Promoting social inclusion in the early years of elementary school: a focus on children’s epistemic beliefs for moral reasoning

References

• Aboud, F. 2010. “The Formation of In-group Favoritism and Out-group Prejudice in Young Children: Are they Distinct Attitudes?” Developmental Psychology 39: 48–60. doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.39.1.48
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abrams, D., M. Hogg, and J. Marques. 2005. The Social Psychology of Inclusion and Exclusion. New York: Psychology Press.
   Google Scholar
• Abrams, D., and M. Killen. 2014. “Social Exclusion of Children: Developmental Origins of Prejudice.” Journal of Social Issues 70 (1): 1–11. doi: 10.1111/josi.12043
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abrams, D., and A. Rutland. 2008. “The Development of Subjective Group Dynamics.” In Intergroup Attitudes in Childhood Through Adulthood, edited by S. Levy and M. Killen, 47–65. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Brownlee, J., G. Schraw, and D. Berthelsen. 2011. “Personal Epistemology and Teacher Education: An Emerging Field of Research.” In Personal Epistemology and Teacher Education, edited by J. Brownlee, G. Schraw, and D. Berthelsen, 3–21. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Curriculum Development Council. 2012. “ Moral and National Education Curriculum Guide (Primary 1 to Secondary 6).” Accessed November 25, 2015. http://www.edb.gov.hk/attachment/en/curriculum-development/4-key-tasks/moral-civic/MNE%20Guide%20(ENG)%20Final_remark_09102012.pdf
   Google Scholar
• DIMIA (Department of Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs). 2011. Fact Sheet 2, Key Facts in Immigration. Canberra: National Communications Branch, Department of Immigration and Multicultural Affairs. CSM. Commonwealth of Australia.
   Google Scholar
• Eisenberg, N., T. Spinard, and A. Sadovsky. 2006. “Empathy-Related Responding in Children.” In Handbook of Moral Development, edited by M. Killen and J. Smetana, 517–549. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Eurydice. 2013. “ Recommended Annual Taught Time in Full-Time Compulsory Education in Europe 2012/13.” Accessed November 25, 2015. http://eacea.ec.europa.eu/education/eurydice/documents/facts_and_figures/taught_time_EN.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Feucht, F. C. 2010. “Epistemic Climate in Elementary Classrooms.” In Personal Epistemology in the Classroom: Theory, Research, and Educational Implications, edited by L. D. Bendixen and F. C. Feucht, 55–93. New York: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Feucht, F. C. 2011. “The Epistemic Underpinnings of Mrs. M’s Reading Lesson on Drawing Conclusions: A Classroom-Based Research Study.” In Personal Epistemology and Teacher Education, edited by J. Brownlee, G. Schraw, and D. Berthelsen, 227–245. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Haerle, F. C., and L. D. Bendixen. 2008. “Personal Epistemology in Elementary Classrooms: A Conceptual Comparison of Germany and the United States and a Guide for Future Cross-Cultural Research.” In Knowing, Knowledge and Beliefs, edited by M. Khine, 151–176. Netherlands: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Hanish, L., and N. Guerra. 2004. “Aggressive Victims, Passive Victims, and Bullies: Developmental Continuity or Developmental Change.” Merrill-Palmer Quarterly 50: 17–38. doi: 10.1353/mpq.2004.0003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hitti, A., L. Mulvey, A. Rutland, D. Abrams, and M. Killen. 2014. “When Is It Okay to Exclude a Member of the Ingroup? Children’s and Adolescents’ Social Reasoning.” Social Development 23 (3): 451–469. doi: 10.1111/sode.12047
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofer, B. K. 2010. “Personal Epistemology in Asia: Burgeoning Research and Future Directions.” The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher 19 (1): 179–184. doi: 10.3860/taper.v19i1.1516
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson, P. W., R. E. Boostrom, and D. T. Hansen. 1993. The Moral Life of Schools. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
   Google Scholar
• Johansson, E., and B. Johansson. 2003. Etiska Möten i Skolan [Ethical encounters in school]. Stockholm: Liber.
   Google Scholar
• KidsMatter. 2008. “Helping Children Learn to Manage Anger.” Commonwealth of Australia. https://www.kidsmatter.edu.au.
   Google Scholar
• Killen, M. 2007. “Children’s Social and Moral Reasoning About Exclusion.” Current Directions in Psychological Science 16 (1): 32–36. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8721.2007.00470.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Killen, M., J. Lee-Kim, H. McGlothlin, and C. Stagnor. 2002. “How Children and Adolescents Evaluate Gender and Racial Exclusion.” Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development 67 (4), Serial No. 271, 1–29. doi: 10.1111/1540-5834.00219
   Google Scholar
• Killen, M., A. Rutland, D. Abrams, K. L. Mulvey, and A. Hitti. 2013. “Development of Intra- and Intergroup Judgments in the Context of Moral and Social–Conventional Norms.” Child Development 84: 1063–1080. doi: 10.1111/cdev.12011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Killen, M., S. Sinno, and N. G. Margie. 2007. “Children’s Experiences and Judgments About Group Exclusion and Inclusion.” In Advances in Child Development and Behavior, edited by R. Kail, 173–218. New York: Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• Killen, M., and J. G. Smetana. 2010. “Future Directions: Social Development in the Context of Social Justice.” Social Development 19: 642–657. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9507.2009.00548.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, J. M. 1998. “Korean Children’s Concepts of Adults and Peer Authority and Moral Reasoning.” Developmental Psychology 34: 947–955. doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.34.5.947
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kohlberg, L. 1984. The Psychology of Moral Development. San Francisco, CA: Harper and Row.
   Google Scholar
• Kuhn, D., R. Cheney, and M. Weinstock. 2000. “The Development of Epistemological Understanding.” Cognitive Development 15 (3): 309–328. doi: 10.1016/S0885-2014(00)00030-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuhn, D., and M. Weinstock. 2002. “What Is Epistemological Thinking and Why Does It Matter?” In Personal Epistemology: The Psychology of Beliefs About Knowledge and Knowing, edited by B. K. Hofer and P. R. Pintrich, 121–144. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Laupa, M., and E. Turiel. 1986. “Children’s Conceptions of Adult and Peer Authority.” Child Development 57: 405–412. doi: 10.2307/1130596
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MCEECDYA (Ministerial Council on Education, Early Childhood Development and Youth Affairs). 2008. Melbourne Declaration on Educational Goals for Young Australians. Canberra: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Mulvey, K., A. Hitti, and M. Killen. 2010. “The Development of Stereotyping and Exclusion.” Wiley Interdisciplinary Review: Cognitive Science 1 (4): 597–606.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Centre for Education Statistics. 2014. “ Enrolment and Percentage Distribution of Enrolment in Public Elementary and Secondary Schools, by Race/Ethnicity and Level of Education: Fall 1998 through Fall 2023.” Accessed November 25, 2015. https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d13/tables/dt13_203.60.asp?current=yes.
   Google Scholar
• Nesdale, D. 2013. “Social Identity and Children’s Intra- and Intergroup Attitudes: The Role of Social Acumen.” In Navigating the Social World: A Developmental Perspective, edited by M. Banaji and S. Gelman, 323–326. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Nesdale, D., M. Killen, and A. Duffy. 2013. “Children’s Cognition About Proactive Aggression.” Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 116: 674–692. doi: 10.1016/j.jecp.2013.07.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park, Y., and M. Killen. 2010. “When Is Peer Rejection Justifiable?: Children’s Understanding Across Two Cultures.” Cognitive Development 25: 290–301. doi: 10.1016/j.cogdev.2009.10.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piaget, J. 1932. The Moral Judgement of Children. London: Kegan Paul.
   Google Scholar
• Rubin, K., W. Bukowski, and J. Parker. 2006. “Peer Interactions, Relationships, and Groups.” In Handbook of Child Psychology, edited by N. Eisenberg, W. Damon, and R. Lerner, 6th ed., 571–645. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Sherman, A. 1996. Rules, Routines and Regimentation. Nottingham: Educational Heretics Press.
   Google Scholar
• Smetana, J. G. 1990. “Morality and Conduct Disorders.” In Handbook of Developmental Psychopathology, edited by M. Lewis and S. M. Millers, 157–179. New York: Plenum.
   Google Scholar
• Thornberg, R. 2008. “The Lack of Professional Knowledge in Values Education.” Teaching and Teacher Education 24 (7): 1791–1798. doi: 10.1016/j.tate.2008.04.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thornberg, R. 2010. “School Children's Social Representations on Bullying Causes.” Psychology in the Schools47 (4): 311–327.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turiel, E., and J. Smetana. 1984. “Social Knowledge and Social Action. The Coordination of Domains.” In Morality, Moral Behaviour, and Moral Development: Basic Issues in Theory and Research, edited by W. M. Kurtines and J. L. Gewirtz, 261–282. New York: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Wainryb, C., L. A. Shaw, M. Langley, K. Cottam, and R. Lewis. 2004. “Children’s Thinking About Diversity of Belief in the Early School Years: Judgments of Relativism, Tolerance, and Disagreeing Persons.” Child Development 75 (3): 687–703. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00701.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker, C. M., T. E. Wartenberg, and E. Winner. 2013. “Engagement in Philosophical Dialogue Facilitates Children’s Reasoning About Subjectivity.” Developmental Psychology 49 (7): 1338–1347. doi: 10.1037/a0029870
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wildenger, L. K., B. K. Hofer, and J. E. Burr. 2010. “Epistemological Development in Very Young Knowers.” In Epistemic Beliefs in the Classroom: Theory, Research and Implications for Practice, edited by L. D. Bendixen and F. C. Fleucht, 220–257. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Yang, F., and C. Tsai. 2010. “Reasoning About Science-Related Uncertain Issues and Epistemological Perspectives Among Children.” Instructional Science 38 (4): 325–354. doi: 10.1007/s11251-008-9084-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar