Impact of lithium on mortality among older adults with major psychiatric disorders: A 5-year prospective multicenter study

References

• Abou Kassm, S., Hoertel, N., Naja, W., McMahon, K., Barrière, S., Blumenstock, Y., Portefaix, C., Raucher-Chéné, D., Béra-Potelle, C., Cuervo-Lombard, C., Guerin-Langlois, C., Lemogne, C., Peyre, H., Kaladjian, A., & Limosin, F. (2019). Metabolic syndrome among older adults with schizophrenia spectrum disorder: Prevalence and associated factors in a multicenter study. Psychiatry Research, 275, 238–246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2019.03.036
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahrens, B., & Müller-Oerlinghausen, B. (2001). Does lithium exert an independent antisuicidal effect? Pharmacopsychiatry, 34(4), 132–136. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2001-15878
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahrens, B., Müller-Oerlinghausen, B., & Grof, P. (1993). Length of lithium treatment needed to eliminate the high mortality of affective disorders. British Journal of Psychiatry, 163(S21), 27–29. https://doi.org/10.1192/S0007125000292453
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Arsenault-Lapierre, G., Kim, C., & Turecki, G. (2004). Psychiatric diagnoses in 3275 suicides: A meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry, 4(1), 37. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-4-37
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Börjesson, J., & Gøtzsche, P. C. (2019). Effect of lithium on suicide and mortality in mood disorders: A systematic review. The International Journal of Risk & Safety in Medicine, 30(3), 155–166. https://doi.org/10.3233/JRS-190058
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brodersen, A., Licht, R. W., Vestergaard, P., Olesen, A. V., & Mortensen, P. B. (2000). Sixteen-year mortality in patients with affective disorder commenced on lithium. The British Journal of Psychiatry : The Journal of Mental Science, 176, 429–433. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.176.5.429
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bschor, T. (2014). Lithium in the treatment of major depressive disorder. Drugs, 74(8), 855–862. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40265-014-0220-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bschor, T., Bauer, M., & Adli, M. (2014). Chronic and treatment resistant depression: Diagnosis and stepwise therapy. Deutsches Arzteblatt International, 111(45), 766–775; quiz 775. https://doi.org/10.3238/arztebl.2014.0766
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chene, M., Sánchez-Rico, M., Blanco, C., De Raykeer, R. P., Hanon, C., Vandel, P., Limosin, F., Hoertel, N., Adès, J., Alezrah, C., Amado, I., Amar, G., Andréi, O., Arbault, D., Archambault, G., Aurifeuille, G., Barrière, S., Béra-Potelle, C., Blumenstock, Y., … Zendjidjian, X. (2022). Psychiatric symptoms and mortality in older adults with major psychiatric disorders: Results from a multicenter study. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, online ahead of print. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-022-01426-4
   Google Scholar
• Cipriani, A., Hawton, K., Stockton, S., & Geddes, J. R. (2013). Lithium in the prevention of suicide in mood disorders: Updated systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ (Clinical Research ed.), 346, f3646. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.f3646
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Comai, S., Tau, M., Pavlovic, Z., & Gobbi, G. (2012). The psychopharmacology of aggressive behavior: A translational approach: Part 2: Clinical studies using atypical antipsychotics, anticonvulsants, and lithium. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 32(2), 237–260. https://doi.org/10.1097/JCP.0b013e31824929d6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conwell, Y., Orden, K. V., & Caine, E. D. (2011). Suicide in older adults. The Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 34(2), 451–468, ix. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2011.02.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper, C., Katona, C., Lyketsos, K., Blazer, D., Brodaty, H., Rabins, P., de Mendonça Lima, C. A., & Livingston, G. (2011). A systematic review of treatments for refractory depression in older people. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 168(7), 681–688. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.10081165
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coppen, A., Bailey, J., Houston, G., & Silcocks, P. (1992). Lithium and mortality: A 15 year follow-up. Clinical Neuropharmacology, 15, 448A.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dols, A., Kessing, L. V., Strejilevich, S. A., Rej, S., Tsai, S.-Y., Gildengers, A. G., Almeida, O. P., Shulman, K. I., & Sajatovic, M. (2016). Do current national and international guidelines have specific recommendations for older adults with bipolar disorder? A brief report. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 31(12), 1295–1300. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.4534
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ewing, J. A. (1984). Detecting alcoholism: The CAGE questionnaire. JAMA, 252(14), 1905–1907. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1984.03350140051025
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faustman, W. O., & Overall, J. E. (1999). Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. In M. E. Maruish (Ed.), The use of psychological testing for treatment planning and outcomes assessment (pp. 791–830). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Forlenza, O. V., Radanovic, M., Talib, L. L., & Gattaz, W. F. (2019). Clinical and biological effects of long-term lithium treatment in older adults with amnestic mild cognitive impairment: Randomised clinical trial. The British Journal of Psychiatry: The Journal of Mental Science, 215(5), 668–674. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2019.76
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geoffroy, P. A., & Etain, B. (2017). Lithium and Circadian Rhythms. In G. S. Malhi, M. Masson, & F. Bellivier (Eds.), The science and practice of lithium therapy (pp. 111–124). Cham: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45923-3_6
   Google Scholar
• Gerstman, B. B., Lundin, F. E., Stadel, B. V., & Faich, G. A. (1990). A method of pharmacoepidemiologic analysis that uses computerized Medicaid. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 43(12), 1387–1393. https://doi.org/10.1016/0895-4356(90)90106-Y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibbons, R. D., Brown, C. H., Hur, K., Davis, J., & Mann, J. J. (2012). Suicidal thoughts and behavior with antidepressant treatment: Reanalysis of the randomized placebo-controlled studies of fluoxetine and venlafaxine. Archives of General Psychiatry, 69(6), 580–587. https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.2048
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasin, D. S., & Grant, B. F. (2015). The national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions (NESARC) waves 1 and 2: Review and summary of findings. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 50(11), 1609–1640. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-015-1088-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hébert, R., Dubois, M.-F., Wolfson, C., Chambers, L., & Cohen, C. (2001). Factors associated with long-term institutionalization of older people with dementia: Data from the Canadian study of health and aging. The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 56(11), M693–M699. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/56.11.M693
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoertel, N., Blanco, C., Olfson, M., Oquendo, M. A., Wall, M. M., Franco, S., Leleu, H., Lemogne, C., Falissard, B., & Limosin, F. (2018). A comprehensive model of predictors of suicide attempt in depressed individuals and effect of treatment-seeking behavior: Results from a national 3-year prospective study. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 79(5), 17m11704. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.17m11704
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoertel, N., Cipel, H., Blanco, C., Oquendo, M. A., Ellul, P., Leaune, E., Limosin, F., Peyre, H., & Costemale-Lacoste, J.-F. (2021). Cerebrospinal fluid levels of monoamines among suicide attempters: A systematic review and random-effects meta-analysis. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 136, 224–235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.01.045
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoertel, N., Faiz, H., Airagnes, G., Blanco, C., Pascal De Raykeer, R., Franco, S., Ducoutumany, G., Lemogne, C., & Limosin, F. (2018). A comprehensive model of predictors of suicide attempt in heavy drinkers: Results from a national 3-year longitudinal study. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 186, 44–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.01.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoertel, N., Le Strat, Y., De Maricourt, P., Limosin, F., & Dubertret, C. (2013). Are subjects in treatment trials of panic disorder representative of patients in routine clinical practice? Results from a national sample. Journal of Affective Disorders, 146(3), 383–389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2012.09.023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoertel, N., McMahon, K., Olfson, M., Wall, M. M., Rodríguez-Fernández, J. M., Lemogne, C., Limosin, F., & Blanco, C. (2015). A dimensional liability model of age differences in mental disorder prevalence: Evidence from a national sample. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 64, 107–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.03.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoertel, N., Rotenberg, L., Blanco, C., Pascal de Raykeer, R., Hanon, C., Kaladjian, A., & Limosin, F. (2020). Psychiatric symptoms and quality of life in older adults with schizophrenia spectrum disorder: Results from a multicenter study. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 270(6), 673–688. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-019-01026-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoertel, N., Rotenberg, L., Schuster, J.-P., Blanco, C., Lavaud, P., Hanon, C., Hozer, F., Teruel, E., Manetti, A., Costemale-Lacoste, J.-F., Seigneurie, A.-S., & Limosin, F. (2021). Generalizability of pharmacologic and psychotherapy trial results for late-life unipolar depression. Aging & Mental Health, 25(2), 367–377. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2019.1691146
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoertel, N., Sabatier, J., Blanco, C., Olfson, M., Schuster, J.-P., Airagnes, G., Peyre, H., & Limosin, F. (2020). Contributing factors to heterogeneity in the timing of the onset of nonfatal suicidal behavior: Results from a nationally representative study. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 81(3). https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.19m13017
   Google Scholar
• Hoertel, N., Sánchez-Rico, M., Kornhuber, J., Gulbins, E., Reiersen, A., Lenze, M., Fritz, E. J., Jalali, B. A., Mills, F., Cougoule, E. J., Carpinteiro, C., Mühle, A., Becker, C., Boulware, K. A., Blanco, D. R., Alvarado, C., Strub-Wourgaft, J. M., Lemogne, N., & Limosin, C. F. (2022). Antidepressant use and its association with 28-day mortality in inpatients with SARS-CoV-2: Support for the FIASMA model against COVID-19. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 11(19), 5882. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11195882
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joshi, A., Bow, A., & Agius, M. (2019). Pharmacological therapies in bipolar disorder: A review of current treatment options. Psychiatria Danubina, 31(Suppl 3), 595–603.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Karanti, A., Kardell, M., Lundberg, U., & Landén, M. (2016). Changes in mood stabilizer prescription patterns in bipolar disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 195, 50–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.01.043
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessing, L. V., Søndergård, L., Kvist, K., & Andersen, P. K. (2005). Suicide risk in patients treated with lithium. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62(8), 860–866. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.62.8.860
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kitchens, J. M. (1994). Does this patient have an alcohol problem? JAMA, 272(22), 1782–1787. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.272.22.1782
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kramer, M. S., Lane, D. A., & Hutchinson, T. A. (1987). Analgesic use, blood dyscrasias, and case-control pharmacoepidemiology. Journal of Chronic Diseases, 40(12), 1073–1085. https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9681(87)90073-7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lauterbach, E., Felber, W., Müller-Oerlinghausen, B., Ahrens, B., Bronisch, T., Meyer, T., Kilb, B., Lewitzka, U., Hawellek, B., Quante, A., Richter, K., Broocks, A., & Hohagen, F. (2008). Adjunctive lithium treatment in the prevention of suicidal behaviour in depressive disorders: A randomised, placebo-controlled, 1-year trial. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 118(6), 469–479. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.2008.01266.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lavaud, P., McMahon, K., Sánchez Rico, M., Hanon, C., Alvarado, J. M., de Raykeer, R. P., Limosin, F., & Hoertel, N. (2022). Long-term care utilization within older adults with schizophrenia: Associated factors in a multicenter study. Psychiatry Research, 308, 114339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2021.114339
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Le Strat, Y., & Hoertel, N. (2011). Correlation is no causation: Gymnasium proliferation and the risk of obesity. Addiction (Abingdon, England ), 106(10), 1871–1872. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03547.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lepkifker, E., Iancu, I., Horesh, N., Strous, R. D., & Kotler, M. (2007). Lithium therapy for unipolar and bipolar depression among the middle-aged and older adult patient subpopulation. Depression and Anxiety, 24(8), 571–576. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20273
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewitzka, U., Severus, E., Bauer, R., Ritter, P., Müller-Oerlinghausen, B., & Bauer, M. (2015). The suicide prevention effect of lithium: More than 20 years of evidence—A narrative review. International Journal of Bipolar Disorders, 3(1), 15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40345-015-0032-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luo, D.-Z., Chang, C.-Y., Huang, T.-R., Studer, V., Wang, T.-W., & Lai, W.-S. (2020). Lithium for schizophrenia: Supporting evidence from a 12-year, nationwide health insurance database and from Akt1-deficient mouse and cellular models. Scientific Reports, 10(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-57340-8
   Google Scholar
• Lyall, L. M., Penades, N., & Smith, D. J. (2019). Changes in prescribing for bipolar disorder between 2009 and 2016: National-level data linkage study in Scotland. The British Journal of Psychiatry: The Journal of Mental Science, 215(1), 415–421. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2019.16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malhi, G. S., Das, P., Outhred, T., Irwin, L., Morris, G., Hamilton, A., Lynch, K., & Mannie, Z. (2018). Understanding suicide: Focusing on its mechanisms through a lithium lens. Journal of Affective Disorders, 241, 338–347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2018.08.036
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malhi, G. S., & Outhred, T. (2016). Therapeutic mechanisms of lithium in bipolar disorder: Recent advances and current understanding. CNS Drugs, 30(10), 931–949. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40263-016-0380-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mandal, S., Mamidipalli, S. S., Mukherjee, B., & Hara, S. K. H. (2019). Perspectives, attitude, and practice of lithium prescription among psychiatrists in India. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 61(5), 451–456. https://doi.org/10.4103/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_451_18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGirr, A., Alda, M., Séguin, M., Cabot, S., Lesage, A., & Turecki, G. (2009). Familial aggregation of suicide explained by cluster B traits: A three-group family study of suicide controlling for major depressive disorder. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 166(10), 1124–1134. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.08111744
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKnight, R. F., Adida, M., Budge, K., Stockton, S., Goodwin, G. M., & Geddes, J. R. (2012). Lithium toxicity profile: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet (London, England), 379(9817), 721–728. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61516-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMahon, K., Hoertel, N., Olfson, M., Wall, M., Wang, S., & Blanco, C. (2018). Childhood maltreatment and impulsivity as predictors of interpersonal violence, self-injury and suicide attempts: A national study. Psychiatry Research, 269, 386–393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2018.08.059
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morlet, E., Hoertel, N., & Limosin, F. (2019, August) Psychiatric and physical outcomes of long-term use of lithium in older adults with bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder: A cross-sectional multicenter study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 259, 210–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2019.08.056.
   Google Scholar
• Müller‐Oerlinghausen, B., Ahrens, B., Grof, E., Grof, P., Lenz, G., Schou, M., Simhandl, C., Thau, K., Volk, J., Wolf, R., & Wolf, T. (1992). The effect of long-term lithium treatment on the mortality of patients with manic-depressive and schizoaffective illness. *Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 86(3), 218–222. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1992.tb03255.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Müller-Oerlinghausen, B., Wolf, T., Ahrens, B., Schou, M., Grof, E., Grof, P., Lenz, G., Simhandl, C., Thau, K., & Wolf, R. (1994). Mortality during initial and during later lithium treatment. A collaborative study by the International Group for the Study of Lithium-treated Patients. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 90(4), 295–297. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1994.tb01596.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health (UK). (2014). Bipolar Disorder: The NICE Guideline on the Assessment and Management of Bipolar Disorder in Adults, Children and Young People in Primary and Secondary Care. The British Psychological Society and The Royal College of Psychiatrists. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK498655/
   Google Scholar
• Nelson, J. C., Baumann, P., Delucchi, K., Joffe, R., & Katona, C. (2014). A systematic review and meta-analysis of lithium augmentation of tricyclic and second generation antidepressants in major depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 168, 269–275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2014.05.053
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nilsson, A. (1995). Mortality in recurrent mood disorders during periods on and off lithium—A complete population study in 362 patients. Pharmacopsychiatry, 28(1), 8–13. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-979581
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nordgaard, J., Revsbech, R., Sæbye, D., & Parnas, J. (2012). Assessing the diagnostic validity of a structured psychiatric interview in a first-admission hospital sample. World Psychiatry: Official Journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA), 11(3), 181–185. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2051-5545.2012.tb00128.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norton, B., & Whalley, L. J. (1984). Mortality of a lithium-treated population. The British Journal of Psychiatry: The Journal of Mental Science, 145, 277–282. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.145.3.277
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Öhlund, L., Ott, M., Oja, S., Bergqvist, M., Lundqvist, R., Sandlund, M., Salander Renberg, E., & Werneke, U. (2018). Reasons for lithium discontinuation in men and women with bipolar disorder: A retrospective cohort study. BMC Psychiatry, 18(1), 37. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-018-1622-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Overall, J. E., & Gorham, D. R. (1962). The brief psychiatric rating scale. Psychological Reports, 10(3), 799–812. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1962.10.3.799
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patten, S. B., & Williams, J. V. A. (2020). Lithium, an infrequently used medication. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne de Psychiatrie, 65(3), 204–205. https://doi.org/10.1177/0706743719890714
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peyre, H., Hoertel, N., Stordeur, C., Lebeau, G., Blanco, C., McMahon, K., Basmaci, R., Lemogne, C., Limosin, F., & Delorme, R. (2017). Contributing factors and mental health outcomes of first suicide attempt during childhood and adolescence: Results from a nationally representative study. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 78(6), e622–e630. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.16m10876
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pichot, P., Overall, J. E., Samuel-Lajeunesse, B., & Drefus, J. F. (1969). Structure factorielle de l’échelle abrégée d’appréciation psychiatrique. Revue de Psychologie Appliquée, 19, 218–232.
   Google Scholar
• Raucher-Chéné, D., Hoertel, N., Béra-Potelle, C., Terrien, S., Barrière, S., Da Rin, D., Tran, E., Cuervo-Lombard, C., Portefaix, C., & Limosin, F. (2015). Mental healthcare in older adults with schizophrenia: Results from 118 French public psychiatric departments. International Psychogeriatrics, 27(10), 1749–1750. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610215001064
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhee, T. G., Olfson, M., Nierenberg, A. A., & Wilkinson, S. T. (2020). 20-year trends in the pharmacologic treatment of bipolar disorder by psychiatrists in outpatient care settings. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 177(8), 706–715. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2020.19091000
   Google Scholar
• Sánchez-Morla, E. M., López-Villarreal, A., Jiménez-López, E., Aparicio, A. I., Martínez-Vizcaíno, V., Roberto, R.-J., Vieta, E., & Santos, J.-L. (2019). Impact of number of episodes on neurocognitive trajectory in bipolar disorder patients: A 5-year follow-up study. Psychological Medicine, 49(8), 1299–1307. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291718001885
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schuster, J.-P., Hoertel, N., von Gunten, A., Seigneurie, A.-S., & Limosin, F. (2020). Benzodiazepine use among older adults with schizophrenia spectrum disorder: Prevalence and associated factors in a multicenter study. International Psychogeriatrics, 32(4), 441–451. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610219000358
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shulman, K. I. (2010). Lithium for older adults with bipolar disorder: Should it still be considered a first-line agent? Drugs & Aging, 27(8), 607–615. https://doi.org/10.2165/11537700-000000000-00000
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shulman, K. I., Rochon, P., Sykora, K., Anderson, G., Mamdani, M., Bronskill, S., & Tran, C. T. T. (2003). Changing prescription patterns for lithium and valproic acid in old age: Shifting practice without evidence. BMJ (Clinical Research ed.), 326(7396), 960–961. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.326.7396.960
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Swann, A. C., Dougherty, D. M., Pazzaglia, P. J., Pham, M., Steinberg, J. L., & Moeller, F. G. (2005). Increased impulsivity associated with severity of suicide attempt history in patients with bipolar disorder. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 162(9), 1680–1687. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.162.9.1680
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thies-Flechtner, K., Müller-Oerlinghausen, B., Seibert, W., Walther, A., & Greil, W. (1996). Effect of prophylactic treatment on suicide risk in patients with major affective disorders. Data from a randomized prospective trial. Pharmacopsychiatry, 29(3), 103–107. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-979553
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toffol, E., Hätönen, T., Tanskanen, A., Lönnqvist, J., Wahlbeck, K., Joffe, G., Tiihonen, J., Haukka, J., & Partonen, T. (2015). Lithium is associated with decrease in all-cause and suicide mortality in high-risk bipolar patients: A nationwide registry-based prospective cohort study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 183, 159–165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2015.04.055
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turecki, G., & Brent, D. A. (2016). Suicide and suicidal behaviour. Lancet (London, England), 387(10024), 1227–1239. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00234-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Venables, W. N., Ripley, B. D. (2002). Modern applied statistics with S (Fourth). Springer. http://www.stats.ox.ac.uk/pub/MASS4/
   Google Scholar
• Verdoux, H., & Tignol, J. (2003). Focus on psychiatry in France. The British Journal of Psychiatry: The Journal of Mental Science, 183, 466–471. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.183.5.466
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winter, J. E., MacInnis, R. J., Wattanapenpaiboon, N., & Nowson, C. A. (2014). BMI and all-cause mortality in older adults: A meta-analysis. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 99(4), 875–890. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.113.068122
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yatham, L. N., Kennedy, S. H., Parikh, S. V., Schaffer, A., Bond, D. J., Frey, B. N., Sharma, V., Goldstein, B. I., Rej, S., Beaulieu, S., Alda, M., MacQueen, G., Milev, R. V., Ravindran, A., O’Donovan, C., McIntosh, D., Lam, R. W., Vazquez, G., Kapczinski, F., … Berk, M. (2018). Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) and International Society for Bipolar Disorders (ISBD) 2018 guidelines for the management of patients with bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disorders, 20(2), 97–170. https://doi.org/10.1111/bdi.12609
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar