Profiling the paternalistic manager: leadership excellence in the Philippines

References

• Ackers, P. 2001. “Paternalism, Participation and Partnership: Rethinking the Employment Relationship.” Human Relations 54: 373–384. doi:10.1177/0018726701543006.
   Google Scholar
• Andres, T. D. 1988. Managing People by Filipino Values. Quezon City: Our Lady of Manaoag Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Aycan, Z. 2006. “Paternalism: Towards Conceptual Refinement and Operationalization.” In Scientific Advances in Indigenous Psychologies: Empirical, Philosophical, and Cultural Contributions, edited by K. S. Yang, K. K. Hwang, and U. Kim, 445–466. London, England: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Aycan, Z., R. N. Kanungo, and J. B. Sinha. 1999. “Organizational Culture and Human Resource Management Practices: The Model of Culture Fit.” Journal of Cross-cultural Psychology 30: 501–526. doi:10.1177/0022022199030004006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aycan, Z., R. N. Kanungo, M. Mendoca, K. Yu, J. Deller, G. Stahl, and A. Kurshid. 2000. “Impact of Culture on Human Resource Management Practices: A 10-country Comparison.” Applied Psychology: An International Review 49 (1): 192–221. doi:10.1111/1464-0597.00010.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bate, P. 2009. Strategies for Cultural Change. Oxford, UK: Butterworth Heinemann.
   Google Scholar
• Boatman, J., and R. S. Wellins. 2011. Philippines Highlight – Global LeadershiForecast 2011. Pittsburg, PA: Development Dimensions International, Inc., MMXI. Retrieved 8 January 2020. https://www.ddiworld.com/DDI/media/trend-research/globalleadershipforecast2011_philippineshighlights_tr_ddi.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Brewer, P., and S. Venaik. 2010. “GLOBE Practices and Values: A Case of Diminishing Marginal Utility?” Journal of International Business Studies 41 (8): 1316–1324. doi:10.1057/jibs.2010.23.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byrne, B. 2001. Structural Equation Modeling with AMOS: Basic Concepts, Applications and Programming. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Caiden, G. E. 1988. “Towards a General Theory of Official Corruption.” Asian Journal of Public Administration 10 (1): 3–26. doi:10.1080/02598272.1988.10800195.
   Google Scholar
• Carr, P. 2003. “Revisiting the Protestant Ethics and the Spirit of Capitalism: Understanding the Relationship between Ethics and Enterprise.” Journal of Business Ethics 47 (1): 7–16. doi:10.1023/A:1026232726129.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan, T. S., and G. Cui. 2014. The Rise of Asian Firms: Strengths and Strategies. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Cheng, B., D. Boer, L. Chou, M. Huang, S. Yoneyama, D. Shim, and L. Tsai. 2014. “Paternalistic Leadership in Four East Asian Societies: Generalizability and Cultural Differences of the Triad Model.” Journal of Cross-cultural Psychology 45: 82–90. doi:10.1177/0022022113490070.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng, B., L. Chou, T. Wu, M. Huang, and J. Farh. 2004. “Paternalistic Leadership and Subordinate Responses: Establishing a Leadership Model in Chinese Organizations.” Asian Journal of Social Psychology 7: 89–117.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chu, R. 2010. “To Be a ‘Filipino’ and Chinese in the Philippines, Chinese Overseas.” In Chinese and Chinese Mestizos of Manila, R. T. Chu edited by, 1–21. Brill: Netherlands. Overseas Chinese Volume 1.
