Psycho-physical and neurophysiological effects of qigong on depressed elders with chronic illness

References

• Abizanda , P , Luis Navarro , J , Isabel Garcia-Tomas , M , Lopez-Jimenez , E , Martinez-Sanchez , E and Paterna , G . 2012 . Validity and usefulness of hand-held dynamometry for measuring muscle strength in community-dwelling older persons . Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics , 54 : 21 – 27 . doi: 10.1016/j.archger.2011.02.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association . 2000 . Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-IV-TR. 4th text rev , Washington , DC : Author .
   Google Scholar
• An , B , Dai , K , Zhu , Z , Wang , Y , Hao , Y , Tang , T and Yan , H . 2008 . Baduanjin alleviates the symptoms of knee osteoarthritis . Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine , 14 : 167 – 174 . doi: 10.1089/acm.2007.0600
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Audette , J , Jin , Y , Newcomer , R , Stein , L , Duncan , G and Frontera , W . 2006 . Tai chi versus brisk walking in elderly women . Age and Ageing , 35 : 388 – 393 . doi: 10.1093/ageing/afl006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aznar , S , Klein , A B , Santini , M A , Knudsen , G M , Henn , F , Gass , P and Vollmayr , B . 2010 . Aging and depression vulnerability interaction results in decreased serotonin innervation associated with reduced BDNF levels in hippocampus of rats bred for learned helplessness . Synapse , 64 : 561 – 565 . doi: 10.1002/syn.20773
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Badawy , A AB . 2010 . Plasma free tryptophan revisited: What you need to know and do before measuring it . Journal of Psychopharmacology , 24 : 809 – 815 . doi: 10.1177/0269881108098965
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bechtol , C O . 1954 . Grip test – The use of a dynamometer with adjustable handle spacings . The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery – American , 36 : 820 – 832 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belmaker , R H and Agam , G . 2008 . Major depressive disorder . New England Journal of Medicine , 358 : 55 – 68 . doi: 10.1056/NEJMra073096
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boadella , J M , Kuijer , P P , Sluiter , J K and Frings-Dresen , M H . 2005 . Effect of self-selected handgrip position on maximal handgrip strength . Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation , 86 : 328 – 331 . doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2004.05.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bremmer , M A , Deeg , D JH , Beekman , A TF , Penninx , B WJH , Lips , P and Hoogendijk , W JG . 2007 . Major depression in late life is associated with both hypo- and hypercortisolemia . Biological Psychiatry , 62 : 479 – 486 . doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.11.033
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carvalhaes-Neto , N , Huayllas , M K , Ramos , L R , Cendoroglo , M S and Kater , C E . 2003 . Cortisol, DHEAS and aging: Resistance to cortisol suppression in frail institutionalized elderly . Journal of Endocrinological Investigation , 26 : 17 – 22 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan , C , Tso , I , Ho , R , Ng , S , Chan , C , Chan , J and Evans , P . 2006 . Short communication: The effect of a one-hour Eastern stress management session on salivary cortisol . Stress and Health , 22 : 45 – 49 . doi: 10.1002/smi.1075
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen , K , Lin , J , Lin , H , Wu , H , Chen , W , Li , C and Lo , S K . 2008 . The effects of a simplified tai-chi exercise program (STEP) on the physical health of older adults living in long-term care facilities: A single group design with multiple time points . International Journal of Nursing Studies , 45 : 501 – 507 . doi: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2006.11.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheung , B MY , Lo , J LF , Fong , D YT , Chan , M Y , Wong , S HT , Wong , V CW Karlberg , J PE . 2005 . Randomised controlled trial of qigong in the treatment of mild essential hypertension . Journal of Human Hypertension , 19 : 697 – 704 . doi: 10.1038/sj.jhh.1001884
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chien , C , Lee , C , Wu , Y and Wu , Y . 2011 . Home-based exercise improves the quality of life and physical function but not the psychological status of people with chronic heart failure: A randomised trial . Journal of Physiotherapy , 57 : 157 – 163 . doi: 10.1016/S1836-9553(11)70036-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiu , H FK , Lee , H C , Chung , W S and Kwong , P K . 1994 . Reliability and validity of the Cantonese version of mini-mental state examination: A preliminary study . Journal of Hong Kong College of Psychiatrists , 4 : 25 – 28 .
   Google Scholar
• Chiu , F PF and Tsang , H WH . 2004 . Validation of the Chinese general self-efficacy scale among individuals with schizophrenia in Hong Kong . International Journal of Rehabilitation Research , 27 : 159 – 161 . doi: 10.1097/01.mrr.0000127640.55118.6b
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chou , K L , Lee , P WH , Yu , E CS , Macfarlane , D , Cheng , Y H , Chan , S SC and Chi , I . 2004 . Effect of tai chi on depressive symptoms amongst Chinese older patients with depressive disorders: A randomized clinical trial . International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry , 19 : 1105 – 1107 . doi: 10.1002/gps.1178
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Oliveira , R J , Lopes , K M , Cordova , C and Bottaro , M . 2007 . Aerobic training and the changes on the serum levels of serotonin and in the symptoms of depression in elderly women . Biology of Sport , 24 : 255 – 264. . Retrieved from http://biolsport.com/index.php?p=1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diem , S J , Blackwell , T L , Stone , K L , Yaffe , K , Haney , E M , Bliziotes , M M and Ensrud , K E . 2007 . Use of antidepressants and rates of hip bone loss in older women . Archives of Internal Medicine , 167 : 1240 – 1245 . doi: 10.1001/archinte.167.12.1240
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dijkstra , P , Debont , L , Vanderweele , L and Boering , G . 1994 . Joint mobility measurements – Reliability of a standardized method . Cranio – The Journal of Craniomandibular Practice , 12 : 52 – 57 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fan , J and Chen , K . 2011 . Using silver yoga exercises to promote physical and mental health of elders with dementia in long-term care facilities . International Psychogeriatrics , 23 : 1222 – 1230 . doi: 10.1017/S1041610211000287
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Field , A P . 2009 . Discovering statistics using SPSS: (and sex and drugs and rock ‘n’ roll) , 3rd , London : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Folstein , M F , Folstein , S E and Mchugh , P R . 1975 . Mini-mental state – Practical method for grading cognitive state of patients for clinician . Journal of Psychiatric Research , 12 : 189 – 198 . doi: 10.1016/0022-3956(75)90026-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goveas , J , Csernansky , J and Coccaro , E . 2004 . Platelet serotonin content correlates inversely with life history of aggression in personality-disordered subjects . Psychiatry Research , 126 : 23 – 32 . doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2004.01.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamilton , M . 1960 . A rating scale for depression . Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery and Psychiatry , 23 : 56 – 62 . doi: 10.1136/jnnp.23.1.56
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Health Qigong Administration Centre, General Administration of Sport of China (2007). 健身气功社会体育指导员培训教材 [Training materials for social sport instructors of health qigong] (1st ed.). Beijing: People's Sports Publishing
   Google Scholar
• Heaney , J LJ , Phillips , A C and Carroll , D . 2010 . Ageing, depression, anxiety, social support and the diurnal rhythm and awakening response of salivary cortisol . International Journal of Psychophysiology , 78 : 201 – 208 . doi: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2010.07.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnston , L , Reid , A , Wilson , J , Levesque , J and Driver , B . 2007 . Detecting depression in the aged: Is there concordance between screening tools and the perceptions of nursing home staff and residents? A pilot study in a rural aged care facility . Australian Journal of Rural Health , 15 : 252 – 256 . doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1584.2007.00901.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jung , M J , Shin , B , Kim , Y , Shin , Y and Lee , M S . 2006 . Is there any difference in the effects of qi therapy (external qigong) with and without touching? A pilot study . International Journal of Neuroscience , 116 : 1055 – 1064 . doi: 10.1080/00207450600575474
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahn , J P , Rubinow , D R , Davis , C L , Kling , M and Post , R M . 1988 . Salivary cortisol – A practical method for evaluation of adrenal-function . Biological Psychiatry , 23 : 335 – 349 . doi: 10.1016/0006-3223(88)90284-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kjos , V and Etnier , J L . 2006 . Pilot study comparing physical and psychological responses in medical qigong and walking . Journal of Aging and Physical Activity , 14 : 241 – 253 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koukouvou , G , Kouidi , E , Iacovides , A , Konstantinidou , E , Kaprinis , G and Deligiannis , A . 2004 . Quality of life, psychological and physiological changes following exercise training in patients with chronic heart failure . Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine , 36 : 36 – 41 . doi: 10.1080/11026480310015549
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lan , C , Chou , S W , Chen , S Y , Lai , J S and Wong , M K . 2004 . The aerobic capacity and ventilatory efficiency during exercise in qigong and tai chi chuan practitioners . American Journal of Chinese Medicine , 32 : 141 – 150 . doi: 10.1142/S0192415X04001734
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee , H CB , Chiu , H FK , Kwok , W Y and Leung , C M . 1994 . Chinese elderly and the GDS short form: A preliminary study . Clinical Gerontologist: The Journal of Aging & Mental Health , 14 : 37 – 42 .
   Google Scholar
• Lee , M S , Kang , C W , Lim , H J and Lee , M S . 2004 . Effects of qi-training on anxiety and plasma concentrations of cortisol, ACTH, and aldosterone: A randomized placebo-controlled pilot study . Stress and Health , 20 : 243 – 248 . doi: 10.1002/smi.1023
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leentjens , A FG , Verhey , F RJ , Lousberg , R , Spitsbergen , H and Wilmink , F W . 2000 . The validity of the Hamilton and Montgomery–Asberg depression rating scales as screening and diagnostic tools for depression in Parkinson's disease . International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry , 15 : 644 – 649 . doi: 10.1002/1099-1166(200007)15:7<644::AID-GPS167>3.0.CO;2-L
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lester , S R , Brown , J R , Aycock , J E , Grubbs , S L and Johnson , R B . 2010 . Use of saliva for assessment of stress and its effect on the immune system prior to gross anatomy practical examinations . Anatomical Sciences Education , 3 : 160 – 167 . doi: 10.1002/ase.161
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lynch , D , Laws , K R and McKenna , P J . 2010 . Cognitive behavioural therapy for major psychiatric disorder: Does it really work? A meta-analytical review of well-controlled trials . Psychological Medicine , 40 : 9 – 24 . doi: 10.1017/S003329170900590X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manzaneque , J M , Vera , F M , Rodriguez , F M , Garcia , G J , Leyva , L and Blanca , M J . 2009 . Serum cytokines, mood and sleep after a qigong program: Is qigong an effective psychobiological tool? . Journal of Health Psychology , 14 : 60 – 67 . doi: 10.1177/1359105308097946
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mark , T L , Joish , V N , Hay , J W , Sheehan , D V , Johnston , S S and Cao , Z . 2011 . Antidepressant use in geriatric populations: The burden of side effects and interactions and their impact on adherence and costs . American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry , 19 : 211 – 221 . doi: 10.1097/JGP.0b013e3181f1803d
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markus , C R . 2008 . Dietary amino acids and brain serotonin function; implications for stress-related affective changes . Neuromolecular Medicine , 10 : 247 – 258 . doi: 10.1007/s12017-008-8039-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michalsen , A , Grossman , P , Acil , A , Langhorst , J , Ludtke , R , Esch , T Dobos , G J . 2005 . Rapid stress reduction and anxiolysis among distressed women as a consequence of a three-month intensive yoga program . Medical Science Monitor , 11 : 555 – 561 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mikosch , P , Hadrawa , T , Laubreiter , K , Brandl , J , Pilz , J , Stettner , H and Grimm , G . 2010 . Effectiveness of respiratory-sinus-arrhythmia biofeedback on state-anxiety in patients undergoing coronary angiography . Journal of Advanced Nursing , 66 : 1101 – 1110 . doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2010.05277.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moreno , J , Campos , M G , Lara , C , Lopez , G , Pavon , L , Hernandez , M E Torner , C . 2006 . Tryptophan and serotonin in blood and platelets of depressed patients: Effect of an antidepressant treatment . Salud Mental , 29 ( 4 ) : 1 – 8 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mottram , P , Wilson , K and Copeland , J . 2000 . Validation of the Hamilton depression rating scale and Montgommery and Asberg rating scales in terms of AGECAT depression cases . International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry , 15 : 1113 – 1119 . doi: 10.1002/1099-1166(200012)15:12<1113::AID-GPS253>3.0.CO;2-Y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ng , B HP and Tsang , H WH . 2009 . Psychophysiological outcomes of health qigong for chronic conditions: A systematic review . Psychophysiology , 46 : 257 – 269 . doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2008.00763.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oh , B , Butow , P , Mullan , B , Clarke , S , Beale , P , Pavlakis , N Rosenthal , D . 2010 . Impact of medical qigong on quality of life, fatigue, mood and inflammation in cancer patients: A randomized controlled trial . Annals of Oncology: Official Journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology/ESMO , 21 : 608 – 614 . doi: 10.1093/annonc/mdp479
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ottenbacher , K , Branch , L , Ray , L , Gonzales , V , Peek , M and Hinman , M . 2002 . The reliability of upper- and lower-extremity strength testing in a community survey of older adults . Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation , 83 : 1423 – 1427 . doi: 10.1053/apmr.2002.34619
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paradiso , S , Duff , K , Vaidya , J G , Hoth , A and Mold , J W . 2010 . Cognitive and daily functioning in older adults with vegetative symptoms of depression . International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry , 25 : 569 – 577 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parker , G and Fletcher , K . 2007 . Treating depression with the evidence-based psychotherapies: A critique of the evidence . Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica , 115 : 352 – 359 . doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2007.01007.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pawlow , L A and Jones , G E . 2002 . The impact of abbreviated progressive muscle relaxation on salivary cortisol . Biological Psychology , 60 ( 1 ) : 1 – 16 . doi: 10.1016/S0301-0511(02)00010-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rantanen , T , Volpato , S , Ferrucci , L , Heikkinen , E , Fried , L P and Guralnik , J M . 2003 . Handgrip strength and cause-specific and total mortality in older disabled women: Exploring the mechanism . Journal of the American Geriatrics Society , 51 : 636 – 641 . doi: 10.1034/j.1600-0579.2003.00207.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanacora , G , Mason , G F , Rothman , D L , Behar , K L , Hyder , F , Petroff , O AC Krystal , J H . 1999 . Reduced cortical gamma-aminobutyric acid levels in depressed patients determined by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy . Archives of General Psychiatry , 56 : 1043 – 1047 . doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.56.11.1043
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schatzberg , A F . 2007 . Safety and tolerability of antidepressants: Weighing the impact on treatment decisions . Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , 68 : 26 – 34 . doi: 10.4088/JCP.1107e26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schillerstrom , J E , Royall , D R and Palmer , R F . 2008 . Depression, disability and intermediate pathways: A review of longitudinal studies in elders . Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology , 21 : 183 – 197 . doi: 10.1177/0891988708320971
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stenlund , T , Lindstrom , B , Granlund , M and Burell , G . 2005 . Cardiac rehabilitation for the elderly: Qi gong and group discussions . European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation , 12 : 5 – 11 . doi: 10.1097/01.hjr.0000159274.4364.13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart , J W , Quitkin , F M , McGrath , P J and Klein , D F . 2005 . Defining the boundaries of atypical depression: Evidence from the HPA axis supports course of illness distinctions . Journal of Affective Disorders , 86 : 161 – 167 . doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2005.01.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Streeter , C C , Jensen , J E , Perlmutter , R M , Cabral , H J , Tian , H , Terhune , D B Renshaw , P F . 2007 . Yoga asana sessions increase brain GABA levels: A pilot study . Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine , 13 : 419 – 426 . doi: 10.1089/acm.2007.6338
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tabachnick , B G and Fidell , L S . 2001 . Using multivariate statistics , 4th , Boston , MA : Allyn and Bacon .
   Google Scholar
• Tam , S F and Watkins , D . 1997 . Development and validation of a self-concept questionnaire for Hong Kong Chinese adults who have physical disability . Social Behavior and Personality , 25 ( 1 ) : 1 – 11 . doi: 10.2224/sbp.1997.25.1.1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor , W D , McQuoid , D R and Krishnan , K RR . 2004 . Medical comorbidity in late-life depression . International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry , 19 : 935 – 943 . doi: 10.1002/gps.1186
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsang , H WH , Chan , E R and Cheung , W M . 2008 . Effects of mindful and non-mindful exercises on people with depression: A systematic review . British Journal of Clinical Psychology , 47 : 303 – 322 . doi: 10.1348/014466508X279260
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsang , H WH , Cheung , L and Lak , D CC . 2002 . Qigong as a psychosocial intervention for depressed elderly with chronic physical illnesses . International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry , 17 : 1146 – 1154 . doi: 10.1002/gps.739
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsang , H WH and Fung , K MT . 2008 . A review on neurobiological and psychological mechanisms underlying the anti-depressive effect of qigong exercise . Journal of Health Psychology , 13 : 857 – 863 . doi: 10.1177/1359105308095057
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsang , H WH , Fung , K MT , Chan , A SM , Lee , G and Chan , F . 2006 . Effect of a qigong exercise programme on elderly with depression . International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry , 21 : 890 – 897 . doi: 10.1002/gps.1582
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsang , H WH , Mok , C K , Yeung , Y TA and Chan , S YC . 2003 . The effect of qigong on general and psychosocial health of elderly with chronic physical illnesses: A randomized clinical trial . International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry , 18 : 441 – 449 . doi: 10.1002/gps.861
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsoh , J , Chiu , H FK , Duberstein , P R , Chan , S SM , Chi , I , Yip , P SF and Conwell , Y . 2005 . Attempted suicide in elderly Chinese persons – A multi-group, controlled study . American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry , 13 : 562 – 571 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turvey , C L , Schultz , S K , Beglinger , L and Klein , D M . 2009 . A longitudinal community-based study of chronic illness, cognitive and physical function, and depression . American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry , 17 : 632 – 641 . doi: 10.1097/JGP.0b013e31819c498c
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varadhan , R , Walston , J , Cappola , A R , Carlson , M C , Wand , G S and Fried , L P . 2008 . Higher levels and blunted diurnal variation of cortisol in frail older women . Journals of Gerontology Series A – Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences , 63 : 190 – 195 . doi: 10.1093/gerona/63.2.190
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vreeburg , S A , Hoogendijk , W J , van Pelt , J , Derijk , R H , Verhagen , J C , van Dyck , R Penninx , B W . 2009 . Major depressive disorder and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity: Results from a large cohort study . Archives of General Psychiatry , 66 : 617 – 26 . doi: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang , C , Bannuru , R , Ramel , J , Kupelnick , B , Scott , T and Schmid , C H . 2010 . Tai chi on psychological well-being: Systematic review and meta-analysis . BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine , 10 : 23 doi: 10.1186/1472-6882-10-23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang , S , Dong , L , Luo , J , Gong , J , Li , L , Lu , X and Han , S . 2007 . Decreased expression of serotonin in the jejunum and increased numbers of mast cells in the terminal ileum in patients with irritable bowel syndrome . World Journal of Gastroenterology , 13 : 6041 – 6047 . doi: 10.3748/wjg.13.6041
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wipfli , B , Landers , D , Nagoshi , C and Ringenbach , S . 2011 . An examination of serotonin and psychological variables in the relationship between exercise and mental health . Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports , 21 : 474 – 481 . doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2009.01049.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang , Y , Verkuilen , J V , Rosengren , K S , Grubisich , S A , Reed , M R and Hsiao-Wecksler , E T . 2007 . Effect of combined taiji and qigong training on balance mechanisms: A randomized controlled trial of older adults . Medical Science Monitor , 13 : 339 – 348 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yesavage , J A , Brink , T L , Rose , T L , Lum , O , Huang , V , Adey , M and Leirer , V O . 1983 . Development and validation of a geriatric depression screening scale – A preliminary-report . Journal of Psychiatric Research , 17 : 37 – 49 . doi: 10.1016/0022-3956(82)90033-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang , J X and Schwarzer , R . 1995 . Measuring optimistic self-beliefs – A Chinese adaptation of the general self-efficacy scale . Psychologia , 38 : 174 – 181 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimmerman , M , Martinez , J , Attiullah , N , Friedman , M , Toba , C , Boerescu , D A and Rahgeb , M . 2012 . Further evidence that the cutoff to define remission on the 17-item Hamilton depression rating scale should be lowered . Depression and Anxiety , 29 : 159 – 165 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar