References
- AN (1995a) Pensiamo l’Italia il Domani c’è già: valori, idee, progetti per l’Alleanza nazionale. Tesi Politiche Approvate dal Congresso di Fiuggi’ [Rethink Italy: Values, Ideas and Projects for the National Alliance Political These approved by Fiuggi Party Congress], Fiuggi Congress’ Final Document, available online at: https://web.archive.org/web/19980422193754/http://alleanza-nazionale.it/fiuggi95/tesi_w60.zip.
- AN (1995b) ‘Statuto approvato dalla Assemblea Nazionale il 21 luglio 1995’ [Alleanza Nazionale’s Statute], available online at: http://web.archive.org/web/20030624220111/http://www.alleanza-nazionale.it:80/archivio/statutoan.pdf.
- AN (1998) ‘Un progetto per l'Italia del Duemila’ [A Project for Italy in the Two Thousands], Verona Programmatic Conference’s Final Document, available online at: https://web.archive.org/web/20010210230634/http://www.alleanza-nazionale.it:80/archivio/tesi-verona98.mcw.
- AN (2001)‘Libero, Forte, Giusto. Il governo che vogliamo’ [Free, Strong, Fair. The Government we Want], Naples Programmatic Conference’s Final Document, available online at: https://web.archive.org/web/20030416200738/http://www.alleanzanazionale.it/archivio/file/napoli_2001.pdf.
- AN (2002) ‘La Patria Vince, L'Europa è nata’ [The Homeland Wins, the Europe is Born], Naples Congress’ Final Document, available online at: https://web.archive.org/web/20030325024248/http://www.alleanza-nazionale.it:80/archivio/file/vincelapatria_nascel'europa.pdf.
- AN (2006a) ‘Alleanza Nazionale - 3a Conferenza Programmatica’ [National Alliance – 3rd Programmatic Conference], Rome Programmatic Conference’s Final Document, available online at: https://web.archive.org/web/20060608025236/http://www.alleanzanazionale.it/latuaidea/page.asp?VisImg=S&Art=4&Cat=1&I=0.
- AN (2006b) ‘Statuto approvato dalla Assemblea Nazionale il 17 dicembre 2006’[Alleanza Nazionale’s Statute], available online at: https://web.archive.org/web/20070202181049/http://www.alleanzanazionale.it/documenti/Documenti%20Istituzionali/statuto2007def.pdf.
- AN (2008) ‘Alleanza per l'Italia, la sfida del futuro’ [Alliance for Italy, the Challenge for the Future], Programmatic Conference’s Final Document, available online at: https://web.archive.org/web/20090509012003/http://www.alleanzanazionale.it/public/Partito/Documenti/080101BozzaDocConfProg2008.pdf.
- AN (2009) ‘Dalla Destra al Popolo della Libertà: Il partito degli italiani’ [From the Right to the People of Freedom: The Party of the Italians], AN Motions Presented at the PdL Founding Congress, available online at: http://web.archive.org/web/20090306173318/http://www.alleanzanazionale.it/public/Documenti/Mozionecongressuale2009.pdf.
- Barnea, S. & Rahat, G. (2011) ’Out with the old, in with the ‘new’’: what constitutes a new party?’, Party Politics, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 303–320.
- Beyens, S., Deschouwer, K., Van Haute, E. & Verth, T. (2017) ’Born again, or born anew: assessing the newness of the Belgian New-Flemish Alliance (N-VA)’, Party Politics, vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 389–399.
- Bolleyer, N. (2013) New Parties in Old Party Systems, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
- Budge, I. (2001) ‘Theory and measurement of party policy positions‘, in Mapping Policy Preferences Estimates for Parties, Electors, and Governments 1945-1998, eds Budge, I., Klingeman, H-S., Volkens, A., Bara, J. & E. Tanebaum,Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 75–90.
- Castelli di Gattinara, P. & Froio, C. (2021) ‘Italy: the mainstream right and its allies, 1994–2018‘, in Riding the Populist Wave. Europe’s Mainstream Right in Crisis, eds T. Bale & C. Rovira Kaltwasser, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 170–192.
- CdL (2006) ‘Programma Elettorale Casa delle Libertà’ [Electoral Manifesto House of Freedom], Electoral Manifesto presented for 2006 Italian National Elections, available at: https://manifesto-project.wzb.eu/down/coded_originals/2020-2/32720_2006.pdf.
- D’Alimonte, R. (2019) ’How the populists won in Italy’, Journal of Democracy, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 114–127.
- Di Virgilio, A., Giannetti, D., Pedrazzani, A. & Pinto, L. (2015) ’Party competition in the 2013 Italian elections: evidence from an expert survey’, Government and Opposition, vol. 50, no. 1, pp. 65–89.
- Emanuele, V. & Chiaramonte, A. (2018) ’A growing impact of new parties: myth or reality? Party system innovation in Western Europe after 1945’, Party Politics, vol. 24, no. 5, pp. 475–487.
- FdI (2013a) ‘Le Sfide per l’Italia’ [The Challenges for Italy], Electoral Manifesto Presented for 2013 Italian National Elections, available online at: https://web.archive.org/web/20130323224415/http://www.fratelli-italia.it/programma.html.
- FdI (2013b) ‘Statuto’ [Fratelli d’Italia’s Statute], available online at: https://web.archive.org/web/20171017011742/http://www.fratelli-italia.it:80/2013/01/02/statuto.
- FdI (2014a) ‘Il testo integrale del mio discorso di replica al congresso di Fratelli d'Italia – Alleanza Nazionale’ [ The Complete Text of My Closing Speeche at Fratelli d’Italia-Alleanza Nazionale’s Congress], Giorgia Meloni’s Conclusive Speech at the first FdI's Congress, available online online at: https://web.archive.org/web/20190603191910/https://www.fratelli-italia.it/2014/03/10/il-testo-integrale-del-mio-discorso-di-replica-al-congresso-di-fratelli-ditalia-alleanza-nazionale/.
- FdI (2014b) ‘Statuto del movimento «Fratelli d'Italia - Alleanza Nazionale’ [Fratelli d’Italia’s Statute], available online at: https://www.gazzettaufficiale.it/do/atto/serie_generale/caricaPdf?cdimg=14A0819300000010110004&dgu=2014-10-28&art.dataPubblicazioneGazzetta=2014-10-28&art.codiceRedazionale=14A08193&art.num=1&art.tiposerie=SG.
- FdI (2017) ‘Tesi di Trieste per il movimento dei patrioti’ [Trieste Theses for the Patriots Movement], Trieste Congress’ Final Document, available online at: https://web.archive.org/web/20190601054258/https://www.flipsnack.com/fratelliditalia/tesi-di-trieste.html.
- FdI (2018) ‘Il Voto che Unisce l'Italia’ [The Vote Uniting Italy], Electoral Manifesto Presented for 2018 Italian National Elections, available online at: https://web.archive.org/web/20180129183907/http://www.fratelli-italia.it/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/PROGRAMMA_A4_REV2.pdf.
- FdI (2019). ‘Statuto del movimento «Fratelli d'Italia - Alleanza Nazionale’ [Fratelli d’Italia’s Statute], available online at: https://www.gazzettaufficiale.it/atto/vediMenuHTML?atto.dataPubblicazioneGazzetta=2019-11-30&atto.codiceRedazionale=19A07452&tipoSerie=serie_generale&tipoVigenza=originario.
- Gerring, J. (1998) Party Ideologies in America 1828 – 1996, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
- Griffin, R. (1996) 'The ‘post‐Fascism’ of the Alleanza Nazionale: A case study in ideological morphology', Journal of Political Ideologies, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 123–145.
- Heinisch, R. & Mazzoleni, O. (2016) Understanding Populist Party Organisation, Palgrave MacMillian, London.
- Hooghe, L., Marks, G. & Wilson, C. J. (2002) ’Does left/right structure party positions on European integration?’, Comparative Political Studies, vol. 35, no. 8, pp. 965–989.
- Hsieh, H. S. & Shannon, S. E. (2005) ’Three approaches to qualitative content analysis’, Qualitative Health Research, vol. 15, no. 9, pp. 1277–1288.
- Ignazi, P. (1994) Post-Fascisti: Dal Movimento sociale italiano ad Alleanza nazionale, Il Mulino, Bologna.
- Ignazi, P. (1998) Il Polo Escluso: Profilo Storico Del Movimento Sociale Italiano, Il Mulino, Bologna.
- Ignazi, P. (2005) ’Legitimation and evolution on the Italian right wing: social and ideological repositioning of Alleanza Nazionale and the Lega Nord’, South European Society & Politics, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 333–349.
- Jolly, S., Bakker, R., Hooghe, L., Marks, G., Polk, J., Rovny, J., Steenbergen, M. & Vachudova, M. A. (2022) ’Chapel Hill Expert Survey trend file, 1999-2019’, Electoral Studies, vol. 75, pp. 1–8.
- Katz, R. S. & Mair, P. (1995) ’Changing models of party organization and party democracy: the emergence of the cartel party’, Party Politics, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 5–28.
- Key, V. O. (1942) Politics, Parties, and Pressure Groups, Crowell, New York.
- Massetti, E. (2015) ’Mainstream parties and the politics of immigration in Italy: a structural advantage for the right or a missed opportunity for the left?’, Acta Politica, vol. 50, no. 4, pp. 486–505.
- McDonnell, D. (2013) ’Silvio Berlusconi’s personal parties: from Forza Italia to the Popolo Della Libertà’, Political Studies, vol. 61, no. 1_suppl, pp. 217–233.
- Minkenberg Michael (2001) 'The radical right in public office: Agenda‐setting and policy effects, West European politics, vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 1–21.
- Morlino, L. (2006) ’Le tre fasi dei partiti italiani’, in Partiti e Caso Italiano, eds L. Morlino & M. Tarchi, Il Mulino, Bologna, pp. 104–144.
- Mudde, C. (2007) Populist Radical Right Parties in Europe, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
- Pasquino, G. & Valbruzzi, M. (2012) ’Non-partisan governments Italian-style: decision-making and accountability’, Journal of Modern Italian Studies, vol. 17, no. 5, pp. 612–629.
- PdL (2008) ‘7 Missioni per il futuro dell'Italia’ [7 Goals for Italy’s Future], Electoral Manifesto presented for 2008 Italian National Elections, available online at: https://web.archive.org/web/20090521044818/http://download.alleanzanazionale.it/Elezioni2008/Programma_PdL_testo.pdf.
- PdL (2011) ‘Statuto del Popolo della Libertà’ [Popolo della Liberta’s Statute], available online at: https://web.archive.org/web/20120204095856/http://www.pdl.it/notizie/15377/statuto-del-popolo-della-liberta.
- Piccolino, G. (2012) ’Giovani postfascisti. Fronte della Gioventù, Azione Giovani, Giovane Italia: l’evoluzione di una cultura Politica’, Trasgressioni: rivista quadrimestrale di cultura politica, vol. 54, pp. 3–74.
- Poguntke, T., Scarrow, S. E. & Webb, P. D. (2020) ‘Political party database’, Harvard Dataverse, available online at: https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/NBWDFZ
- Poguntke, T., Scarrow, S. E., Webb, P. D., Allern, E. H., Aylott, N., Biezen, I., Calossi, E., Costa Lobo, M., Cross, W. P., Deschouwer, K., Enyedi, Z., Fabre, E., Farrell, D. M., Gauja, A., Pizzimenti, E., Kopecký, P., Koole, R., Müller, W. C., Kosiara-Pedersen, K., Rahat, G., Szczerbiak, A., van Haute, E. & Verge, T. (2016) ’Party rules, party resources and the politics of parliamentary democracies: how parties organize in the 21st century’, Party Politics, vol. 22, no. 6, pp. 661–678.
- Quaglia, L. (2008) ’Euroscepticism in Italy’, in Opposing Europe: The Comparative Party Politics of Euroscepticism. Vol. 1: Case Studies and Country Surveys, eds A. Szczerbiak & P. Taggart, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 58–74.
- Recchi, E. (1997) Giovani Politici, Cedam, Padova.
- Rodi, P., Karavasilis, L. & Puleo, L. (2021) ’When nationalism meets populism: examining right-wing populist & nationalist discourses in the 2014 & 2019 European parliamentary elections’, European Politics And Society, pp. 1–19. online first.
- Rooduijn, M., de Lange, S. L. & van der Brug, W. (2014) ’A populist zeitgeist? Programmatic contagion by populist parties in Western Europe’, Party Politics, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 563–575.
- Rooduijn, M., Van Kessel, S., Froio, C., Pirro, A., De Lange, S., Halikiopoulou, D., Lewis, P., Mudde, C. & Taggart, P. (2019) ‘The PopuList: an overview of populist, far right, far left and eurosceptic parties in Europe’, available online at: www.popu-list.org.
- Sikk, A. (2005) ’How unstable? Volatility and the genuinely new parties in Eastern Europe’, European Journal of Political Research, vol. 44, no. 3, pp. 391–412.
- SWG (2021) ‘Intenzioni di voto 15/12/2021 – 20/12/2021, available online at: http://www.sondaggipoliticoelettorali.it/GestioneSondaggio.aspx
- Taggart, P. (1995) ’New populist parties in Western Europe’, West European Politics, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 34–51.
- Tarchi, M. (1997) Dal Msi Ad An: Organizzazione e Strategie, Mulino, Bologna.
- Tarchi, M. (2003) ’The political culture of the Alleanza Nazionale: an analysis of the party’s programmatic documents (1995-2002)’, Journal of Modern Italian Studies, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 135–181.
- Tarchi, M. (2013) 'What's Left of the Italian Right?', Studia Politica: Romanian Political Science Review, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 693–709.
- Tronconi, F. & Valbruzzi, M. (2020) ’Populism put to the polarisation test: the 2019-20 election cycle in Italy’, South European Society & Politics, vol. 25, no. 3–4, pp. 475–501.
- van Kessel, S. and Albertazzi, D. (2021) 'Right‐Wing Populist Party Organisation Across Europe: The Survival of the Mass‐Party? Conclusion to the Thematic Issue', Politics and Governance, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 365–370.
- Zaslove, A. (2004) ’The dark side of European politics: unmasking the radical right’, Journal of European Integration, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 61–81.
- Zaslove, A. (2008) ’Here to stay? Populism as a new party type’, European Review, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 319–336.
- Zulianello, M. (2018) ’Anti-system parties revisited: concept formation and guidelines for empirical research’, Government and Opposition, vol. 53, no. 4, pp. 653–681.