Development and validation of a situational judgement test of Japanese leadership knowledge

References

• Amabile, T. M., E. A. Schatzel, G. B. Moneta, and S. J. Kramer. 2004. “Leader Behaviors and the Work Environment for Creativity: Perceived Leader Support.” The Leadership Quarterly 15 (1): 5–32. doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2003.12.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antonakis, J., B. J. Avolio, and N. Sivasubramaniam. 2003. “Context and Leadership: An Examination of the Nine-Factor Full-Range Leadership Theory Using the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire.” The Leadership Quarterly 14 (3): 261–295. doi:10.1016/s1048-9843(03)00030-4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arbuckle, J. L. 2010. IBM SPSS Amos 19 User’s Guide. Crawfordville: Amos Development Corporation.
   Google Scholar
• Avolio, B. J., and B. M. Bass. 2002. Manual for the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (Form 5X). Redwood City: Mind Garden.
   Google Scholar
• Avolio, B. J., B. M. Bass, and D. I. Jung. 1999. “Re-Examining the Components of Transformational and Transactional Leadership Using the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire.” Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology 72 (4): 441–462. doi:10.1348/096317999166789.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker, F. B. 2001. The Basics of Item Response Theory. College Park: ERIC Clearinghouse on Assessment and Evaluation.
   Google Scholar
• Bass, B., and B. J. Avolio. 1995. MLQ Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire. Menlo Park: Mind Garden.
   Google Scholar
• Bass, B. M. 1985. Leadership and Performance beyond Expectations. New York: Collier Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Bass, B. M., and B. J. Avolio. 1989. “Potential Biases in Leadership Measures: How Prototypes, Leniency, and General Satisfaction Relate to Ratings and Rankings of Transformational and Transactional Leadership Constructs.” Educational and Psychological Measurement 49 (3): 509–527. doi:10.1177/001316448904900302.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bass, B. M., and B. J. Avolio. 1993. Manual: The Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire. Palo Alto: Consulting Psychologist Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bass, B. M., and B. J. Avolio. 1997. Full Range Leadership Development: Manual for the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire. Menlo Park: Mind Garden.
   Google Scholar
• Bass, B. M., B. J. Avolio, D. I. Jung, and Y. Berson. 2003. “Predicting Unit Performance by Assessing Transformational and Transactional Leadership.” Journal of Applied Psychology 88 (2): 207–218. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.88.2.207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bass, B. M., and F. J. Yammarino. 1991. “Congruence of Self and Others’ Leadership Ratings of Naval Officers for Understanding Successful Performance.” Applied Psychology 40 (4): 437–454. doi:10.1111/j.1464-0597.1991.tb01002.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beal, D. J., R. R. Cohen, M. J. Burke, and C. L. McLendon. 2003. “Cohesion and Performance in Groups: A Meta-Analytic Clarification of Construct Relations.” Journal of Applied Psychology 88 (6): 989–1004. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.88.6.989.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bentler, P. M. 1990. “Fit Indexes, Lagrange Multipliers, Constraint Changes and Incomplete Data in Structural Models.” Multivariate Behavioral Research 25 (2): 163–172. doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr2502_3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bettin, P. J., and J. K. Kennedy Jr 1990. “Leadership Experience and Leader Performance: Some Empirical Support at Last.” The Leadership Quarterly 1 (4): 219–228. doi:10.1016/1048-9843(90)90002-y.
   Google Scholar
• Boies, K., J. Fiset, and H. Gill. 2015. “Communication and Trust are Key: Unlocking the Relationship between Leadership and Team Performance and Creativity.” The Leadership Quarterly 26 (6): 1080–1094. doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2015.07.007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bono, J. E., and T. A. Judge. 2003. “Self-Concordance at Work: Toward Understanding the Motivational Effects of Transformational Leaders.” Academy of Management Journal 46 (5): 554–571. doi:10.5465/30040649.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Browne, M. W., and R. Cudeck. 1993. “Alternative Ways of Assessing Model Fit.” In Testing Structural Equation Models, edited by K. Bollen and J. Long, 136–162. Newbury Park: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Burke, S. C., K. C. Stagl, C. Klein, G. F. Goodwin, E. Salas, and S. M. Halpin. 2006. “What Type of Leadership Behaviors are Functional in Teams? A Meta-Analysis.” The Leadership Quarterly 17 (3): 288–307. doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2006.02.007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burns, J. M. 1978. Leadership. New York: Harper & Row.
