Off-label use of antipsychotics and associated factors in community living older adultsFootnote^*

* This research was conducted at the Charles-Le Moyne Hospital Research Center², Quebec, Canada.

References

• Alessi-Severini, S.,Biscontri, R. G., Collins, D. M., Kozyrskyj, A., Sareen, J., & Enns, M. W. (2008). Utilization and costs of antipsychotic agents: A Canadian population-based study, 1996–2006. Psychiatric Services, 59(5), 547–553. doi: 10.1176/appi.ps.59.5.547
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alexander, G. C., Gallagher, S. A., Mascola, A., Moloney, R. M., & Stafford, R. S. (2011). Increasing off-label use of antipsychotic medications in the United States, 1995–2008. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety, 20(2), 177–184. doi: 10.1002/pds.2082.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersen, R., & Newman, J. F. (1973). Societal and individual determinants of medical care utilization in the United States. The Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly Health and Society, 51(1), 95–124.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Andersen, R. M. (1995). Revisiting the behavioral model and access to medical care: does it matter? Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 36(1), 1–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azermai, M. (2015). Dealing with behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia: A general overview. Psychology Research BehaviorManagement, 8, 181–185. doi: 10.2147/PRBM.S44775.eCollection2015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barton, S., Karner, C., Salih, F., Baldwin, D. S., & Edwards, S. J. (2014). Clinical effectiveness of interventions for treatment-resistant anxiety in older people: A systematic review. Health Technology Assessment, 18(50), 1–59. doi: 10.3310/hta18500
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauer, M., Lee, A., Li, M., Bajor, L., Rasmusson, A., & Kazis, L. E. (2014). Off-label use of second generation antipsychotics for post-traumatic stress disorder in the Department of Veterans Affairs: Time trends and sociodemographic, comorbidity, and regional correlates. Pharmacoepidemiology Drug Safety, 23(1), 77–86. doi: 10.1002/pds.3507
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brett, J. (2015). Concerns about quetiapine. Australian Prescriber, 38(3), 95–97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carton, L., Cottencin, O., Lapeyre-Mestre, M., Geoffroy, P. A., & Favre, J. (2015). Off-label prescribing of antipsychotics in adults, children and elderly individuals: A systematic review of recent prescription trends. Current Pharmaceutical Design, 21(23), 3280–3297.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, H., Reeves, J. H., Fincham, J. E., Kennedy, W. K., Dorfman, J. H., & Martin, B. C. (2006). Off-label use of antidepressant, anticonvulsant, and antipsychotic medications among Georgia medicaid enrollees in 2001. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 67(6), 972–982.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, B. E., Shi, Y., Neylan, T. C., Maguen S., & Seal K. H. (2015). Antipsychotic prescriptions in Iraq and Afghanistan veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder in Department of Veterans Affairs healthcare, 2007–2012. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 76(4), 406–412. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.13m08857
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Courtemanche, R., & Tarte, F. (1987). Sampling plan for the Québec Health Survey, Technical Manual 87–02. Quebec: Ministry of Health and Social Services, Government of Quebec.
   Google Scholar
• Cox, B. G., & Cohen S. B. (1985). Methodological issues for health care surveys. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker.
   Google Scholar
• Donohue, JM, Normand, S. L., Horvitz-Lennon, M., Men, A., Berndt, E. R., & Huskamp, H. A. (2016). Regional variation in physician adoption of antipsychotics: Impact on US medicare expenditures. Journal of Mental Health Policy Economics, 19(2), 69–78.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Driessen, J., Baik, S. H., & Zhang, Y. (2016). Trends in off-label use of second-generation antipsychotics in the medicare population from 2006–2012. Psychiatric Services, 67(8), 898–903. doi:10.1176/appi.ps.201500316
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eguale, T., Buckeridge, D. L., Winslade, N. E., Benedetti A., Hanley, J. A., & Tamblyn, R. (2012). Drug, patient, and physician characteristics associated with off-label prescribing in primary care. Archives Internal Medicine, 172(10), 781–788. doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2012.340
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Farrell B., Pottie, K., Rojas-Fernandez, C. H., Bjerre L. M., Thompson, W., & Welch, V. (2016). Methodology for developing deprescribing guidelines: Using evidence and RADE to guide recommendations for deprescribing. PLoS One, 11(8), e0161248.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fiest, K., Jette, N., & Quan H. (2014). Systematic review and assessment of validated case definitions for depression in administrative data. BMC Psychiatry, 14, 289. doi:10.1186/s12888-014-0289-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Food & Drug Administration (FDA). (2008). FDA requests boxed warnings on older class of antipsychotic drugs (News & Events). Accessed 27 January 2016. Retrieved from http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/2008/ucm116912.htm
   Google Scholar
• Health Canada (Santé Canada). (2005). Recalls and safety alerts: Health Canada advises consumers about important safety information on atypical antipsychotic drugs and dementia. Accessed 27 January 2016. Retrieved from http://canadiensensante.gc.ca/recall-alert-rappel-avis/hc-sc/2005/13696a-fra.php
   Google Scholar
• Health Canada. (2016). Drug product database online query. Accessed 25 June 2016. Retrieved from http://webprod5.hc-sc.gc.ca/dpd-bdpp/index-eng.jsp
   Google Scholar
• Herzig, S. J., Rothberg, M. B., Guess, J. R., Stevens, J. P., Marshall, J., Gurwitz, J. H., & Marcantonio, E. R. (2016). Antipsychotic use in hospitalized adults: Rates, indications, and predictors. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 64(2), 299–305. doi:10.1111/jgs.13943
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hilleret, H., Falconnet, C., Le Saint, L., Perrenoud J. J., Michel, J. P., & Vogt-Ferrier, N. (2008). Prescribing psychotropic drugs to patients aged 80 and over [French]. Revue Medicale Suisse, 4(178), 2405–2408.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jessop, T., Harrison, F., Cations, M., Draper, B., Chenoweth, L., Hilmer S., … Brodaty, H. (2017). Halting Antipsychotic Use in Long-Term care (HALT): a single-arm longitudinal study aiming to reduce inappropriate antipsychotic use in long-term care residents with behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia. International Psychogeriatrics, 7, 1–13.
   Google Scholar
• Katzman, M. A., Bleau, P., Blier, P., Chokka, P., Kjernisted, K., Ameringen M. V., & the Canadian Anxiety Guidelines Initiative Group on behalf of the Anxiety Disorders Association of Canada/ Association Canadienne des troubles anxieux and McGill University. (2014). Canadian clinical practice guidelines for the management of anxiety, posttraumatic stress and obsessive-compulsive disorders. BMC Psychiatry, 14(1), S1. doi: 10.1186/1471-244X-14-S1-S1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kennedy, S. H., Lam, R. W., McIntyre, R. S., Tourjman, S. V., Bhat, V., Blier, P., … Uher, R.CANMAT Depression Work Group. (2016). Canadian network for mood and anxiety treatments (CANMAT) 2016 clinical guidelines for the management of adults with major depressive disorder: Section 3. Pharmacological treatments. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 61(9), 540–560. doi:10.1177/0706743716659417
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwong, W. J., Diels, J., & Kavanagh, S. (2010). Costs of gastrointestinal events after outpatient opioid treatment for non-cancer pain. The Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 44(4), 630–640.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Law, V., Knox, C., Djoumbou, Y., Jewison, T., Guo, A. C., Liu Y., … Wishart, D. S. (2014). DrugBank 4.0: shedding new light on drug metabolism. Nucleic Acids Research, 42(1), D1091–D1097. doi:10.1093/nar/gkt1068.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, S. H., Hsu, W. T., Lai, C. C., Esmaily-Fard, A., Tsai, Y. W., Chiu, C. C., … Lee, C. C. (2017). Use of antipsychotics increases the risk of fracture: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Osteoporosis International, 28(4), 1167–1178. doi:10.1007/s00198-016-3881-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leslie, D. L., & Rosenheck, R. (2012). Off-label use of antipsychotic medications in medicaid. The American Journal of Managed Care, 18(3), 109–117.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leslie, D. L., Mohamed, S., & Rosenheck, R. A. (2009). Off-label use of antipsychotic medications in the department of Veterans Affairs health care system. Psychiatry Services, 60(9), 1175–1181. doi: 10.1176/appi.ps.60.9.1175.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maher, A. R., & Theodore, G. (2012). Summary of the comparative effectiveness review on off-label use of atypical antipsychotics. Journal of Managed Care Pharmacy, 18(5 Suppl B), 1–20.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Masand, P. S. (2000). Side effects of antipsychotics in the elderly. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 61(8), 43–49.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maust, D. T., Kim, H. M., Seyfried, L. S., Chiang, C., Kavanagh, J., Schneider, L. S., & Kales, H. C. (2015). Antipsychotics, other psychotropics, and the risk of death in patients with dementia: Number needed to harm. JAMA Psychiatry, 72(5), 438–445. http://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.3018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morarescu E, for «Institut national d'excellence en santé et en services sociaux» (INESSS). (2011). Étude sur l'usage des antipsychotiques. Volet III : Personnes âgées de 25 ans ou plus, principalement celles de 65 ans ou plus avec un diagnostic de démence [Study of antipsychotic use. Part 3: Adults aged 25 or older, primarily those 65 or older diagnosed with dementia ]. ETMIS, 8(11), 1–70. Retrieved from: https://www.inesss.qc.ca/nc/en/publications/publications/publication/etude-sur-lusage-des-antipsychotiques.html
   Google Scholar
• Morin, C. M. & Benca, R. (2012). Chronic insomnia. Lancet, 379(9821), 1129–1141. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60750-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozaki, T., Katsumata, Y., & Arai, A. (2017). The use of psychotropic drugs for behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia among residents in long-term care facilities in Japan. Aging & Mental Health, 21(12) 1248–1255, 10.1080/13607863.2016.1220922
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pringsheim, T., & Gardner, D. M. (2014). Dispensed prescriptions for quetiapine and other second-generation antipsychotics in Canada from 2005 to 2012: A descriptive study. CMAJ Open, 2(4), E225–E232. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.9778/cmajo.20140009.eCollection2014
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• RAMQ (Régie d'assurance maladie ddu Québec). (2015). Liste des médicaments – Établissements (medications list). Retrieved from: http://www.ramq.gouv.qc.ca/SiteCollectionDocuments/professionnels/medicaments/liste-medicaments-etablissements.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Reus, V. I., Fochtmann, L. J., Eyler, A. E., Hilty, D. M., Horvitz-Lennon, M., Jibson, M. D., … Yager J. (2016). The American Psychiatric Association Practice Guideline on the use of antipsychotics to treat agitation or psychosis in patients with dementia. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 173(5), 543–546. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2015.173501
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts, R. J., Lohano, K. K., & El-Mallakh, R. S. (2016). Antipsychotics as antidepressants. Asia Pacific Psychiatry, 8(3), 179–188. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1111/appy.12186
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rowe, D. L. (2007). Off-label prescription of quetiapine in psychiatric disorders. Expert Review Neurotherapeutics, 7(7), 841–852. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1586/14737175.7.7.841
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tartaglia, M. C., Hu, B., Mehta, K., Neuhaus, J., Yaffe, K., Miller, B. L. & Boxer, A. (2014). Demographic and neuropsychiatric factors associated with off-label medication use in frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimer Disease Associated Disorders, 28(2), 182–189. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1097/WAD.0b013e3182a7159d
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor, D. H. Jr, Fillenbaum, G. G., & Ezell, M. E. (2002). The accuracy of medicare claims data in identifying Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 55(9), 929–937.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson, W., Quay, T. A., Rojas-Fernandez C., Farrell, B., & Bjerre, L. M. (2016). Atypical antipsychotics for insomnia: a systematic review. Sleep Medicine, 22, 13–17. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2016.04.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trudel, G., Courtemanche, R., & Tarte, F. (1992). Validation, coding, entry and weighting of data for the Québec Health Survey, Technical Manual 87–07. Québec: Ministry of Health and Social Services, Government of Quebec.
   Google Scholar
• Vasilyeva. I., Biscontri, R. G., Enns, M.W., Metge, C. J., & Alessi-Severini, S. (2013). Adverse events in elderly users of antipsychotic pharmacotherapy in the province of Manitoba: a retrospective cohort study. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 33(1), 24–30. doi:10.1097/JCP.0b013e31827934a4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiss, E., Hummer, M., & Koller, D. (2000). Off-label use of antipsychotic drugs. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 20(6), 695–698.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar