References
- Alastalo, H., Räikkönen, K., Pesonen, A.-K., Clive, O., Barker, D.J.P., Heinonen, K., … Eriksson, J. (2012). Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in Finnish men and women separated temporarily from their parents in childhood – a life course study. Psychosomatic Medicine, 74, 583–587.
- Amir, M., & Lev-Wiesel, R. (2003). Time does not heal all wounds: Quality of life and psychological distress of people who survived the Holocaust as children 55 years later. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 16, 295–299.
- Antonovsky, A. (1987). Unraveling the mystery of health. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
- Asparouhov, T., & Muthén, B. (2010). Multiple imputation with Mplus (Technical report). Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthén.
- Barel, E., Van Ijzendoorn, M.H., Sagi-Schwartz, A., & Bakermans-Kranenburg, M.J. (2010). Surviving the Holocaust: A meta-analysis of the long-term sequelae of genocide. Psychological Bulletin, 136, 677–698.
- Beck, A.T. (1967). Depression: Causes and treatment. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.
- Bowlby, J. (1944). Forty-four juvenile thieves: Their characters and home lives. International Journal of Psycho-Analysis, XXV, 19–52.
- Bowlby, J., Miller, E., & Winnicott, D.W. (1939). Evacuation of small children. British Medical Journal, 2, 1202.
- Bretherton, I. (1992). The origins of attachment theory: John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth. Developmental Psychology, 28, 759–775.
- Cappeliez, P., & Robitaille, A. (2010). Coping mediates the relationships between reminiscence and psychological well-being among older adults. Aging & Mental Health, 14, 807–818.
- Clogg, C.C. (1995). Latent class models. In G. Arminger, C.C. Clogg, & M.E. Sobel (Eds.), Handbook of statistical modeling for the social and behavioral sciences ( Ch. 6; pp. 311–359). New York, NY: Plenum.
- Cohen M.M., Jing, D., Yang, R.R., Tottenham, N., Lee, F., & Casey, B.J. (2013). Early-life stress has persistent effects on amygdala function and development in mice and humans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 110, 18274–18278.
- Cunha, F., & Heckman, J.J. (2008). Formulating, identifying and estimating the technology of cognitive and non-cognitive skill formation. Journal of Human Resources, 43(4), 738–782.
- Dong, M., Giles, W.H., Felitti, V.J., Dube, S.R., Williams, J.E., Chapman, D.P., & Anda, R.F. (2004). Insight into causal pathways for ischemic heart disease: Adverse childhood experiences study. Circulation, 110, 1761–1766.
- Doyle, J. Jr. (2008). Child protection and adult crime: Using investigator assignment to estimate causal effects of foster care. Journal of Political Economy, 116, 746–770.
- Duncan, O. 1961. A socioeconomic index for all occupations. In A.J. Reiss Jr. (Ed.), Occupations and social status (pp. 109–138). New York, NY: Free Press.
- Erikson, R., & Goldthorpe, J.H. (2002). Intergenerational inequality: A sociological perspective. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 16, 31–44.
- Foster, D., Davies, S., & Steele, H. (2003). The evacuation of British children during World War 2: A preliminary investigation into the long-term psychological effects. Aging & Mental Health, 7, 398–408.
- Freud, A., & Burlingham, D. (1943/1973). War and children. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
- Fridman, A., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M.J., Sagi-Schwartz, A., & Van Ijzendoorn, M.H. (2011). Coping in old age with extreme childhood trauma: Aging Holocaust survivors and their offspring facing new challenges. Aging & Mental Health, 15, 232–242.
- Ganzeboom, H.B., De Graaf, P.M., & Treiman, D.J. (1992). A standard international socioeconomic index of occupational status. Social Science Research, 21, 1–56.
- Geyer, S. (1997). Some conceptual considerations on the sense of coherence. Social Science and Medicine, 44, 1771–1779.
- Gilman, S.E. (2002). Childhood socioeconomic status, life course pathways and adult mental health. International Journal of Epidemiology, 31, 359–367.
- Gilman, S.E. (2007). Invited commentary: The life course epidemiology of depression. American Journal of Epidemiology, 166, 1134–1137.
- Gilman, S.E., Kawachi, I., Fitzmaurice, G.M., & Buka, S.L. (2003). Family disruption in childhood and risk of adult depression. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 939–946.
- Hiskey, S., Luckie, M., Davies, S., & Brewin, C. (2008). The emergence of posttraumatic stress in later life: A review. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology, 4, 232–234.
- Kalland, M., Pensola, T., Meriläinen, J., & Sinkkonen, J. (2001). Mortality in children registered in the Finnish Child Welfare Registry: A population based study of 13,371 subjects. British Medical Journal, 323, 207–208.
- Kavén, P. (1985). 70 000 små öden: Finlands krigsbarn [ 70 000 Small Destinies: Finnish War Children]. Stockholm: Sahlgren.
- Kavén, P. (2010). Humanitaarisuuden varjossa: Poliittiset tekijät lastensiirroissa Ruotsiin sotiemme aikana ja niiden jälkeen [ In the shadows of humanity: Political factors regarding the evacuations to Sweden and the time after them] ( PhD Thesis). Helsinki University, Department of Philosophy, History, Culture and Art Studies, Helsinki.
- Kivimäki, M., Feldt, T., Vahtera, J., & Nurmi, J.-E. (2000). Sense of coherence and health: Evidence from two cross-lagged longitudinal samples. Social Science & Medicine, 50, 583–597.
- Korkeila, J., Vahtera, J., Korkeila, K., Kivimäki, M., Sumanen, M., Koskenvuo, K., & Koskenvuo, M. (2009). Childhood adversities as predictors of incident coronary heart disease and cerebrovascular disease. Heart, 96, 298–303.
- Korkeila, J., Vahtera, J., Nabi, H., Kivimäki, M., Korkeila, K., Sumanen, M., … Koskenvuo, M. (2010). Childhood adversities, adulthood life events and depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 127, 130–138.
- Korte, J., Bohlmeijer, E., Westerhof, G., & Pot, A. (2011). Reminiscence and adaptation to critical life events in older adults with mild to moderate depressive symptoms. Aging & Mental Health, 15, 638–646.
- Koskinen, S., Lundqvist, A., & Ristiluoma, N. (Eds.). (2012). Health, functional capacity and welfare in Finland in 2011 ( Report No. 68/2012). Helsinki: National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL).
- Lapp, L., Agbokou, C., & Ferreri, F. (2011). PTSD in the elderly: The interaction between trauma and aging. International Psychogeriatrics, 23, 856–868.
- Lindquist, M.J., & Santavirta, T. (2012). Does placing children in out-of-home care increase their adult criminality? Working paper 8/201, Swedish Institute for Social Research (SOFI), Stockholm University, Stockholm.
- Lomu, J. (1974). Lastensiirtokomitea ja sen arkisto 1941–1949 ( Archives of the Committee Of Child Evacuations 1941–1949). Helsinki: Finnish National Archives.
- Lundberg, O. (1997). Childhood conditions, sense of coherence, social class and adult in health: Exploring their theoretical and empirical relations. Social Science & Medicine, 44, 821–831.
- Niederland, W.G. (1968). Clinical observations on the ‘survivor syndrome’. The International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 49, 313–315.
- Nygrén, B., Aléx, L., Jonsén, E., Gustafson, Y., Nordberg, A., & Lundman, B. (2005). Resilience, sense of coherence, purpose in life and self-transcendence in relation to perceived physical and mental health among the oldest old. Aging & Mental Health, 9, 354–362.
- Nylund, K.L., Asparouhov, T., & Muthen, B.U. (2007). Deciding on the number of classes in latent class analysis and growth mixture modeling: A Monte Carlo simulation study. Structural Equation Modeling, 14, 535–569.
- Pesonen, A.-K., & Räikkönen, K. (2012). The lifespan consequences of early life stress. Physiology of Behaviour, 106, 722–727.
- Pesonen, A.-K., Räikkönen, K., Heinonen, K., Kajantie, E., Forsén, T., & Eriksson, J.G. (2007). Depressive symptoms in adults separated from their parents as children: A natural experiment during World War II. American Journal of Epidemiology, 166, 1126–1133.
- Pinquart, M., & Forstmeier, S. (2012). Effects of reminiscence interventions on psychosocial outcomes: A meta-analysis. Aging & Mental Health, 16, 541–558.
- Pynoos, R.S., Steinberg, A.M., & Piacentini, J.C. (1999). A developmental psychopathology model of childhood traumatic stress and intersection with anxiety disorders. Biological Psychiatry, 46, 1542–1554.
- Räsänen, E. (1992). Excessive life changes during childhood and their effects on mental and physical health in adulthood. Acta Paedopsychiatria, 55, 19–24.
- Rosenfeld, A.A., Pilowsky, D.J., Fine, P., Thorpe, M., Fein, E., Simms, M.D., … Nickman, S. (1997). Foster care: An update. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 448–457.
- Rusby, J.S., & Tasker, F. (2008). Childhood temporary separation: Long-term effects of the British evacuation of children during World War 2 on older adults’ attachment styles. Attachment & Human Development, 10, 207–221.
- Rusby, J.S., & Tasker, F. (2009). Long-term effects of the British evacuation of children during World War 2 on their adult mental health. Aging & Mental Health, 13, 391–404.
- Sandelin, S., Santavirta, N., Mattsson, B., Järventausta, S., & Keinänen, M. (2006). Lapsi myrskyn silmässä – sotalapsi silloin (1939-1945) ja nyt. Suomen lähihistorian avaamaton lehti [The child in the eye of the storm – war child then (1939-1945) and now. A blank page in Finnish history]. Historiallinen aikakausikirja, 104, 181–184.
- Santavirta, T., & Santavirta, N. (2014). Child protection and adult depression: Evaluating the long-term consequences of evacuating children to foster care during World War II. Health Economics, 23, 253–267.
- Springer, K.W. (2009). Childhood physical abuse and midlife physical health: Testing a multi-pathway life course model. Social Science & Medicine, 69, 138–146.
- Sumanen, M., Koskenvuo, M., Sillanmäki, L., & Mattila, K. (2005). Childhood adversities experienced by working aged coronary heart disease patients. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 59, 331–335.
- Törnkvist, C. (2009). Finländska krigsbarn. En undersökning om erfarenheter och långtidseffekter av evakueringarna 1939–1945 [ Finnish war children. A study of experiences and long-term effects of the evacuations 1939–1945] ( master's thesis). University of Helsinki, Department of Behavioural Sciences, Helsinki.
- Ware, J.E., & Sherbourne, C.D. (1992). The MOS 36-item short form health survey (SF-36). Medical Care, 30, 473–483.
- Waugh, M.J., Robbins, I., Davies, S., & Feigenbaum, J. (2007). The long-term impact of war experiences and evacuation on people who were children during World War Two. Aging & Mental Health, 11, 168–174.