   Google Scholar
• Bycio, P., R. D. Hackett, and J. S. Allen. 1995. “Further Assessments of Bass’s (1985) Conceptualization of Transactional and Transformational Leadership.” Journal of Applied Psychology 80 (4): 468–478. doi:10.1037//0021-9010.80.4.468.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cabinet Secretariat. 2017. “Kanrishoku No Manejimentonoryoku Ni Kansuru Kondankai [Discussion about Managerial Abilities for Managers].” Cabinet Secretariat of Japan, Accessed 30 January 2018. https://www.cas.go.jp/jp/gaiyou/jimu/jinjikyoku/kanri_kondankai/index.html
   Google Scholar
• Campion, M. A., L. Cheraskin, and M. J. Stevens. 1994. “Career-Related Antecedents and Outcomes of Job Rotation.” Academy of Management Journal 37 (6): 1518–1542. doi:10.5465/256797.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan, A. T. S., and E. H. W. Chan. 2005. “Impact of Perceived Leadership Styles on Work Outcomes: Case of Building Professionals.” Journal of Construction Engineering and Management 131 (4): 413–422. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9364(2005)131:4(413).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan, D., and N. Schmitt. 2002. “Situational Judgment and Job Performance.” Human Performance 15 (3): 233–254. doi:10.1207/s15327043hup1503_01.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cho, Y. J., and E. J. Ringquist. 2010. “Managerial Trustworthiness and Organizational Outcomes.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 21 (1): 53–86. doi:10.1093/jopart/muq015.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christian, M. S., B. D. Edwards, and J. C. Bradley. 2010. “Situational Judgment Tests: Constructs Assessed and a Meta-Analysis of Their Criterion-Related Validities.” Personnel Psychology 63 (1): 83–117. doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.2009.01163.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D’Innocenzo, L., J. E. Mathieu, and M. R. Kukenberger. 2016. “A Meta-Analysis of Different Forms of Shared Leadership–Team Performance Relations.” Journal of Management 42 (7): 1964–1991. doi:10.1177/0149206314525205.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies, J., and M. Easterby-Smith. 1984. “Learning and Developing from Managerial Work Experiences.” Journal of Management Studies 21 (2): 169–182. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6486.1984.tb00230.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Day, D. V. 2001. “Assessment of Leadership Outcomes: The Interrelated Concerns of Organization Identity, Image, and Reputation.” In The Nature of Organizational Leadership, edited by S. J. Zaccaro and R. Klimoski, 384–410. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
   Google Scholar
• Day, D. V. 2014. The Oxford Handbook of Leadership and Organizations. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Day, D. V., J. W. Fleenor, L. E. Atwater, R. E. Sturm, and R. A. McKee. 2014. “Advances in Leader and Leadership Development: A Review of 25 Years of Research and Theory.” The Leadership Quarterly 25 (1): 63–82. doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2013.11.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Day, D. V., and L. Dragoni. 2015. “Leadership Development: An Outcome-Oriented Review Based on Time and Levels of Analyses.” Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior 2 (1): 133–156. doi:10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-032414-111328.
   Google Scholar
• de Meijer, L. A., M. P. Born, J. van Zielst, and H. T. van der Molen. 2010. “Construct-Driven Development of a Video-Based Situational Judgment Test for Integrity.” European Psychologist 15 (3): 229–236. doi:10.1027/1016-9040/a000027.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Derue, S. D., J. D. Nahrgang, N. E. D. Wellman, and S. E. Humphrey. 2011. “Trait and Behavioral Theories of Leadership: An Integration and Meta-Analytic Test of Their Relative Validity.” Personnel Psychology 64 (1): 7–52. doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.2010.01201.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dragoni, L., H. Park, J. Soltis, and S. Forte-Trammell. 2014. “Show and Tell: How Supervisors Facilitate Leader Development among Transitioning Leaders.” Journal of Applied Psychology 99 (1): 66–86. doi:10.1037/a0034452.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dragoni, L., P. E. Tesluk, J. E. Russell, and I. S. Oh. 2009. “Understanding Managerial Development: Integrating Developmental Assignments, Learning Orientation, and Access to Developmental Opportunities in Predicting Managerial Competencies.” Academy of Management Journal 52 (4): 731–743. doi:10.5465/amj.2009.43669936.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drasgow, F., M. V. Levine, S. Tsien, B. Williams, and A. D. Mead. 1995. “Fitting Polytomous Item Response Theory Models to Multiple-Choice Tests.” Applied Psychological Measurement 19 (2): 143–166. doi:10.1177/014662169501900203.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drescher, M. A., M. A. Korsgaard, I. M. Welpe, A. Picot, and R. T. Wigand. 2014. “The Dynamics of Shared Leadership: Building Trust and Enhancing Performance.” Journal of Applied Psychology 99 (5): 771–783. doi:10.1037/a0036474.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dulebohn, J. H., W. H. Bommer, R. C. Liden, R. L. Brouer, and G. R. Ferris. 2012. “A Meta-Analysis of Antecedents and Consequences of Leader-Member Exchange: Integrating the Past with an Eye toward the Future.” Journal of Management 38 (6): 1715–1759. doi:10.1177/0149206311415280.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eagly, A. H., M. C. Johannesen-Schmidt, and M. L. Van Engen. 2003. “Transformational, Transactional, and Laissez-Faire Leadership Styles: A Meta-Analysis Comparing Women and Men.” Psychological Bulletin 129 (4): 569–591. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.129.4.569.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edmondson, A. C., R. M. Bohmer, and G. P. Pisano. 2001. “Disrupted Routines: Team Learning and New Technology Implementation in Hospitals.” Administrative Science Quarterly 46 (4): 685–716. doi:10.2307/3094828.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elenkov, D. S., and I. M. Manev. 2005. “Top Management Leadership and Influence on Innovation: The Role of Sociocultural Context.” Journal of Management 31 (3): 381–402. doi:10.1177/0149206304272151.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elenkov, D. S., W. Judge, and P. Wright. 2005. “Strategic Leadership and Executive Innovation Influence: An International Multi-Cluster Comparative Study.” Strategic Management Journal 26 (7): 665–682. doi:10.1002/smj.469.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferres, N., A. Travaglione, and J. Connell. 2002. “Trust: A Precursor to the Potential Mediating Effect of Transformational Leadership.” International Journal of Organizational Behavior 5 (8): 242–263.
   Google Scholar
• Fleishman, E. A. 1953. “Leadership Climate, Human Relations Training, and Supervisory Behavior.” Personnel Psychology 6 (2): 205–222. doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.1953.tb01040.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleishman, E. A. 1973. “Twenty Years of Consideration and Structure.” In Current Developments in the Study of Leadership, edited by E. A. Fleishman and J. G. Hunt, 1–37. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Fleishman, E. A., E. F. Harris, and H. E. Burtt. 1955. Leadership and Supervision in Industry. Columbus: Ohio State University, Bureau of Educational Research.
   Google Scholar
• Fleishman, E. A., M. D. Mumford, S. J. Zaccaro, K. Y. Levin, A. L. Korotkin, and M. B. Hein. 1991. “Taxonomic Efforts in the Description of Leader Behavior: A Synthesis and Functional Interpretation.” The Leadership Quarterly 2 (4): 245–287. doi:10.1016/1048-9843(91)90016-u.
   Google Scholar
• Fraley, C. R., G. N. G. Waller, and K. A. Brennan. 2000. “An Item Response Theory Analysis of Self-Report Measures of Adult Attachment.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 78 (2): 350–364. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.78.2.350.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• George, B. 2003. Authentic Leadership: Rediscovering the Secrets to Creating Lasting Value. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
   Google Scholar
• George, J. M. 2000. “Emotions and Leadership: The Role of Emotional Intelligence.” Human Relations 53 (8): 1027–1055. doi:10.1177/0018726700538001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerstner, C. R., and D. V. Day. 1997. “Meta-Analytic Review of Leader–Member Exchange Theory: Correlates and Construct Issues.” Journal of Applied Psychology 82 (6): 827–844. doi:10.1037//0021-9010.82.6.827.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graen, G., and J. F. Cashman. 1975. “A Role-Making Model of Leadership in Formal Organizations: A Developmental Approach.” In Leadership Frontiers, edited by J. G. Hunt and L. L. Larson, 143–166. Kent: Kent State University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Graen, G. B., and M. Uhl-Bien. 1991. “The Transformation of Professionals into Self-Managing and Partially Self-Designing Contributions: Toward a Theory of Leader-Making.” Journal of Management Systems 3 (3): 33–48.
   Google Scholar
• Gumusluoglu, L., and A. Ilsev. 2009. “Transformational Leadership, Creativity, and Organizational Innovation.” Journal of Business Research 62 (4): 461–473. doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2007.07.032.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herold, D. M., D. B. Fedor, S. Caldwell, and Y. Liu. 2008. “The Effects of Transformational and Change Leadership on Employees’ Commitment to a Change: A Multilevel Study.” Journal of Applied Psychology 93 (2): 346–357. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.93.2.346.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Highhouse, S., and J. Z. Gillespie. 2009. “Do Samples Really Matter that Much?” In Statistical and Methodological Myths and Urban Legends: Doctrine, Verity and Fable in the Organizational and Social Sciences, edited by C. E. Lance and R. J. Vandenberg, 247–265. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Hiller, N. J., L. A. DeChurch, T. Murase, and D. Doty. 2011. “Searching for Outcomes of Leadership: A 25-Year Review.” Journal of Management 37 (4): 1137–1177. doi:10.1177/0149206310393520.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirst, G., and L. Mann. 2004. “A Model of R&D Leadership and Team Communication: The Relationship with Project Performance.” R&D Management 34 (2): 147–160. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9310.2004.00330.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• House, R. J., and R. N. Aditya. 1997. “The Social Scientific Study of Leadership: Quo Vadis?” Journal of Management 23 (3): 409–473. doi:10.1016/s0149-2063(97)90037-4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howell, J. M., and B. J. Avolio. 1993. “Transformational Leadership, Transactional Leadership, Locus of Control, and Support for Innovation: Key Predictors of Consolidated-Business-Unit Performance.” Journal of Applied Psychology 78 (6): 891–902. doi:10.1037//0021-9010.78.6.891.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu, L., and P. M. Bentler. 1998. “Fit Indices in Covariance Structure Modeling: Sensitivity to Underparameterized Model Misspecification.” Psychological Methods 3 (4): 424–453. doi:10.1037//1082-98x.3.4.424.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu, L., and P. M. Bentler. 1999. “Cut-off Criteria for Fit Indexes in Covariance Structure Analysis: Conventional Criteria versus New Alternatives.” Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal 6 (1): 1–55. doi:10.1080/10705519909540118.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ikemoto, Y., and T. Ito. 2004. “The Project Manager Training: The Method of the Training in a New Era.” Jouhou Shori Gakkai Houkokusho 35: 17–24.
   Google Scholar
• Ilies, R., F. P. Morgeson, and J. D. Nahrgang. 2005. “Authentic Leadership and Eudaemonic Well-Being: Understanding Leader–Follower Outcomes.” The Leadership Quarterly 16 (3): 373–394. doi:10.1016/j.leaaua.2005.03.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ilies, R., J. D. Nahrgang, and F. P. Morgeson. 2007. “Leader-Member Exchange and Citizenship Behaviors: A Meta-Analysis.” Journal of Applied Psychology 92 (1): 269–277. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.92.1.269.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Judge, T. A., R. F. Piccolo, and R. Ilies. 2004. “The Forgotten Ones? The Validity of Consideration and Initiating Structure in Leadership Research.” Journal of Applied Psychology 89 (1): 36–51. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.89.1.36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jung, D. I., C. Chow, and A. Wu. 2003. “The Role of Transformational Leadership in Enhancing Organizational Innovation: Hypotheses and Some Preliminary Findings.” The Leadership Quarterly 14 (4–5): 525–544. doi:10.1016/S1048-9843(03)00050-X.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalshoven, K., D. N. Den Hartog, and A. H. De Hoogh. 2011. “Ethical Leadership at Work Questionnaire (ELW): Development and Validation of a Multidimensional Measure.” The Leadership Quarterly 22 (1): 51–69. doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2010.12.007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kearney, E., and D. Gebert. 2009. “Managing Diversity and Enhancing Team Outcomes: The Promise of Transformational Leadership.” Journal of Applied Psychology 94 (1): 77–89. doi:10.1037/a0013077.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keller, R. T. 2006. “Transformational Leadership, Initiating Structure, and Substitutes for Leadership: A Longitudinal Study of Research and Development Project Team Performance.” Journal of Applied Psychology 91 (1): 202–210. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.91.1.202.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuhl, J., and J. Beckmann, eds. 2012. Action Control: From Cognition to Behavior. Berlin: Springer Science & Business Media.
   Google Scholar
• Kumagaya, R. 2009. “Shogakusha Muke No Koumokuhannouriron Bunseki Puroguramu EasyEstimation Shirizu No Kaihatsu [Development of the Item Response Theory Analysis Program EasyEstimation Series for Junior Scholars].” Japanese Journal for Research on Testing 5: 107–108.
   Google Scholar
• Lambert, L. S., B. J. Tepper, J. C. Carr, D. T. Holt, and A. J. Barelka. 2012. “Forgotten but Not Gone: An Examination of Fit between Leader Consideration and Initiating Structure Needed and Received.” Journal of Applied Psychology 97 (5): 913–930. doi:10.1037/a0028970.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leana, C. R. 1987. “Power Relinquishment versus Power Sharing: Theoretical Clarification and Empirical Comparison of Delegation and Participation.” Journal of Applied Psychology 72 (2): 228–233. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.72.2.228.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liden, R. C., and J. M. Maslyn. 1998. “Multidimensionafity of Leader-Member Exchange: An Empirical Assessment through Scale Development.” Journal of Management 24 (1): 43–72. doi:10.1177/014920639802400105.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowe, K. B., K. G. Kroeck, and N. Sivasubramaniam. 1996. “Effectiveness Correlates of Transformational and Transactional Leadership: A Meta-Analytic Review of the MLQ Literature.” The Leadership Quarterly 7 (3): 385–425. doi:10.1016/s1048-9843(96)90027-2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowe, K. B., and W. L. Gardner. 2000. “Ten Years of the Leadership Quarterly: Contributions and Challenges for the Future.” The Leadership Quarterly 11 (4): 459–514. doi:10.1016/s1048-9843(00)00059-x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marks, M. A., M. J. Sabella, C. S. Burke, and S. J. Zaccaro. 2002. “The Impact of Cross-Training on Team Effectiveness.” Journal of Applied Psychology 87 (1): 3–13. doi:10.1037//0021-9010.87.1.3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marta, S., L. E. Leritz, and M. D. Mumford. 2005. “Leadership Skills and the Group Performance: Situational Demands, Behavioral Requirements, and Planning.” The Leadership Quarterly 16 (1): 97–120. doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2004.04.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maslyn, J. M., and M. Uhl-Bien. 2001. “Leader–Member Exchange and Its Dimensions: Effects of Self-Effort and Other’s Effort on Relationship Quality.” Journal of Applied Psychology 86 (4): 697–708. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.86.4.697.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCall, M. W. 2010a. “Recasting Leadership Development.” Industrial and Organizational Psychology 3 (1): 3–19. doi:10.1111/j.1754-9434.2009.01189.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCall, M. W. 2010b. “Peeling the Onion: Getting inside Experience-Based Leadership Development.” Industrial and Organizational Psychology 3 (1): 61–68. doi:10.1111/j.1754-9434.2009.01200.x.
   Google Scholar
• McDaniel, M. A., F. P. Morgeson, E. B. Finnegan, M. A. Campion, and E. P. Braverman. 2001. “Use of Situational Judgment Tests to Predict Job Performance: A Clarification of the Literature.” Journal of Applied Psychology 86 (4): 730–740. doi:10.1037//0021-9010.86.4.730.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDaniel, M. A., and N. T. Nguyen. 2001. “Situational Judgment Tests: A Review of Practice and Constructs Assessed.” International Journal of Selection and Assessment 9 (1–2): 103–113. doi:10.1111/1468-2389.00167.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mintzberg, H. 1973. The Nature of Managerial Work. New York: Harper & Row.
   Google Scholar
• Misumi, J. 1985. The Behavioral Science of Leadership. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
   Google Scholar
• Misumi, J., and M. F. Peterson. 1985. “The Performance-Maintenance (PM) Theory of Leadership: Review of a Japanese Research Program.” Administrative Science Quarterly 198–223. doi:10.2307/2393105.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgeson, F. P. 2005. “The External Leadership of Self-Managing Teams: Intervening in the Context of Novel and Disruptive Events.” Journal of Applied Psychology 90 (3): 497–508. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.90.3.497.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgeson, F. P., M. H. Reider, and M. A. Campion. 2005. “Selecting Individuals in Team Settings: The Importance of Social Skills, Personality Characteristics, and Teamwork Knowledge.” Personnel Psychology 58 (3): 583–611. doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.2005.655.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morse, J. J., and F. R. Wagner. 1978. “Measuring the Process of Managerial Effectiveness.” Academy of Management Journal 21 (1): 23–35. doi:10.5465/255659.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Motowidlo, S. J., M. A. Hanson, and J. L. Crafts. 1997. “Low-Fidelity Simulations.” In Applied Measurement Methods in Industrial Psychology, edited by D. L. Whetzel and G. R. Wheaton, 241–260. Palo Alto: Daies-Black.
