Utilization of healthcare services among elderly with cognitive impairment no dementia and influence of depression and anxiety: a longitudinal study

References

• Adler, G., Chwalek, K., & Jajcevic, A. (2004). Six-month course of mild cognitive impairment and affective symptoms in late-life depression. European Psychiatry, 19, 502–505. doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2004.09.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albert, M.S., DeKosky, S.T., Dickson, D., Dubois, B., Feldman, H.H., Fox, N.C., … Phelps, C.H. (2011). The diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer's disease: Recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimer's & Dementia: Journal of the Alzheimer's Association, 7, 270–279. doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2011.03.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersen, R.M. (2008). National health surveys and the behavioral model of health services use. Medical Care, 46, 647–653. doi:10.1097/MLR.0b013e31817a835d
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• APA. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5) (5th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric
   Google Scholar
• Barnard, L., Lantin, S., & Roberge, L. (2001). Portrait quotidien de la consommation médicamenteuse des personnes âgées: régime d'assurance médicaments administré par la Régie de l'assurance maladie du Québec: les 9 juin 1996, 7 juin 1998 et 11 juin 2000. [Daily portrait of drug consumption in seniors: drug insurance plan administered by the Régie de l'assurance maladie du Québec: 9 June 1996, 7 June 1998 and 11 June 2000]. (Régie de l'assurance maladie du Québec Ed.). Québec: Bibliothéque nationale du Québec.
   Google Scholar
• Beekman, A.T., Penninx, B.W., Deeg, D.J., de Beurs, E., Geerling, S.W., & van Tilburg, W. (2002). The impact of depression on the well-being, disability and use of services in older adults: A longitudinal perspective. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 105, 20–27. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0447.2002.10078.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bland, R.C., & Streiner, D.L. (2013). Why screening for depression in primary care is impractical. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 185, 753–754. doi:10.1503/cmaj.130634
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradshaw, L.E., Goldberg, S.E., Lewis, S.A., Whittamore, K., Gladman, J.R., Jones, R.G., & Harwood, R.H. (2013). Six-month outcomes following an emergency hospital admission for older adults with co-morbid mental health problems indicate complexity of care needs. Age and Ageing, 42, 582–588. doi:10.1093/ageing/aft074
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burroughs, H., Lovell, K., Morley, M., Baldwin, R., Burns, A., & Chew-Graham, C. (2006). ‘Justifiable depression’: How primary care professionals and patients view late-life depression? A qualitative study. Family Practice, 23, 369–377. doi:10.1093/fampra/cmi115
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calleo, J., Stanley, M.A., Greisinger, A., Wehmanen, O., Johnson, M., Novy, D., … Kunik, M. (2009). Generalized anxiety disorder in older medical patients: Diagnostic recognition, mental health management and service utilization. Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings, 16, 178–185. doi:10.1007/s10880-008-9144-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chodosh, J., Seeman, T.E., Keeler, E., Sewall, A., Hirsch, S.H., Guralnik, J.M., & Reuben, D.B. (2004). Cognitive decline in high-functioning older persons is associated with an increased risk of hospitalization. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 52, 1456–1462. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2004.52407.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chong, M.S., Chan, M., Tay, L., & Ding, Y.Y. (2014). Outcomes of an innovative model of acute delirium care: The Geriatric Monitoring Unit (GMU). Journal of Clinical Interventions in Aging, 9, 603–612. doi:10.2147/cia.s60259
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Comijs, H.C., Dik, M.G., Aartsen, M.J., Deeg, D.J.H., & Jonker, C. (2005). The impact of change in cognitive functioning and cognitive decline on disability, well-being, and the use of healthcare services in older persons: Results of the longitudinal aging study Amsterdam. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 19, 316–323. doi:10.1159/000084557
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corcoran, J., Brown, E., Davis, M., Pineda, M., Kadolph, J., & Bell, H. (2013). Depression in older adults: A meta-synthesis. Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 56, 509–534. doi:10.1080/01634372.2013.811144
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Crum, R.M., Anthony, J.C., Bassett, S.S., & Folstein, M.F. (1993). Population-based norms for the Mini-Mental State Examination by age and educational level. Journal of the American Medical Association, 269, 2386–2391. doi:10.1001/jama.1993.03500180078038
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Beurs, E., Beekman, A.T.F., van Balkom, A.J.L.M., Deeg, D.J.H., van Dyck, R., & van Tilburg, W. (1999). Consequences of anxiety in older persons: Its effect on disability, well-being and use of health services. Psychological Medicine, 29, 583–593. doi:10.1017/s0033291799008351
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diefenbach, G.J., Robison, J.T., Tolin, D.F., & Blank, K. (2004). Late-life anxiety disorders among Puerto Rican primary care patients: Impact on well-being, functioning, and service utilization. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 18, 841–858. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2003.10.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diniz, B.S., Butters, M.A., Albert, S.M., Dew, M.A., & Reynolds, C.F., 3rd. (2013). Late-life depression and risk of vascular dementia and Alzheimer's disease: Systematic review and meta-analysis of community-based cohort studies. British Journal of Psychiatry, 202, 329–335. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.112.118307
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ehlenbach, W.J., Hough, C.L., Crane, P.K., Haneuse, S.J., Carson, S.S., Curtis, J.R., & Larson, E.B. (2010). Association between acute care and critical illness hospitalization and cognitive function in older adults. Journal of the American Medical Association, 303, 763–770. doi:10.1001/jama.2010.167
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erdman, H.P., Klein, M.H., Greist, J.H., Skare, S.S., Husted, J.J., Robins, L.N., … Miller, J.P. (1992). A comparison of two computer-administered versions of the NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 26, 85–95. doi:10.1016/0022-3956(92)90019-K
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feng, L., Yap, K.B., Kua, E.H., & Ng, T.P. (2009). Depressive symptoms, physician visits and hospitalization among community-dwelling older adults. International Psychogeriatrics, 21, 568–575. doi:10.1017/s1041610209008965
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fowler, N.R., Morrow, L.A., Tu, L.C., Landsittel, D.P., Snitz, B.E., Rodriquez, E.G., & Saxton, J.A. (2012). Association between cognitive decline in older adults and utilization of primary care physician services in Pennsylvania. Journal of Primary Care & Community Health, 3, 201–209. doi:10.1177/2150131911434204
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gaboreau, Y., Imbert, P., Jacquet, J.P., Paumier, F., Couturier, P., & Gavazzi, G. (2014). Factors affecting dementia screening by general practitioners in community-dwelling elderly populations: A large cross-sectional study in 2 areas of France. Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders, 28, 58–64. doi:10.1097/WAD.0b013e318298fa7e
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ganguli, M., Dodge, H.H., Shen, C., & DeKosky, S.T. (2004). Mild cognitive impairment, amnestic type: An epidemiologic study. Neurology, 63, 115–121. doi:10.1212/01.WNL.0000132523.27540.81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao, Y., Huang, C., Zhao, K., Ma, L., Qiu, X., Zhang, L., … Xiao, Q. (2013). Depression as a risk factor for dementia and mild cognitive impairment: A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 28, 441–449. doi:10.1002/gps.3845
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goncalves, D.C., Coelho, C.M., & Byrne, G.J. (2014). The use of healthcare services for mental health problems by middle-aged and older adults. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 59, 393–397. doi:10.1016/j.archger.2014.04.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gould, R.L., Coulson, M.C., & Howard, R.J. (2012). Efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy for anxiety disorders in older people: A meta-analysis and meta-regression of randomized controlled trials. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 60, 218–229. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2011.03824.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Government of Canada. (2011). Population by knowledge of official language, by province and territory (2011 Census). Statistics Canada. Retrieved from http://www.statcan.gc.ca/tables-tableaux/sum-som/l01/cst01/demo15-eng.htm
   Google Scholar
• Government of Quebec. (2014). Seuil de faible revenu (avant impôt) pour chaque année selon la taille du ménage. [Low income cut-offs (before taxation) for each year according to household size]. Québec: Statistique Canada. Retrieved from http://cdn.carra.gouv.qc.ca/g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral/pages/IN99KXXX00A001.aspx
   Google Scholar
• Government of Quebec. (2015). Prescription drug insurance. Quebec: Régie de l'assurance maladie du Québec. Retrieved from http://www.ramq.gouv.qc.ca/en/citizens/prescription-drug-insurance/Pages/eligibility.aspx
   Google Scholar
• Gurmankin, L.A., Maselko, J., Bauer, M., Richman, L., & Kubzansky, L. (2007). Why do people with an anxiety disorder utilize more nonmental health care than those without? Health Psychology, 26, 545–553. doi:10.1037/0278-6133.26.5.545
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hébert, R., Bravo, G., & Girouard, D. (1992). Validation de l'adaptation fran¸aise du Modified Mini-Mental State (3MS). [ Validation of the French adaptation of the Modified Mini-Mental State (3MS)]. Revue de Gériatrie, 17, 443–450.
   Google Scholar
• Helmer, C., Peres, K., Pariente, A., Pasquier, F., Auriacombe, S., Poncet, M., … Dartigues, J.F. (2008). Primary and secondary care consultations in elderly demented individuals in France. Results from the Three-City Study. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 26, 407–415. doi:10.1159/000164692
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hensel, A., Angermeyer, M.C., & Riedel-Heller, S.G. (2007). Measuring cognitive change in older adults: Reliable change indices for the Mini-Mental State Examination. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 78, 1298–1303. doi:10.1136/jnnp.2006.109074
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, B.Y., Cornoni-Huntley, J., Hays, J.C., Huntley, R.R., Galanos, A.N., & Blazer, D.G. (2000). Impact of depressive symptoms on hospitalization risk in community-dwelling older persons. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 48, 1279–1284.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hudon, C., Potvin, O., Turcotte, M.-C., D'Anjou, C., Dubé, M., Préville, M., & Brassard, J. (2009). Normalisation du Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) chez les Québécois francophones âgés de 65 ans et plus et résidant dans la communauté. [Standardization of the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) with francophone Quebec residents aged 65 years and older and residing in the community.]. Canadian Journal on Aging, 28, 347–357. doi:10.1017/S0714980809990171
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunger, M., Schwarzkopf, L., Heier, M., Peters, A., & Holle, R. (2013). Official statistics and claims data records indicate non-response and recall bias within survey-based estimates of health care utilization in the older population. BMC Health Services Research, 13, 1–11. doi:10.1186/1472-6963-13-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Irwin, M.R., Cole, J.C., & Nicassio, P.M. (2006). Comparative meta-analysis of behavioral interventions for insomnia and their efficacy in middle-aged adults and in older adults 55+ years of age. Health Psychology, 25, 3–14. doi:10.1037/0278-6133.25.1.3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joffres, M., Jaramillo, A., Dickinson, J., Lewin, G., Pottie, K., Shaw, E., … Tonelli, M. (2013). Recommendations on screening for depression in adults. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 185, 775–782. doi:10.1503/cmaj.130403
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katzman, M.A., Bleau, P., Blier, P., Chokka, P., Kjernisted, K., & Van Ameringen, M. (2014). Canadian clinical practice guidelines for the management of anxiety, posttraumatic stress and obsessive-compulsive disorders. BMC Psychiatry, 14, 1–83. doi:10.1186/1471-244x-14-s1-s1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, H., Park, S.-M., Jang, S.-N., & Kwon, S. (2011). Depressive symptoms, chronic medical illness, and health care utilization: Findings from the Korean Longitudinal Study of Ageing (KLoSA). International Psychogeriatrics, 23, 1285–1293. doi:10.1017/s1041610211000123
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koepsell, T.D., & Monsell, S.E. (2012). Reversion from mild cognitive impairment to normal or near-normal cognition: Risk factors and prognosis. Neurology, 79, 1591–1598. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e31826e26b7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krumholz, H.M. (2013). Post-hospital syndrome – an acquired, transient condition of generalized risk. New England Journal of Medicine, 368, 100–102. doi:10.1056/NEJMp1212324
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lader, M. (2011). Benzodiazepines revisited – will we ever learn? Addiction, 106, 2086–2109. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03563.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laidlaw, K. (2013). A deficit in psychotherapeutic care for older people with depression and anxiety. Gerontology, 59, 549–556. doi:10.1159/000351439
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, B.W., Conwell, Y., Shah, M.N., Barker, W.H., Delavan, R.L., & Friedman, B. (2008). Major depression and emergency medical services utilization in community-dwelling elderly persons with disabilities. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 23, 1276–1282. doi:10.1002/gps.2063
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, J.S., Potter, G.G., Wagner, H.R., Welsh-Bohmer, K.A., & Steffens, D.C. (2007). Persistent mild cognitive impairment in geriatric depression. International Psychogeriatrics, 19, 125–135. doi:10.1017/s1041610206003607
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopez, O.L., Jagust, W.J., DeKosky, S.T., Becker, J.T., Fitzpatrick, A., Dulberg, C., … Kuller, L.H. (2003). Prevalence and classification of mild cognitive impairment in the Cardiovascular Health Study Cognition Study: Part 1. Archives of Neurology, 60, 1385–1389. doi:10.1001/archneur.60.10.1385
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luppa, M., Sikorski, C., Motzek, T., Konnopka, A., Konig, H.H., & Riedel-Heller, S.G. (2012). Health service utilization and costs of depressive symptoms in late life – a systematic review. Current Pharmaceutical Design, 18, 5936–5957. doi:10.2174/138161212803523572
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mackenzie, C.S., Pagura, J., & Sareen, J. (2010). Correlates of perceived need for and use of mental health services by older adults in the collaborative psychiatric epidemiology surveys. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 18, 1103–1115. doi:10.1097/JGP.0b013e3181dd1c06
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mackenzie, C.S., Scott, T., Mather, A., & Sareen, J. (2008). Older adults' help-seeking attitudes and treatment beliefs concerning mental health problems. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 16, 1010–1019. doi:10.1097/JGP.0b013e31818cd3be
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCusker, J., Cardin, S., Bellavance, F., & Belzile, E. (2000). Return to the emergency department among elders: Patterns and predictors. Academic Emergency Medicine, 7, 249–259. doi:10.1111/j.1553-2712.2000.tb01070.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McEvoy, G.K. (2008). American Hospital Formulary Service drug information 2008. Bethesda, MD: American Society of Health-System Pharmacists.
   Google Scholar
• Mechakra-Tahiri, S.-D., Zunzunegui, M.V., Dubé, M., & Préville, M. (2011). Associations of social relationships with consultation for symptoms of depression: A community study of depression in older men and women in Québec. Psychological Reports, 108, 537–552. doi:10.2466/02.13.15.pr0.108.2.537-552
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell, A.J., Meader, N., & Pentzek, M. (2011). Clinical recognition of dementia and cognitive impairment in primary care: A meta-analysis of physician accuracy. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 124, 165–183. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2011.01730.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohlman, J., Bryant, C., Lenze, E.J., Stanley, M.A., Gum, A., Flint, A., … Craske, M.G. (2012). Improving recognition of late life anxiety disorders in Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition: Observations and recommendations of the Advisory Committee to the Lifespan Disorders Work Group. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 27, 549–556. doi:10.1002/gps.2752
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morin, C.M., Colecchi, C., Stone, J., Sood, R., & Brink, D. (1999). Behavioral and pharmacological therapies for late-life insomnia: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Medical Association, 281, 991–999. doi:10.1001/jama.281.11.991
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nasreddine, Z.S., Phillips, N.A., Bédirian, V., Charbonneau, S., Whitehead, V., Collin, I., … Chertkow, H. (2005). The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA: A brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 53, 695–699. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53221.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health. (2010). Depression: The Treatment and Management of Depression in Adults (Updated Edition) (National Institute for Health & Clinical Excellence Ed.). Leicester: The British Psychological Society & The Royal College of Psychiatrists.
   Google Scholar
• Naughton, C., Drennan, J., Treacy, P., Fealy, G., Kilkenny, M., Johnson, F., & Butler, M. (2010). The role of health and non-health-related factors in repeat emergency department visits in an elderly urban population. Emergency Medicine Journal, 27, 683–687. doi:10.1136/emj.2009.077917
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oremus, M., & Aguilar, S.C. (2011). A systematic review to assess the policy-making relevance of dementia cost-of-illness studies in the US and Canada. Pharmacoeconomics, 29, 141–156. doi:10.2165/11539450-000000000-00000
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osborne, J.W., & Overbay, A. (2004). The power of outliers (and why researchers should always check for them). Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation, 9. Retrieved from http://pareonline.net/getvn.asp?v=9&n=6
   Google Scholar
• Ouslander, J.G., & Berenson, R.A. (2011). Reducing unnecessary hospitalizations of nursing home residents. New England Journal of Medicine, 365, 1165–1167. doi:10.1056/NEJMp1105449
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panza, F., Frisardi, V., Capurso, C., D'Introno, A., Colacicco, A.M., Imbimbo, B.P., … Solfrizzi, V. (2010). Late-life depression, mild cognitive impairment, and dementia: Possible continuum? American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 18, 98–116. doi:10.1097/JGP.0b013e3181b0fa13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petersen, R.C., Doody, R., Kurz, A., Mohs, R.C., Morris, J.C., Rabins, P.V., … Winblad, B. (2001). Current concepts in mild cognitive impairment. Archives of Neurology, 58, 1985–1992. doi:10.1001/archneur.58.12.1985
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porensky, E.K., Dew, M.A., Karp, J.F., Skidmore, E., Rollman, B.L., Shear, M.K., & Lenze, E.J. (2009). The burden of late-life generalized anxiety disorder: Effects on disability, health-related quality of life, and healthcare utilization. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 17, 473–482. doi:10.1097/JGP.0b013e31819b87b2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potvin, O., Lorrain, D., Forget, H., Dubé, M., Grenier, S., Préville, M., & Hudon, C. (2012). Sleep quality and 1-year incident cognitive impairment in community-dwelling older adults. Sleep: Journal of Sleep and Sleep Disorders Research, 35, 491–499. doi:10.5665/sleep.1732
   Google Scholar
• Préville, M., Bossé, C., Vasiliadis, H.-M., Voyer, P., Laurier, C., Berbiche, D., … Moride, Y. (2012). Correlates of potentially inappropriate prescriptions of benzodiazepines among older adults: Results from the ESA Study. Canadian Journal on Aging, 31, 313–322. doi:10.1017/S0714980812000232
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Préville, M., Boyer, R., Grenier, S., Dubé, M., Voyer, P., Punti, R., … Brassard, J. (2008). The epidemiology of psychiatric disorders in Quebec's older adult population. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 53, 822–832.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts, R.O., Knopman, D.S., Mielke, M.M., Cha, R.H., Pankratz, V.S., Christianson, T.J., … Petersen, R.C. (2014). Higher risk of progression to dementia in mild cognitive impairment cases who revert to normal. Neurology, 82, 317–325. doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000000055
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robins, L.N., Cottler, L.B., Bucholz, K.K., Compton, W.M., North, C.S., & Rourke, K. (Eds.). (2000). The diagnostic interview schedule for DSM-IV (DIS-IV). St. Louis, MO: Washington University School of Medicine.
   Google Scholar
• Rottenberg, Y., Jacobs, J.M., & Stessman, J. (2013). Depression and health service utilization from age 70 to 85: The Jerusalem Longitudinal Study. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 14, 711.e1–711.e6. doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2013.06.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubin, D.B., & Schenker, N. (1991). Multiple imputation in health-care databases: An overview and some applications. Statistics in Medecine, 10, 585–598. doi:10.1002/sim.4780100410
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandberg, M., Kristensson, J., Midlöv, P., Fagerström, C., & Jakobsson, U. (2012). Prevalence and predictors of healthcare utilization among older people (60+): Focusing on ADL dependency and risk of depression. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 54, e349–e363. doi:10.1016/j.archger.2012.02.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sewitch, M.J., Blais, R., Rahme, E., Galarneau, S., & Bexton, B. (2006). Pharmacologic response to a diagnosis of late-life depression: A population study in Quebec. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 51, 363–370.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shah, M.N., Jones, C.M., Richardson, T.M., Conwell, Y., Katz, P., & Schneider, S.M. (2011). Prevalence of depression and cognitive impairment in older adult emergency medical services patients. Prehospital Emergency Care, 15, 4–11. doi:10.3109/10903127.2010.514093
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheets, D.J., & Gallagher, E.M. (2013). Aging in Canada: State of the art and science. The Gerontologist, 53, 1–8. doi:10.1093/geront/gns150
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sonnenberg, C.M., Deeg, D.J., Comijs, H.C., van Tilburg, W., & Beekman, A.T. (2008). Trends in antidepressant use in the older population: Results from the LASA-study over a period of 10 years. Journal of Affective Disorders, 111, 299–305. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2008.03.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soudry, A., Dufouil, C., Ritchie, K., Dartigues, J.F., Tzourio, C., & Alperovitch, A. (2008). Factors associated with antidepressant use in depressed and non-depressed community-dwelling elderly: The three-city study. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 23, 324–330. doi:10.1002/gps.1890
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanley, M., Diefenbach, G., Hopko, D., Novy, D., Kunik, M., Wilson, N., & Wagener, P. (2003). The nature of generalized anxiety in older primary care patients: Preliminary findings. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 25, 273–280. doi:10.1023/a:1025903214019
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephan, B.C., Matthews, F.E., Khaw, K.T., Dufouil, C., & Brayne, C. (2009). Beyond mild cognitive impairment: Vascular cognitive impairment, no dementia (VCIND). Alzheimer's Research & Therapy, 1, 4. doi:10.1186/alzrt4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephens, C.E., Newcomer, R., Blegen, M., Miller, B., & Harrington, C. (2012). Emergency department use by nursing home residents: Effect of severity of cognitive impairment. The Gerontologist, 52, 383–393. doi:10.1093/geront/gnr109
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tabachnick, B.G., & Fidell, L.S. (2012). Using multivariate statistics (6th ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon/Pearson Education.
   Google Scholar
• Thomson, S., Osborn, R., Squires, D., & Jun, M. (2013). International profiles of health care systems. New York, NY: The Commonwealth Fund. Retrieved from http://www.commonwealthfund.org/∼/media/Files/Publications/Fund%20Report/2013/Nov/1717_Thomson_intl_profiles_hlt_care_sys_2013_v2.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Trudel, J.-F., & Roy-Desruisseaux, J. (2014). Les psychotropes chez les aînés, il faut lever le pied! [ Psychotropic drugs for seniors, we must slow down!]. Le Médecin du Québec, 49, 39–44.
   Google Scholar
• Tuokko, H., Frerichs, R., Graham, J., Rockwood, K., Kristjansson, B., Fisk, J., … McDowell, I. (2003). Five-year follow-up of cognitive impairment with no dementia. Archives of Neurology, 60, 577–582. doi:10.1001/archneur.60.4.577
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Linde, R.M., Stephan, B.C., Savva, G.M., Dening, T., & Brayne, C. (2012). Systematic reviews on behavioural and psychological symptoms in the older or demented population. Alzheimer's Research & Therapy, 4, 1–23. doi:10.1186/alzrt131
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Doorslaer, E., Masseria, C., & Koolman, X. (2006). Inequalities in access to medical care by income in developed countries. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 174, 177–183. doi:10.1503/cmaj.050584
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vasilevskis, E.E., Han, J.H., Hughes, C.G., & Ely, E.W. (2012). Epidemiology and risk factors for delirium across hospital settings. Best Practice & Research Clinical Anaesthesiology, 26, 277–287. doi:10.1016/j.bpa.2012.07.003
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ward, A., Arrighi, H.M., Michels, S., & Cedarbaum, J.M. (2012). Mild cognitive impairment: Disparity of incidence and prevalence estimates. Alzheimer's & Dementia: Journal of the Alzheimer's Association, 8, 14–21. doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2011.01.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weston, A.L., Weinstein, A.M., Barton, C., & Yaffe, K. (2010). Potentially inappropriate medication use in older adults with mild cognitive impairment. The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 65, 318–321. doi:10.1093/gerona/glp158
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wetherell, J.L., Petkus, A.J., McChesney, K., Stein, M.B., Judd, P.H., Rockwell, E., … Patterson, T.L. (2009). Older adults are less accurate than younger adults at identifying symptoms of anxiety and depression. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 197, 623–626. doi:10.1097/NMD.0b013e3181b0c081
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson, R.S., Hebert, L.E., Scherr, P.A., Dong, X., Leurgens, S.E., & Evans, D.A. (2012). Cognitive decline after hospitalization in a community population of older persons. Neurology, 78, 950–956. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e31824d5894
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wittchen, H.U., Robins, L.N., Cottler, L.B., Sartorius, N., Burke, J.D., & Regier, D. (1991). Cross-cultural feasibility, reliability and sources of variance of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). The Multicentre WHO/ADAMHA Field Trials. British Journal of Psychiatry, 159, 645–653.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolinsky, F.D., Liu, L., Miller, T.R., An, H., Geweke, J.F., Kaskie, B., … Wallace, R.B. (2008). Emergency department utilization patterns among older adults. The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 63A, 204–209. doi:10.1093/gerona/63.2.204
   Google Scholar
• Yates, J.A., Clare, L., & Woods, R.T. (2013). Mild cognitive impairment and mood: A systematic review. Reviews in Clinical Gerontology, 23, 317–356. doi:10.1017/S0959259813000129
   Google Scholar