   Google Scholar
• Cimene, F. T. A., and A. N. Aladano. 2013. “Leadership Perspectives from the Philippines: Its Implications for Theory, Research and Practice.” In Culture and Gender in Leadership, edited by J. Rajasekar and L.-S. Beh, 48–63. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Cohen, J. 1988. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. 2nd ed. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Corong, E., L. Dacuycuy, R. Reyes, and A. Taningco. 2013. “The Growth and Distributive Impacts of Public Infrastructure Investments in the Philippines.” In Infrastructure and Economic Growth in Asia, Economic Studies in Inequality, Social Exclusion and Well-Being, edited by J. Cockburn, Y. Dissou, J.-Y. Duclos, and L. Tiberti, 47–86. Switzerland: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Daniels, S. R., and S. L. Jordon. 2018. “The Effect of Paternalism on Incivility: Exploring Incivility Climate as an Important Boundary Condition.” Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies 26 (2): 190–203. doi:10.1177/1548051818795817.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fairhurst, G. T. 2009. “Considering Context in Discursive Leadership Research.” Human Relations 62 (11): 1607–1633. doi:10.1177/0018726709346379.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farh, J. L., and B. S. Cheng. 2000. “A Cultural Analysis of Paternalistic Leadership in Chinese Organizations.” In Management and Organizations in the Chinese Context, edited by J. T. Li., A. S. Tsui, and E. Weldon, 84–127. London, England: Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Franco, E. P., M. Teng-Calleja, and M. R. M. Hechanova. 2018. Organization Development Practice in the Philippines. Manila: Ateneo de Manila University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gallus, J. A., J. A. Bunk, R. A. Matthews, J. L. Barnes-Farrell, and V. J. Magley. 2014. “An Eye for an Eye? Exploring the Relationship between Workplace Incivility Experiences and Perpetration.” Journal of Occupational Health Psychology 19: 143–154. doi:10.1037/a0035931.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garratt, B. 2010. The Fish Rots from the Head: The Crisis in our Boardrooms: Developing the Crucial Skills of the Competent Director. London: Profile Books Ltd.
   Google Scholar
• Gelfand, M. J., M. Erez, and Z. Aycan. 2007. “Cross-Cultural Organizational Behavior.” Annual Review of Psychology 58: 479–514. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085559.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• George, R. T. 1987. “The Status of Business Ethics: Past and the Future.” Journal of Business Ethics 6 (3): 201–211. doi:10.1007/BF00382865.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gripaldo, R. M. 2009. “Roman Catholicism and Filipino Culture.” In Relations between Religions and Cultures in Southeast Asia, edited by G. Arivia and D. G. Adian, 111–140. Washington DC: Council for Research in Values and Philosophy.
   Google Scholar
• Hair, J. F., B. J. Babin, R. Anderson, and W. C. Black. 2018. Multivariate Data Analysis. New Jersey: Cengage.
   Google Scholar
• Hiller, N. J., H.-P. Sin, A. R. Ponnapalli, and S. Ozgen. 2019. “Benevolence and Authority as WEIRDly Unfamiliar- A Multi-language Meta-analysis of Paternalistic Leadership Behaviors from 152 Studies.” The Leadership Quarterly 30 (1): 165–184. doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2018.11.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hinton, A. L. 1998. “Why Did I Kill?: The Cambodian Genocide and the Dark Side and Face Honor.” Journal of Asian Studies 57 (1): 93–122. doi:10.2307/2659025.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofstede, G. [1980] 1984. Cultures Consequences: International Differences in Work-related Values. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Hofstede, G., and M. Bond. 1988. “The Confucian Connection.” Organizational Dynamics 16 (4): 4–21.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• House, R. J., F. C. Brodbeck, and J. Chhokar. 2007. Culture and Leadership across the World: The GLOBE Book of In-depth Studies of 25 Societies. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• House, R. J., P. J. Hanges, M. Javidan, P. W. Dorfman, and V. Gupta. 2004. Culture, Leadership, and Organizations: The GLOBE Study of 62 Societies. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Jacano, F. L. 1999. Towards Developing a Filipino Corporate Culture. Quezon City, Philippines: Punlad Research House.
   Google Scholar
• Jacano, F. L. 2000. Work Values of Successful Filipinos, Quezon City. Philippines: Punlad Research House.
   Google Scholar
• Jackson, T. 2016. “Paternalistic Leadership - the Missing Link in Cross-cultural Leadership Studies?” Cross Cultural Management 16 (1): 3–7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jogulu, D. D. 2010. “Culturally-linked Leadership Styles.” Leadership and Organization Development Journal 31 (8): 705–719. doi:10.1108/01437731011094766.
   Google Scholar
• Judge, T. A. 2004. “The Forgotten Ones? The Validity of Consideration and Initiating Structure in Leadership Research.” Journal of Applied Psychology 89 (1): 36–51. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.89.1.36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kasahara, S. 2004. “The Flying Geese Paradigm: A Critical Study of Its Application to East Asian Regional Development.” United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, Discussion Paper 169, April. Accessed 8 January 2020. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/46445814_The_Flying_Geese_Paradigm_A_Critical_Study_of_its_Application_to_East_Asian_Regional_Development
   Google Scholar
• Koutsouvilis, A. 1976. “On Benevolence.” Mind 85: 428–431. doi:10.1093/mind/LXXXV.339.428.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lau, W. K., L. N. T. Pham, and L. D. Nguyen. 2019. “Remapping the Construct of Paternalistic Leadership.” Leadership and Organization Development Journal 40 (7): 764–778. doi:10.1108/LODJ-01-2019-0028.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linden, R. C., and J. Antonakis. 2009. “Considering Context in Psychological Leadership.” Human Relations 62 (11): 1587–1605. doi:10.1177/0018726709346374.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Littrell, R. F. 2013. “Explicit Leader Behaviour: A Review of Literature, Theory Development, and Research Project Results.” Journal of Management Development 32 (6): 567–605. doi:10.1108/JMD-04-2013-0053.
   Google Scholar
• Low, P. K. C. 2006. “Father Leadership: The Singapore Case Study.” Management Decision 44 (1): 89–104. doi:10.1108/00251740610641481.
   Google Scholar
• McSweeney Tung, R. L., and A. Verbeke. 2010. “Beyond Hofstede and GLOBE: Improving the Quality of Cross-cultural Research.” Journal of International Business Studies 41 (8): 1259–1274. doi:10.1057/jibs.2010.41.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Donnell, O., and R. Boyle 2008. “Understanding and Managing Organisational Culture.” The Committee for Public Management Research Discussion Paper 40, Dublin, Ireland: Institute of Public Administration.
   Google Scholar
• Oner, H. Z. 2012. “Servant Leadership and Paternalistic Leadership Styles in the Turkish Business Context.” Leadership & Organization Development Journal 33 (3): 300–316. doi:10.1108/01437731211216489.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozawa, T. 2005. Institutions, Industrial Upgrading, and Economic Performance in Japan – The ‘Flying-geese Paradigm of Catch-up Growth. Northampton, Massachusetts: Edward Elgar Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Pawar, B. S., and K. K. Eastman. 1997. “The Nature and Implications of Contextual Influences on Transformational Leadership: A Conceptual Examination.” The Academy of Management Review 22 (1): 80–109. doi:10.5465/amr.1997.9707180260.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pellegrini, E. K., and T. A. Scandura. 2008. “Paternalistic Leadership: A Review and Agenda for Future Research.” Journal of Management 34 (3): 566–593. doi:10.1177/0149206308316063.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pellegrini, E. K., T. A. Scandura, and V. Jayaraman. 2010. “Cross-cultural Generalizability of Paternalistic Leadership: An Expansion of Leader-member Exchange Theory.” Group & Organization Management 35 (4): 391–420. doi:10.1177/1059601110378456.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ralston, D. A., P. Hallinger, C. P. Egri, and S. Naothinsuhk. 2005. “The Effects of Culture and Life Stage on Workplace Strategies of Upward Influence: A Comparison of Thailand and the United States.” Journal of World Business 40 (3): 321–337. doi:10.1016/j.jwb.2005.05.007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Resnik, D. B. 2015. “Paternalism and Utilitarianism in Research with Human Participants.” Health Care Analysis : HCA : Journal of Health Philosophy and Policy 23 (1): 19–31. Accessed 1 September 2019. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3566369/
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roffey, B. 2002. “Beyond Culture-centric and Gendered Models of Management: Perspectives on Filipina Business Leadership, Women in Management Review.” Women in Management Review 17 (8): 352–363. doi:10.1108/09649420210451797.
   Google Scholar
• Rothestein, B. 2013. “Corruption and Social Trust: Why the Fish Rots from the Head down.” Social Research: An International Quarterly 80 (4): 1009–1032.
   Google Scholar
• Rowley, C., and D. Ulrich. 2014. “Introduction: Setting the Scene for Leadership in Asia.” In Leadership in the Asia Pacific, edited by C. Rowley and D. Ulich, 9–21. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Sabri, H. A. 2012. “Re-examination of Hofstede’s Work Value Orientations on Perceived Leadership Styles in Jordan.” International Journal of Commerce and Management 22 (3): 202–218. doi:10.1108/10569211211260292.
   Google Scholar
• Schein, E. H. 2004. Organizational Culture and Leadership. New York: Jossey-Bass.
   Google Scholar
• Selmer, J., and C. de Leon. 2014. “Culture and Management in the Philippines.” In Culture and Management in Asia, edited by M. Warner, 152–170. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Selvarajah, C., D. Meyer, S. Sukunesan, and R. Venkatapathy. 2014. “Rise of India Firms - Understanding Leadership in Indian Organisations.” In The Rise of Asian Firms, edited by T. S. Chan and G. Cui, 91–119. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Selvarajah, C., and D. Meyer. 2008a. “One Nation, Three Cultures: Exploring Dimensions that Relate to Leadership in Malaysia.” Leadership and Organisation Development Journal 29 (8): 693–712. doi:10.1108/01437730810916640.
   Google Scholar
• Selvarajah, C., and D. Meyer. 2008b. “Profiling the Chinese Manager: Exploring Dimensions that Relate to Leadership.” Leadership and Organisation Development Journal 29 (4): 359–375. doi:10.1108/01437730810876159.
   Google Scholar
• Selvarajah, C., D. Meyer, A. D. Waal, and B. I. J. M. van der Heijden. 2018. “Dutch Managerial Leadership Strategies: Managing Uncertainty Avoidance, Feminine-related Social Roles, Organisation Prosperity Focus, and Work Orientation within a Polder Framework.” Organizational Behaviour and Human Resources Management 14 (2): 87–120.
   Google Scholar
• Selvarajah, C., D. Meyer, and D. Davuth. 2012. “The Effect of Cultural Modelling on Leadership Profiling of the Cambodian Manager.” Asia Pacific Business Review 18 (4): 649–674. doi:10.1080/13602381.2012.690256.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selvarajah, C., D. Meyer, and J. Donovan. 2013a. “Cultural Context and Its Influence on Managerial Leadership in Thailand.” Asia Pacific Business Review 19 (3): 356–380. doi:10.1080/13602381.2012.714630.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selvarajah, C., D. Meyer, R. Jeyakumar, and J. Donovan. 2013b. “Flowers in a Greenhouse: Profiling Excellence in Leadership in Singapore.” Leadership and Organization Development Journal 34 (8): 784–804. doi:10.1108/LODJ-02-2012-0023.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selvarajah, C., D. Meyer, R. Roostika, and S. Sukunesan. 2017. “Exploring Managerial Leadership: Engaging Asta Brata, the Eight Principles of Indonesian Statesmanship.” Asia-Pacific Business Review 23 (3): 373–395. doi:10.1080/13602381.2016.1213494.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selvarajah, C., P. Duignan, C. Nuttman, T. Lane, and C. Suppiah. 1995. “In Search of the ASEAN Leader: Exploratory Study of the Dimensions that Relate to Excellence in Leadership.” Management International Review 35 (1): 29–43.
   Google Scholar
• Selvarajah and Meyer., 2020. Exploring managerial leadership in Vietnam: Where Confucianism meets Dharma, APBR, doi:10.1080/13602381.2020
   Google Scholar
• Shi, X., and J. Wang. 2011. “Interpreting Hofstede Model and GLOBE Model: Which Way to Go for Cross-cultural Research?” International Journal of Business and Management 6 (5): 93–105. doi:10.5539/ijbm.v6n5p93.
   Google Scholar
• Shrivastava, S., C. Selvarajah, N. Dorasamy, and D. Meyer. 2014. “Exploring Excellence in Leadership Perceptions Amongst South African Managers.” Human Resource Development International 17 (1): 47–66. doi:10.1080/13678868.2013.857510.
   Google Scholar
• Sinha, J. B. P. 1980. The Nurturant Task Leader: A Model of the Effective Executive. New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company.
   Google Scholar
• Soo, H. C. 2000. “Land Is Thicker than Blood: Revisiting “Kinship Paternalism” in a Peasant Village in South Korea.” Journal of Anthropological Research 56 (3): 349–363. doi:10.1086/jar.56.3.3631088.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinberg, D. J. 2018. The Philippines: Singular and a Plural Place. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Stogdill, R. M. 1974. Handbook of Leadership: A Survey of Theory and Research. New York, US: Free Press.
   Google Scholar
• Takala, T. 1998. “Plato on Leadership.” Journal of Business Ethics 17: 785–798. doi:10.1023/A:1005789531144.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taormina, R., and C. Selvarajah. 2005. “Perceptions of Leadership Excellence in ASEAN Nations.” Leadership 1 (3): 299–322. doi:10.1177/1742715005054439.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taras, V., P. Steel, and B. L. Kirkman. 2010. “Negative Practice–value Correlations in the GLOBE Data: Unexpected Findings, Questionnaire Limitations and Research Directions.” Journal of International Business Studies 41 (8): 1330–1338. doi:10.1057/jibs.2010.30.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terry, E. 2002. How Asia Got Rich –japan, China, and the Asian Miracle. M.E. Armonk. New York: Sharp Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Trompenaars, F. 1993. Riding the Waves of Culture: Understanding Cultural Diversity in Business. London: Nicholas Brealey.
   Google Scholar
• Unler, E., and B. Kilic. 2019. “Paternalistic Leadership and Employee Organizational Attitudes- the Role of Positive/Negative Affectivity.” SAGE Open, 9 (3): 1–14. July-September.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Venaik, S., and P. Brewer. 2010. “Avoiding Uncertainty in Hofstede and GLOBE.” Journal of International Business Studies 41 (8): 1294–1315. doi:10.1057/jibs.2009.96.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vo, A. N., and C. Rowley. 2010. “The Internationalization of Industrial Relations? Japanese and US Multinational Companies in Vietnam.” Asia Pacific Business Review 16 (1): 221–238. doi:10.1080/13602380903080282.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagstaff, M. F., A. Collela, M. D. C. Triana, A. N. Smith, and M. B. Watkins. 2015. “Subordinates’ Perceptions of Supervisor Paternalism: A Scale Development.” Journal of Managerial Psychology 30: 659–674. doi:10.1108/JMP-10-2012-0287.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wah, S. S. 2002. “Chinese Classical Leadership Revisited: Lessons for the Contemporary Leader.” Malaysian Management Review 37 (1): 11–18.
   Google Scholar
• Weber-Berg, C. 2011. “Practical Wisdom, an Attempt for a Protestant Reformulation.” Journal of Management 29 (7): 724–735.
   Google Scholar
• Westwood, R. 1997. “Harmony and Patriarchy: The Cultural Basis for ‘Paternalistic Headship’ among the Overseas Chinese.” Organization Studies 18 (3): 445–480. doi:10.1177/017084069701800305.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WJP. 2019. “WJP Rule of Law Index 2019.” Accessed 3 November 2019. https://worldjusticeproject.org/our-work/research-and-data/wjp-rule-law-index-2019
   Google Scholar
• Wu, M., X. Huang, and S. C. H. Chan. 2012. “The Influencing Mechanism of Paternalistic Leadership in Mainland China.” Asia Pacific Business Review 18 (4): 631–648. doi:10.1080/13602381.2012.690940.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yukl, G. 2010. Leadership in Organizations. 7th ed. Upper Saddle River, US: Pearson.
   Google Scholar
• Yukongdi, V. 2010. “A Study of Thai Employees’ Preferred Leadership Style.” Asia Pacific Business Review 16 (1–2): 161–181.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar