, Sexuality, and Social Media.” In The Social Media Handbook, 59–75.
- Massanari, Adrienne. 2015. “#Gamergate and The Fappening: How Reddit's Algorithm, Governance, and Culture Support Toxic Technocultures.” New Media & Society 19 (3): 329–346. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444815608807
- Nakamura, Lisa. 2014. “Gender and Race Online.” In Society and the Internet, edited by M. Graham, and W. H, 81–96. Dutton: Oxford University Press.
- Noble, Safiya Umoja. 2018. Algorithms of Oppression: How Search Engines Reinforce Racism. New York, NY: NYU Press.
- Quintais, Pedro Joao, Naomi Appelman, and Ronan Fahy. Forthcoming. “Using Terms and Conditions to Apply Fundamental Rights to Content Moderation.” German Law Journal, 25 November 2022.
- Rosner, Daniela. 2018. Critical Fabulations: Reworking the Methods and Margins of Design. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
- Schwartz, Becca, and Gina Neff. 2019. “The Gendered Affordances of Craigslist ‘new-in-Town Girls Wanted’ ads.” New Media & Society 21 (11-12): 2404–2421. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444819849897
- Semenzin, Silvia, and Lucia Bainotti. 2020. “The Use of Telegram for Non-consensual Dissemination of Intimate Images”.
- Sensity. 2020. The State of Deepfakes 2020: Updates on Statistics and Trends.
Reference list
EU Law
- Directive 2002/58/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 July 2002 concerning the processing of personal data and the protection of privacy in the electronic communications sector (Directive on privacy and electronic communications), as amended by Directive 2006/24/EC and Directive 2009/136/EC.
- European Commission. 2023. Commission designates second set of Very Large Online Platforms under the Digital Services Act, 20 December 2023.
- European Commission, Decision of 25.4.2023 designating Facebook as a very large online platform in accordance with Article 33(4) of Regulation (EU) 2022/2065 of the European Parliament and of the Council.
- European Commission, Decision of 25.4.2023 designating Instagram as a very large online platform in accordance with Article 33(4) of Regulation (EU) 2022/2065 of the European Parliament and of the Council.
- European Commission, Decision of 25.4.2023 designating Twitter as a very large online platform in accordance with Article 33(4) of Regulation (EU) 2022/2065 of the European Parliament and of the Council.
- European Commission, Decision of 25.4.2023 designating YouTube as a very large online platform in accordance with Article 33(4) of Regulation (EU) 2022/2065 of the European Parliament and Council.
- European Commission, Proposal for a directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on combating violence against women and domestic violence, COM/2022/105 final.
- Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council laying down rules to prevent and combat child sexual abuse, COM (2022) 209 final.
- Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council laying down rules to prevent and combat child sexual abuse, 28 July 2022, COM/2022/209 final.
- Regulation (EU) 2022/2065 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 October 2022 on a Single Market For Digital Services and amending Directive 2000/31/EC (Digital Services Act).
EU soft law
- EDPB and EDPS. 2022. Joint Opinion 4/2022 on the Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council laying down rules to prevent and combat child sexual abuse, 28 July 2022.
- EU Code of Conduct on Countering Illegal Hate Speech Online.
International treaties
- Council of Europe, Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence, CETS No. 210.
International soft law
- Council of Europe, T-CY Working Group on cyberbullying and other forms of violence, Mapping Study on Cyberviolence, with recommendations adopted by the T-CY on 9 July 2018.
- Organization For Security and Co-Operation In Europe. 2019. Understanding the role of gender in preventing and countering violent extremism and radicalization that lead to terrorism. Good practices for law enforcement. Vienna: OSCE.
- Special Rapporteur on the Right to Privacy. 2019. Annex 2: The Human Right to Privacy: a Gender Perspective. Geneva: Human Rights Council, (A/HRC/40/63).
- Ipsos Mori. 2017. Online Abuse and Harassment.
- United Nations. 2011. Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights: Implementing the United Nations ‘Protect, Respect and Remedy’ Framework, Resolution 17/4 of 16 June 2011.