   Google Scholar
• Motowidlo, S. J., M. D. Dunnette, and G. W. Carter. 1990. “An Alternative Selection Procedure: The Low-Fidelity Simulation.” Journal of Applied Psychology 75 (6): 640–647. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.75.6.640.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mumford, T. V., C. H. Van Iddekinge, F. P. Morgeson, and M. A. Campion. 2008. “The Team Role Test: Development and Validation of a Team Role Knowledge Situational Judgment Test.” Journal of Applied Psychology 93 (2): 250–267. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.93.2.250.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Northouse, P. G. 2015. Leadership: Theory and Practice. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Oshima, A. 2008. “A Study of the Self-Directed Human Resource Development Platform in Corporations.” Journal of the Japanese Information-Culture Society 15 (1): 54–60.
   Google Scholar
• Oshima, A. 2010. “A Study of Next Generation Leaders’ Development in Japanese Corporation.” Journal of the Japanese Information-Culture Society 17 (1): 28–35.
   Google Scholar
• Peus, C., S. Braun, and D. Frey. 2013. “Situation-Based Measurement of the Full Range of Leadership Model—Development and Validation of a Situational Judgment Test.” The Leadership Quarterly 24 (5): 777–795. doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2013.07.006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piccolo, R. F., J. E. Bono, K. Heinitz, J. Rowold, E. Duehr, and T. A. Judge. 2012. “The Relative Impact of Complementary Leader Behaviors: Which Matter Most?” The Leadership Quarterly 23 (3): 567–581. doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2011.12.008.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosing, K., M. Frese, and A. Bausch. 2011. “Explaining the Heterogeneity of the Leadership-Innovation Relationship: Ambidextrous Leadership.” The Leadership Quarterly 22 (5): 956–974. doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2011.07.014.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rowold, J., and K. Heinitz. 2007. “Transformational and Charismatic Leadership: Assessing the Convergent, Divergent and Criterion Validity of the MLQ and the CKS.” The Leadership Quarterly 18 (2): 121–133. doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2007.01.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryff, C. D., and C. L. M. Keyes. 1995. “The Structure of Psychological Well-Being Revisited.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 69 (4): 719–727. doi:10.1037//0022-3514.69.4.719.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sato, A. 2013. “Shin Jidai No Manager Leader Jinzai No Yakuwari to Ikusei: Kenkyu Survey Wo Chushinni.” Shogai Gakushu to Career Design 10: 3–23.
   Google Scholar
• Schriesheim, C. A., L. L. Neider, T. A. Scandura, and B. J. Tepper. 1992. “Development and Preliminary Validation of a New Scale (LMX-6) to Measure Leader-Member Exchange in Organizations.” Educational and Psychological Measurement 52 (1): 135–147. doi:10.1177/001316449205200119.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schriesheim, C. A., S. L. Castro, and C. C. Cogliser. 1999. “Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) Research: A Comprehensive Review of Theory, Measurement, and Data-Analytic Practices.” The Leadership Quarterly 10 (1): 63–113. doi:10.1016/s1048-9843(99)80009-5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seltzer, J., and B. M. Bass. 1990. “Transformational Leadership: Beyond Initiation and Consideration.” Journal of Management 16 (4): 693–703. doi:10.1177/014920639001600403.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma, S., M. Gangopadhyay, E. Austin, and M. K. Mandal. 2013. “Development and Validation of a Situational Judgment Test of Emotional Intelligence.” International Journal of Selection and Assessment 21 (1): 57–73. doi:10.1111/ijsa.12017.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spreitzer, G. M., M. W. McCall, and J. D. Mahoney. 1997. “Early Identification of International Executive Potential.” Journal of Applied Psychology 82 (1): 6–29. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.82.1.6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevens, M. J., and M. A. Campion. 1994. “The Knowledge, Skill, and Ability Requirements for Teamwork: Implications for Human Resource Management.” Journal of Management 20 (2): 503–530. doi:10.1177/014920639402000210.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stogdill, R. M. 1950. “Leadership, Membership and Organization.” Psychological Bulletin 47 (1): 1–14. doi:10.1037/h0053857.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stogdill, R. M. 1963. Manual for the Leader Behavior Description Questionnaire-Form XII. Columbus: Bureau of Business Research, Ohio State University.
   Google Scholar
• Sugano, K., N. Hagino, and K. Watanabe. 2014. “Jinzai Manejimento No Arikata Ni Kansuru Chosa Oyobi Shokugyou Kyariaseikei Ni Kansuru Chosa Kekka [Results from Research on Human Resource Management and Research on Professional Career Development].” The Japan Institute for Labour Policy and Training, Accessed 30 January 2018. http://www.jil.go.jp/institute/research/2014/128.html
   Google Scholar
• Tanguma, J. 2001. “Effects of Sample Size on the Distribution of Selected Fit Indices: A Graphical Approach.” Educational and Psychological Measurement 61 (5): 759–776. doi:10.1177/00131640121971509.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thoroughgood, C. N., K. B. Sawyer, and S. T. Hunter. 2013. “Real Men Don’t Make Mistakes: Investigating the Effects of Leader Gender, Error Type, and the Occupational Context on Leader Error Perceptions.” Journal of Business and Psychology 28 (1): 31–48. doi:10.1007/s10869-102-9263-8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tims, M., A. B. Bakker, and D. Xanthopoulou. 2011. “Do Transformational Leaders Enhance Their Followers’ Daily Work Engagement?” The Leadership Quarterly 22 (1): 121–131. doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2010.12.011.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trottier, T., M. Van Wart, and X. Wang. 2008. “Examining the Nature and Significance of Leadership in Government Organizations.” Public Administration Review 68 (2): 319–333. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6210.2007.00865.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Volpe, C. E., J. A. Cannon-Bowers, E. Salas, and P. E. Spector. 1996. “The Impact of Cross-Training on Team Functioning: An Empirical Investigation.” Human Factors 38 (1): 87–100. doi:10.1518/001872096778940741.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voon, M. L., M. C. Lo, K. S. Ngui, and N. B. Ayob. 2011. “The Influence of Leadership Styles on Employees’ Job Satisfaction in Public Sector Organizations in Malaysia.” International Journal of Business, Management and Social Sciences 2 (1): 24–32.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, D., D. A. Waldman, and Z. Zhang. 2014. “A Meta-Analysis of Shared Leadership and Team Effectiveness.” Journal of Applied Psychology 99 (2): 181–198. doi:10.1037/a0034531.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whetzel, D. L., and M. A. McDaniel. 2009. “Situational Judgment Tests: An Overview of Current Research.” Human Resource Management Review 19 (3): 188–202. doi:10.1016/j.hrmr.2009.03.007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, P. 2002. “The Competent Boundary Spanner.” Public Administration 80 (1): 103–124. doi:10.1111/1467-9299.00296.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yukl, G. A. 1981. Leadership in Organizations. India: Pearson Education.
   Google Scholar
• Yukl, G. A. 1989. “Managerial Leadership: A Review of Theory and Research.” Journal of Management 15 (2): 251–289. doi:10.1177/014920638901500207.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yukl, G. A. 2006. Leadership in Organizations. 6th ed. Upper Saddle River: Pearson Education.
   Google Scholar
• Zaccaro, S. J., A. L. Rittman, and M. A. Marks. 2001. “Team Leadership.” The Leadership Quarterly 12 (4): 451–483. doi:10.1016/s1048-9843(01)00093-5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaidanhojin Kigyokatsuryoku Kenkyujo. 2008. “Kigyonai Midoru Manejimento Ga Jubun Na Yakuwari Wo Hatasutameno Jinzaiikusei Ni Kansuru Chousakenkyuhoukoku [Research Document of Analyses of Human Resource Development for Middle Managers to Perform Adequate Responsibilities within Organizations].” Zaidanhojin Kigyokatsuryoku Kenkyujo, Accessed 30 January 2018. http://www.bpfj.jp/act/download_file/75254791/76451918.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Zohar, D., and O. Tenne-Gazit. 2008. “Transformational Leadership and Group Interaction as Climate Antecedents: A Social Network Analysis.” Journal of Applied Psychology 93 (4): 744–757. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.93.4.744.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar