Multilingualism and identity: articulating ‘African-ness’ in an American high school

References

• Alim, H. S. 2009. “Translocal Style Communities: Hip Hop Youth as Cultural Theorists of Style, Language and Globalization.” Pragmatics 19 (1): 103–127.10.1075/prag
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anchimbe, E. A. 2006. Cameroon English: Authenticity, Ecology and Evolution . Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang [ Arbeiten zur Sprachanlyse 45].
   Google Scholar
• Anderson, M. 2015. A Rising Share of the U.S. Black Population is Foreign Born . Washington, DC: Pew Research Center. Accessed April 9. http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2015/04/09/a-rising-share-of-the-u-s-black-population-is-foreign-born/
   Google Scholar
• Bigelow, M. 2010. Mogadishu on the Mississippi: Language, Racialized Identity, and Education in a New Land . New York : Wiley-Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Bigelow, M. , J. Vanek , K. King , and N. Abdi . 2017, February 3. “Literacy as Social (Media) Practice: Refugee Youth and Native Language Literacy at School.” International Journal of Intercultural Relations 60: 183–197.10.1016/j.ijintrel.2017.04.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bourdieu, P. 1991. Language and Symbolic Power . Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bucholtz, M. , and K. Hall . 2005. “Identity and Interaction: A Sociocultural Linguistic Approach.” Discourse Studies 74: 585–614.10.1177/1461445605054407
   Google Scholar
• Cabo, D. P. y. , and J. Rothman . 2012. “Multilingualism and Identity.” In Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics , edited by C. Chappel . Oxford: Blackwell MA.
   Google Scholar
• Canagarajah, S. 2014. “Theorizing a Competence for Translingual Practice at the Contact Zone.” In The Multilingual Turn: Implications for SLA, TESOL and Bilingual Education , edited by S. May , 78–102. New York : Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Creese, A. , and A. Blackledge . 2015. “Translanguaging and Identity in Educational Settings.” Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 35: 20–35.10.1017/S0267190514000233
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davila, L. T. 2015. “Diaspora Lliteracies: An Exploration of what Reading Means to Young African Immigrant Women.” Journal of Adolescent and Adult Literacy 58 (8): 641–649.10.1017/S0267190514000233
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dryden-Peterson, S. 2017. “Family-School Relationships in Immigrant Children’s Well-Being: The Intersection of Demographics and School Culture in the Experiences of Black African Immigrants in the United States.” Race Ethnicity and Education . doi:10.1080/13613324.2017.1294562.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flores, N. , and J. Rosa . 2015. “Undoing Appropriateness: Raciolinguistic Ideologies and Language Diversity in Education.” Harvard Educational Review 85 (2): 149–171.10.17763/0017-8055.85.2.149
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• García, O. 2009. Bilingual Education in the 21 Century: A Global Perspective . Malden, MA: Wiley/Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• García, O. , and L. Wei . 2014. Translanguaging: Language, Bilingualism and Education . New York : Palgrave-MacMillan.10.1057/9781137385765
   Google Scholar
• Gil, L. , and D. J. Johns . 2015. Fast Facts: English Leaners (ELs) Who Are Black . Washington, DC: Office of English Language Acquisition & White House Initiative on Educational Excellence for African Americans. Accessed October 9, 2015. http://www.ncela.us/files/fast_facts/Combined_Black_ELs_Brochure.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Heath, S. B. , and B. V. Street . 2008. On Ethnography: Approaches to Language and Literacy Research . New York : Teachers College Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hélot, C. , and M. Ó. Laoire . 2011. Language Policy for a Multilingual Classroom: Pedagogy of the Possible . Bristol: Multilingual Matters.
