367
Views
3
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Digital formations of racial understandings: how university websites are contributing to the ‘Two or More Races’ conversation

, ORCID Icon &
Pages 683-702 | Received 08 Nov 2018, Accepted 02 Aug 2019, Published online: 21 Oct 2019

References

  • Anctil, E. J. 2008. “Selling Higher Education: Marketing and Advertising.” ASHE Higher Education Report 34 (2): 1–121.
  • Blommaert, J. 2005. Discourse. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Bok, D. 2003. Universities in the Marketplace: The Commercialization of Higher Education. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Carney, C., ed. 1999. Native American Higher Education in the United States. New York: Routledge.
  • Chang, A. 2016. “Multiracial Matters: Disrupting and Reinforcing the Racial Rubric in Educational Discourse.” Race Ethnicity and Education 19 (4): 706–730. doi:10.1080/13613324.2014.885427.
  • Delgado, R., and J. Stefancic. 2017. Critical Race Theory: An Introduction. New York: NYU Press.
  • Department of Education. 2007. “Final Guidance on Maintaining, Collecting, and Reporting Racial and Ethnic Data to the U.S. Department of Education.” 72 Fed. Reg. 59266, https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2007-10-19/pdf/E7-20613.pdf
  • Douglass, R. 2003. “The Evolution of the Multiracial Movement.” In Multiracial Child Resource Book: Living Complex Realities, edited by M. P. P. Root and M. Kelley, 14–16. Seattle: MAVIN Foundation.
  • Fairclough, N. 1993. “Critical Discourse Analysis and the Marketization of Public Discourse: The Universities.” Discourse and Society 4: 122–169. doi:10.1177/0957926593004002002.
  • Ford, K. S., and A. N. Patterson. 2019. “Cosmetic Diversity: University Websites and the Transformation of Race Categories.” Journal of Diversity in Higher Education 12 (2): 99. doi:10.1037/dhe0000092.
  • Fox, M. J. T., S. C. Lowe, and G. S. McClellan. 2005. “Where We Have Been: A History of Native American Higher Education.” New Directions for Student Services 109: 7–15. doi:10.1002/ss.149.
  • Gillborn, D. 2005. “Education Policy as an Act of White Supremacy: Whiteness, Critical Race Theory and Education Reform.” Journal of Education Policy 20 (4): 485–505. doi:10.1080/02680930500132346.
  • Gillborn, D. 2006. “Rethinking White Supremacy: Who Counts in ‘Whiteworld’.” Ethnicities 6 (3): 318–340. doi:10.1177/1468796806068323.
  • Graves, J. L. 2001. The Emperor’s New Clothes: Biological Theories of Race at the New Millennium. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.
  • Harper, C. E. 2016. “Pre-College and College Predictors of Longitudinal Changes in Multiracial College Students’ Self-reported Race.” Race Ethnicity and Education 19 (5): 927–949. doi:10.1080/13613324.2014.911161.
  • Harris, J. C. 2016. “Toward a Critical Multiracial Theory in Education.” International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education 29: 795–813. doi:10.1080/09518398.2016.1162870.
  • Harris, J. C. 2017. “Multiracial College Students’ Experiences with Multiracial Microaggressions.” Race Ethnicity and Education 20 (4): 429–445. doi:10.1080/13613324.2016.1248836.
  • Hartley, M., and C. Morphew. 2008. “What’s Being Sold and to What End? A Content Analysis of College Viewbooks.” Journal of Higher Education 79 (6): 671–691. doi:10.1080/00221546.2008.11772123.
  • Hickman, C. B. 1997. “The Devil and the One Drop Rule: Racial Categories, African Americans and the U.S. Census.” Michigan Law Review 95 (5): 1161–1265. doi:10.2307/1290008.
  • hooks, b. 1989. Talking Back: Thinking Feminist, Thinking Black. Boston: South End Press.
  • Kellogg, A. H., and D. L. Liddell. 2012. ““Not Half but Double”: Exploring Critical Incidents in the Racial Identity of Multiracial College Students.” Journal of College Student Development 53: 524–540. doi:10.1353/csd.2012.0054.
  • Khanna, N. 2010. ““If You’re Half Black You’re Just Black”: Reflected Appraisals and Persistence of the One-drop Rule.” The Sociological Quarterly 51 (1): 96–121. doi:10.1111/j.1533-8525.2009.01162.x.
  • Kress, G. 2011. “Discourse Analysis and Education: A Multimodal Social Semiotic Approach.” In An Introduction to Critical Discourse Analysis in Education, edited by R. Rogers, 205–226. 2nd ed. New York: Routledge.
  • Kress, G., and R. Hodge. 1979. Language as Ideology. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
  • Krupnick, M. 2015. “These Groups of Asian-Americans Rarely Attend College, but California Is Trying to Change That.” PBS NewsHour, May 21. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/education/these-groups-of-asian-americans-rarely-attend-college-but-california-is-trying-to-change-that
  • Ladson-Billings, G., and W. F. Tate. 1995. “Toward a Critical Race Theory of Education.” Teachers College Record 97 (1): 47–68.
  • Lipsitz, G. 2006. The Possessive Investment in Whiteness: How White People Profit from Identity Politics. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
  • Mora, C. G. 2014. Making Hispanics: How Activists, Bureaucrats, and Media Constructed a New American. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Museus, S. D., S. A. Lambe Sarinana, A. L. Yee, and T. E. Robinson. 2016. “A Qualitative Analysis of Multiracial Students’ Experiences with Prejudice and Discrimination in College.” Journal of College Student Development 57 (6): 680–697. doi:10.1353/csd.2016.0068.
  • Nadal, K. L., Y. Wong, K. Griffin, J. Sriken, V. Vargas, M. Wideman, and A. Kolawole. 2011. “Microaggression and the Multiracial Experience.” International Journal of Humanities and Social Science 1: 36–44.
  • National Center for Educational Statistics. 2019 “Use the Data.” Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System. https://nces.ed.gov/ipeds/use-the-data
  • Noel-Levitz, I. 2014. E-expectations Report: The Online Preferences of College-bound High School Seniors and Their Parents. Coralville: Noel-Levitz.
  • Omi, M., and H. Winant. 2015. Racial Formation in the United States. 3rd ed. New York: Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group.
  • Painter, N. I. 2010. The History of White People. New York: WW Norton & Company.
  • Patterson, A. N. 2017. “‘I Need Somebody to Hear Me’: YouTube and Identity Expression of Biracial Individuals.” Multicultural Education Review 9 (2): 105–116. doi:10.1080/2005615X.2017.1313020.
  • Pew Research Center. 2015. “What Census Calls Us: A Historical Timeline.” Washington, DC, June 10. http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/interactives/multiracial-timeline
  • Renn, K. A. 2012. Mixed Race Students in College: The Ecology of Race, Identity, and Community on Campus. Buffalo: SUNY Press.
  • Rockquemore, K. A., D. L. Brunsma, and D. J. Delgado. 2009. “Racing to Theory or Retheorizing Race? Understanding the Struggle to Build a Multiracial Identity Theory.” Journal of Social Issues 65 (1): 13–34. doi:10.1111/josi.2009.65.issue-1.
  • Rogers, R. 2011a. An Introduction to Critical Discourse Analysis in Education. 2nd ed. New York: Routledge.
  • Rogers, R. 2011b. “Critical Approaches to Discourse Analysis in Educational Research.” In An Introduction to Critical Discourse Analysis in Education, edited by R. Rogers, 1–20. 2nd ed. New York: Routledge.
  • Root, M. P. 1996. The Multiracial Experience: Racial Borders as the New Frontier. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
  • Saichaie, K. 2011.“Representation on College and University Websites: An Approach Using Critical Discourse Analysis.” PhD diss., University of Iowa. http://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/1071
  • Saichaie, K., and C. Morphew. 2014. “What College and University Websites Reveal about the Purposes of Higher Education.” Journal of Higher Education 85 (4): 499–530. doi:10.1353/jhe.2014.0024.
  • Schneider, G. P., and C. M. Bruton. 2004. “Communicating with Multiple Stakeholders: Building Effective University Web Sites.” Journal of Organizational Culture, Communications and Conflict 8 (2): 73–80.
  • Sweet, F. W. 2005. Legal History of the Color Line: The Rise and Triumph of the One-drop Rule. Palm Coast: Backintyme.
  • Thornton, R. 2005. “Native American Demographic and Tribal Survival into the Twenty-First Century.” American Studies 46 (3): 23–38.
  • Tierney, W. G. 1992. Official Encouragement, Institutional Discouragement: Minorities in Academe–The Native American Experience. Interpretive Perspectives on Education and Policy. Greenwich: Ablex.
  • U.S. Department of Education. 2008. “Policy Questions on the Department of Education’s 2007 Guidance on Collecting, Maintaining and Reporting Data by Race or Ethnicity.” https://www2.ed.gov/policy/rschstat/guid/raceethnicity/questions.html#postsec
  • United States Census Bureau. 2012. “The Two or More Races Population: 2010.” https://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-13.pdf
  • Wallace, K. R. 2003. “Contextual Factors Affecting Identity Among Mixed Heritage College Students.” In Multiracial Child Resource Book: Living Complex Identities, edited by M. P. P. Root and M. Kelley, 87–93. Seattle, WA: MAVIN Foundation.
  • Wardle, F. 2013. “Pushback of the Pushback (Critiquing the Recent Attacks on the Multiracial Movement and Multiracial People). http://csbchome.org/?p=45
  • Wijeyesinghe, C. L. 2012. “The Intersectional Model of Multiracial Identity: Integrating Multiracial Identity Theories and Intersectional Perspectives on Social Identity.” In New Perspectives on Racial Identity Development: Integrating Emerging Frameworks, edited by C. L. Wijeyesinghe and B. W. Jackson, 81–107. 2nd ed. New York: New York University Press.
  • Wilson, J. L., and K. A. Meyer. 2009. “Higher Education Websites: The “Virtual Face” of Diversity.” Journal of Diversity in Higher Education 2 (2): 91. doi:10.1037/a0015443.
  • Wodak, R., and M. Meyer. 2016. Methods of Critical Discourse Studies. 3rd ed. Thousand Oaks: Sage.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.