Advanced search
Publication Cover
Aging & Mental Health Volume 2, 1998 - Issue 1
Submit an article Journal homepage
506
Views
183
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Reviews

The heterogeneity of anosognosia for memory impairment in Alzheimer's disease: A review of the literature and a proposed model

S.K. AGNEW Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK
&
R. G. MORRIS Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK
Pages 7-19 | Published online: 09 Jun 2010

  • AGNEW , S. 1993 . “ The neuropsychology of autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease ” . University of London . Ph.D. Thesis
  • ANTON , G. 1898 . Uber Herderkrankungen des Gehirnes, welche van Patienten selbst nicht wahrgenommen werden . Weiner Klinische Wochenschrift , 11 : 227 – 229 .
  • AUCHUS , A.P. , GOLDSTEIN , F.C. and GREEN , R.C. 1994 . Unawareness of cognitive impairments in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Abstract . Neurology , 42 ( Suppl. 3 ) : 223
  • BABINSKI , M.J. 1914 . Contribution a l' etude des troubles mentaux dans l' hemiplegie organique cerebrale (Anosognosia). [Contribution to the study of mental disturbance in organic cerebral hemiplegia. (Anosognosia).] . Revue Neurologique , 12 : 845 – 848 .
  • BACHMAN , L. and LIPINSKA , B. 1993 . Monitoring of general knowledge: evidence for preservation in early Alzheimer's disease . Neuropsychologia , 31 : 335 – 345 .
  • BADDELEY , A. 1986 . Working memory , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
  • BADDELEY , A. 1990 . The psychology of memory , New York : Basic books .
  • BADDELEY , A. 1992 . Working memory . Science , 255 : 556 – 559 .
  • BARRE , J.A. , MORIN , L. and KAISER . 1923 . Etude clinique d' un nouveau cas d' anosognosie de Babinski . [Clinical study of a new case of Babinski's anosognosia.] Revue Neurologique , 29 : 500 – 504 .
  • BENTON , A. 1968 . Differential behavioural effects in frontal lobe disease . Neuropsychologia , 6 : 53 – 60 .
  • BENTON , A. 1969 . “ Constructional apraxia: some unanswered questions ” . In Contributions to clinical neuropsychology , Edited by: BENTON , A. 129 – 141 . Chicago : Aldine Publishing Co .
  • BISIACH , E. , VALLAR , G. , PERANI , D. , PAPAGNO , C. and BERTI , A. 1986 . Unawareness of disease following lesions of the right hemisphere: anosognosia for hemiplegia and anosognosia for hemianopia . Neuropsychologia , 24 : 471 – 482 .
  • BURNS , A. , JACOBY , R. and LEVY , R. 1990 . Psychiatric phenomena in Alzheimer's disease. II: Disorders of perception . British Journal of Psychiatry , 157 : 76 – 81 .
  • BYER , J. and CROWLEY , W. 1980 . Musical performance during transient global amnesia . Neurology , 30 : 80 – 82 .
  • CRITCHLEY , M. 1953 . The parietal lobes , New York : Hafner Publishing Company .
  • CROOK , T. and LARRABEE , G.J. 1990 . A self rating scale for evaluating memory in everyday life . Psychology of Ageing , 5 : 48 – 57 .
  • CUTTING , J. 1978 . Study of anosognosia . Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry , 41 : 548 – 555 .
  • DALLA BARBA , G. , PARLATO , V. , IAVARONE , A. and BOLLER , F. 1995 . Anosognosia, intrusions and frontal functions in Alzheimer's disease and depression . Neuropsychologia , 33 : 247 – 259 .
  • DEBETTIGUIES , B.H. , MAHURIN , R.K. and PIROZZOLO , F.J. 1990 . Insight for impairment in independent living skills in Alzheimer's disease and multi-infarct dementia . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 12 : 355 – 363 .
  • DREWE , E. 1985 . Go-no-go learning after frontal lobe lesions in humans . Cortex , 11 : 8 – 16 .
  • FEHER , E.P. , MAHURIN , R.K. , INBODY , S.B. , CROOK , T.H. and PIROZZOLO , F.J. 1991 . Anosognosia in Alzheimer's disease . Neuropsychiatry, Neuropsychology and Behavioural Neurology , 4 : 136 – 146 .
  • FOLSTEIN , M.F. , FOLSTEIN , S.E. and MCHUGH , P.R. 1975 . 'Mini-Mental State' ; a practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician . Journal of Psychiatric Research , 12 : 189 – 198 .
  • FRACKOWIAK , R. , POZZILLI , C. LEGG , N. 1987 . Regional cerebral oxygen supply and utilisation in dementia: a clinical and physiological study with oxygen-15 and positron tomography . Brain , 104 : 753 – 778 .
  • FREDERIKS , J. 1985 . “ The neurology of ageing and dementia ” . In Handbook of clinical neurology Edited by: FREDERIKS , J. volume 1 , 373 – 393 . Amsterdam
  • GESCHWIND , N. 1965 . Disconnection syndrome in animals and man . Brain , 88 : 237 – 294 .
  • GOODGLASS , H. and KAPLAN , E. 1972 . The assessment of Aphasia and related disorders , Philadelphia : Lea and Febiger .
  • JANOFF-BULMAN , R. and TIMKO , C. 1987 . “ Coping with traumatic life events: the role of denial in light of people's assumptive worlds ” . In Coping with negative life events: clinical and social psychological perspectives , Edited by: SYNDER , C. and FORD , C. 135 – 159 . New York : Plenum Press .
  • JARKO , L. 1973 . Korsakoff-like amnesic syndrome in penetrating brain injury . Acta Neurologica Scandinavica , 49 : 44 – 67 .
  • JOYNT , R. and SHOULSON , I. 1985 . “ Dementia ” . In Clinical neuropsychology , Edited by: HEILMAN , K. and VALENSTEIN , E. 453 – 479 . New York : Oxford University Press .
  • KENNEDY , A.M. , NEWMAN , S.K. , FRACKOWIAK , R.S.J. , NEARY , D. , ROQUES , P. , BRUTON , C.J. , WARRINGTON , E.K. and ROSSOR , M.N. 1995 . Chromosome 14 linked Familial Alzheimer's disease: a clinicopathological study of a single pedigree . Brain , 118 : 185 – 205 .
  • KENNEDY , A.M. , NEWMAN , S.K. , MCCADDON , A. , BALL , J. , ROQUES , P. , MULLAN , M. , CHARTIER-HARLIN , M.-C. , FRACKOWIAK , R.S.J. , WARRINGTON , E.K. and ROSSOR , M.N. 1993 . Familial Alzheimer's disease: a pedigree with a missense mutation in the Amyloid Precursor Protein gene . Brain , 116 : 309 – 324 .
  • KOPELMAN , M. 1987 . Two types of confabulation . Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry , 50 : 1482 – 1487 .
  • KORSAKOFF , S. 1889 . Etude medico-psychologie sur une forme des maladies de la memoire . Revue Philosophique , 5 : 501 – 530 .
  • KRAL , V. 1983 . The relationship between senile dementia (Alzheimer type) and depression . Canadian Journal of Psychiatry , 28 : 304 – 306 .
  • LEVIN , H. , HIGH , W. GOETHE , K. 1987 . The Neurobehavioural Rating Scale: assessment of the behavioural sequelae of head injury by the clinician . Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry , 50 : 183 – 193 .
  • LOPEZ , O. , BECKER , J. SAMSAK , D. 1994 . Awareness of cognitive deficits in probable Alzheimer's disease . European Neurology , 34 (5) : 277 – 282 .
  • LURIA , A. 1966 . Higher cortical functions in man , New York : Basic Books .
  • LURIA , A. 1976 . The neuropsychology of memory , New York : John Wiley & Sons .
  • MAHENDRA , B. 1984 . Dementia , Lancaster : MTP Press .
  • MANGONE , C.A. , HIER , D.B. , GORELICK , P.D. , GANELLEN , R.J. , LANGENBERG , P. , BOARMAN , R. and DOLLEAR , W.C. 1991 . Impaired insight in Alzheimer's disease . Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology , 4 : 189 – 193 .
  • MCGLYNN , S.M. and KASZNIAK , A.W. 1991 . When metacognition fails: impaired awareness of deficit in Alzheimer's disease . Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience , 3 : 183 – 189 .
  • MCGLYNN , S.M. and SCHACTER , D.L. 1989 . Unawareness of deficits in neuropsychological syndromes . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 11 : 143 – 205 .
  • MICHON , A. , DEWEER , B. , PILLON , B. , AGID , Y. and DUBOIS , B. 1994 . Relation of anosognosia to frontal lobe dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease . Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry , 57 : 805 – 809 .
  • MIGLIORELLI , R. , PETRACCA , G. SABE , L. 1995a . Neuropsychiatric and neuropsychological correlates of delusions in Alzheimer's disease . Psychological Medicine , 25 : 505 – 513 .
  • MIGLIORELLI , R. , TESON , A. SABE , L. 1995b . Anosognosia in Alzheimer's disease: a study of associated factors . Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences , 7 : 338 – 344 .
  • MIGLIORELLI , R. , TESON , A. SABE , L. 1995c . Prevalence and correlates of dysthymia and major depression among patients with Alzheimer's disease . American Journal of Psychiatry , 152 : 37 – 44 .
  • MILNER , B. , CORKIN , S. and TEUBER , H. 1968 . Further analysis of the hippocampal amnesic syndrome: 14 yr follow up study of H.M . Neuropsychologia , 6 : 215 – 234 .
  • NEARY , D. , SNOWDEN , J.S. , BOWEN , D.M. , SIMS , N.R. , MANN , D.M.A. , BENTON , J.S. , NORTHEN , B. , YATES , P.O. and DAVIDSON , A.N. 1986 . Neuropsychological syndromes in presenile dementia due to cerebral atrophy . Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry , 49 : 163 – 174 .
  • NEARY , D. , SNOWDEN , J. MANN , D. 1990 . Frontal lobe dementia and motor neuron disease . Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry , 53 : 23 – 32 .
  • NELSON , H. 1976 . A modified card sorting test sensitive to frontal lobe defects . Cortex , 12 : 313 – 324 .
  • NEWMAN , S. , WARRINGTON , E. , KENNEDY , A. and ROSSOR , M. 1994 . The earliest cognitive change in a person with familial Alzheimer's disease: presymptomatic neuropsychological features in a pedigree with familial Alzheimer's disease confirmed at necropsy . Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry , 57 : 967 – 972 .
  • ORRELL , M.W. and SAHAKIAN , B.J. 1991 . Dementia of frontal lobe type . Psychological Medicine , 21 : 553 – 556 .
  • PAPPAS , B.A. , SUNDERLAND , T. , WEINGARTNER , H.M. , VITIELLO , B. , MARTINSON , H. and PUTNAM , K. 1992 . Alzheimer's disease and feeling-of-knowing for knowledge and episodic memory . Journal of Gerontology , 47 : 159 – 164 .
  • PEARSON , J. , TERI , L. , REIFLER , B. and RASKIND , M. 1989 . Functional status and cognitive impairment in Alzheimer patients with and without depression . Journal of the American Geriatric Society , 37 : 1117 – 1121 .
  • REDLICH , F.C. and DORSEY , J.F. 1945 . Denial of blindness by patients with cerebral disease . Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry , 53 : 407 – 417 .
  • REED , B.R. , JAGUST , W.J. and COULTER , L. 1994 . Anosognosia in Alzheimer's disease: relationships to depression, cognitive function and cerebral perfusion . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 15 : 231 – 244 .
  • REISBERG , B. , GORDON , B. MCCARTHY , M. 1985 . “ Insight and denial accompanying progressive cognitive decline in normal ageing and Alzheimer's disease ” . In Geriatric psychiatry: ethical and legal issues , Edited by: STANLEY , B. 38 – 79 . Washington, DC : American Psychiatric Press .
  • REITAN , R. 1958 . Validity of the trail making test as an indicator of organic brain damage . Perception and Motor Skills , 8 : 271 – 276 .
  • ROSSOR , M. 1993 . Alzheimer's disease . British Medical Journal , 307 : 779 – 782 .
  • ROSVOLD , H. , MIRSKY , A. SARANSON , I. 1956 . A continuous performance test of brain damage . Journal of Clinical and Consulting Psychology , 20 : 343
  • SCHACTER , D. 1983 . Amnesia observed: remembering and forgetting in a natural environment . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 92 : 236 – 242 .
  • SCHACTER , D. 1990 . Toward a cognitive neuropsychology of awareness: implicit knowledge and anosognosia . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 12 : 155 – 178 .
  • SCHACTER , D. , MCLACHLAN , D. , MOSCOVITCH , M. and TULVING , E. 1986 . Monitoring of recall performance by memory disordered patients . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 8 : 130 (Abstracts)
  • SCHNECK , M.K. , REISBERG , B. and FERRIS , S.H. 1982 . An overview of current concepts of Alzheimer's disease . American Journal of Psychiatry , 139 : 165 – 173 .
  • SEVUSH , S. and LEVE , N. 1993 . Denial of memory deficit in Alzheimer's disease . American Journal of Psychiatry , 150 : 748 – 751 .
  • SHIMAMURA , A.P. and SQUIRE , L.R. 1986 . Memory and metamemory; a study of the feeling-of-knowing phenomenon in amnesic patients . Journal of Experimental Psychology , 12 : 452 – 460 .
  • STARKSTEIN , S.E. , FEDOROFF , J.P. PRICE , T.R. 1993 . Neuropsychological deficits in patients with anosognosia . Neuropsychiatry, Neuropsychology and Behavioural Neurology , 6 (1) : 43 – 48 .
  • STARKSTEIN , S.E. , SABE , L. VAZQUEZ , S. 1996 . Neuropsychological, psychiatric and cerebral blood flow findings in vascular dementia and Alzheimer's disease . Stroke , 27 : 408 – 414 .
  • STARKSTEIN , S.E. , VAZQUEZ , S. MIGLIORELLI , R. 1995 . A single emission computed tomographic study of anosognosia in Alzheimer's disease . Archives of Neurology , 52 : 415 – 420 .
  • STRUSS , D. and BENSON , D. 1986 . The frontal lobes , New York : Raven Press .
  • SULTZER , D.L. , LEVIN , H.S. , MAHLER , M.E. , HIGH , W.M. and CUMMINGS , J.L. 1992 . Assessment of cognitive, psychiatric, and behavioral disturbances in patients with dementia; the neurobehavioral rating scale . Journal of the American Geriatric Society , 40 : 549 – 555 .
  • SUNDERLAND , A. , WATTS , K. , BADDERLEY , A.D. and HARRIS , J. 1986 . Subjective memory assessment and test performance in elderly adults . Journal of Gerontology , 41 (3) : 376 – 384 .
  • ULLMAN , M. 1962 . Behavioral changes in patients following strokes , Springfield, IL : Charles C. Thomas .
  • VASTERLING , J.J. , SELTZER , B. , FOSS , J.W. and VANDER BROOK , V. 1995 . Unawareness of deficit in Alzheimer's disease. Domain-specific differences and disease correlates . Neuropsychiatry, Neuropsychology and Behavioural Neurology , 8 : 26 – 32 .
  • VICTOR , M. , ADAMS , R. and COLLINS , G. 1971 . The Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome , Philadelphia : F.A. Davis Company .
  • VILKKI , J. 1985 . Amnesic syndrome after surgery of anterior communicating artery aneurysms . Cortex , 21 : 431 – 444 .
  • VON HAGEN , K.O. and IVES , E.R. 1937 . Anosognosia (Babinski), imperception of hemiplegia. Report of six cases, one with autopsy . Bulletin of Los Angles Neurological Society , 2 : 95 – 103 .
  • WADE , J. , MIRSEN , T. and HACHINSKI , V. 1987 . The clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease . Archives of Neurology , 44 : 24 – 29 .
  • WECHSLER , D. and STONE , C. 1945 . Wechsler Memory Scale (manual) , New York : Psychological Corporation .
  • WEINSTEIN , E. and KAHN , R. 1955 . Denial of illness: symbolic and physiological aspects , Springfield, IL : Charles C. Thomas .
  • WEINSTEIN , E.A. , FRIEDLAND , R.P. and WAGNER , E.E. 1992 . Denial/unawareness of impairment in Alzheimer's disease. Abstract . Neurology , 42 (Suppl 3) : 200
  • WEINSTEIN , E.A. , FRIEDLAND , R.P. and WAGNER , E.E. 1994 . Denial/unawareness of impairment and symbolic behaviour in Alzheimer's disease . Neuropsychiatry, Neuropsychology and Behavioural Neurology , 3 : 176 – 184 .
  • WESCHLER , D. 1981 . Manual for the Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale--Revised , New York : Psychological Corporation .
  • WERNICKE , C. 1874 . Der aphasische symptomenkomplex Breslau. [Translated in Boston Studies in Philosophy of Science , 4 : 34 – 97 .
  • WESTPHAL , R. 1882 . Zur localisation der hemianopsie und des muskelgefuhls beim menschen . Charite Annalen , 7 : 467 – 489 .
  • WHITLOCK , F. 1981 . Some observations on the meaning of confabulation . British Journal of Medical Psychology , 54 : 213 – 218 .
  • WILLIAMS , H. and RUPP , C. 1938 . Observation on confabulation . American Journal of Psychiatry , 95 : 395 – 405 .
  • WRAGG , R. and JESTE , D. 1989 . Overview of depression and psychosis in Alzheimer's disease . American Journal of Psychiatry , 146 : 577 – 587 .
  • ZANGWILL , O.L. 1966 . “ The amnesic syndrome ” . In Amnesia , Edited by: WHITTY , C.W.M. and ZANGWILL , O.L. 104 – 117 . London : Butterworths .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Order Reprints Request Corporate Permissions

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

Request Academic Permissions

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.

Related research

People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.

Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.

Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.