   Google Scholar
• Ibrahim, A. E. K. M. 1999. “Becoming Black: Rap and Hip-Hop, Race, Gender, Identity and the Politics of ESL Learning.” TESOL Quarterly 33 (3): 349–369.10.2307/3587669
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ibrahim, A. E. K. M. 2003. “Wassup, Homeboy?: Joining the African Diaspora: Black English as a Symbolic Site of Identification and Language Learning.” In Black Linguistics: Language, Society, and Politics in Africa and the Americas , edited by S. Makoni , G. Smitherman , A. F. Ball , and A. K. Spears , 169–185. New York : Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Khubchandani, L. 1997. Revisualizing Boundaries: A Plurilingual Ethos . Newcastle upon Tyne: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Kigamwa, J. C. 2014. “Overcoming Challenges of Language Choice in Heritage Language Development among African Immigrant Families.” In Rethinking Heritage Language , edited by P. P. Trifonas and T. Aravossitas , 167–179. Cambridge Teacher Series. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kigamwa, J. , and M. T. Ndemanu . 2016. “Translingual Practices among Multilingual African Immigrants in the United States.” Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development . doi:10.1080/01434632.2016.1186678.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lave, J. , and E. Wenger . 1991. Situated Learning: Legitimate Peripheral Participation . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511815355
   Google Scholar
• Miles, M. B. , and A. M. Huberman . 1994. Qualitative Data Analysis . Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Muthwii, M. , and A. N. Kioko . 2004. New Language Bearings in Africa . Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
   Google Scholar
• Norton, B. 2013. Identity and Language Learning: Extending the Conversation . 2nd ed. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.
   Google Scholar
• Obondo, M. A. 2007. “Tensions between English and Mother Tongue Teaching in Post-Colonial Africa.” In International Handbook of English Language Teaching , edited by J. Cummins and C. Davison , 37–50. New York : Springer Science and Business Media.10.1007/978-0-387-46301-8
   Google Scholar
• Pew Research Center . 2017. “Where Do Refugees to the U.S. Come from?” Accessed February 9. http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/02/03/where-refugees-to-the-u-s-come-from/
   Google Scholar
• Pierre, J. 2004. “Black Immigrants in the United States and the ‘Cultural Narratives’ of Ethnicity.” Identities 11: 141–170. doi:10.1080/10702890490451929.
   Google Scholar
• Rong, X. L. , and P. Fitchett . 2008. “Socialization and Identity Transformation of Black Immigrant Youth in the United States.” Theory into Practice 47 (1): 35–42.10.1080/00405840701764714
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosaldo, R. 1989. Culture and Truth: The Remaking of Social Analysis . Boston, MA : Beacon.
   Google Scholar
• Roubeni, S. , L. De Haene , E. Keatley , N. Shah , and A. Rasmussen . 2015. “‘If We Can’t Do It, Our Children Will Do It One Day’.” American Educational Research Journal 52 (2): 275–305. doi:10.3102/0002831215574576.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rymes, B. 2016. Classroom Discourse Analysis: A Tool for Critical Reflection . New York : Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Schroeter, Sara , and C. E. James . 2014. “‘We’re Here Because We’re Black’: The Schooling Experiences of French-Speaking African-Canadian Students with Refugee Backgrounds.” Race, Ethnicity and Education 18 (1): 20–39.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strauss, A. , and J. Corbin . 1998. Basics of Qualitative Research . Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Suárez-Orozco, C. , and V. Louie . 2016. “Toward a New Research Agenda to Improve Outcomes of Adolescent English Learners.” William T. Grant Foundation . July 26. http://wtgrantfoundation.org/toward-new-research-agenda-improve-outcomes-adolescent-english-learners.
   Google Scholar
• Traoré, R. , and R. J. Lukens . 2006. This Isn’t the America I Thought I’d Find: African Students in the Urban U.S. High School. Lanham, MD: University Press of America.
   Google Scholar
• United States Census Bureau . 2014. American Community Survey Reports ACS-26 . Washington, DC. https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/.
   Google Scholar
• Waters, M. C. , P. Kasinitz , and A. L. Asad . 2014. “Immigrants and African Americans.” Annual Review of Sociology . doi:10.1146/annurev-soc-071811-145449.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wei, L. 2011. “Moment Analysis and Translanguaging Space: Discursive Construction of Identities by Multilingual Chinese Youth in Britain.” Journal of Pragmatics 43: 1222–1235.10.1016/j.pragma.2010.07.035
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar