1,118
Views
4
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Disrupting the educational racial contract of Islamophobia: racialized curricular expectations of Muslims in children’s literature

&
Pages 410-430 | Received 27 Jan 2019, Accepted 02 Apr 2020, Published online: 21 Apr 2020

References

  • Abu‐Lughod, L. 2002. “Do Muslim Women Really Need Saving? Anthropological Reflections on Cultural Relativism and Its Others.” American Anthropologist 104 (3): 783–790. doi:10.1525/aa.2002.104.3.783.
  • Ali, A. I. 2014. “A Threat Enfleshed: Muslim College Students Situate Their Identities Amidst Portrayals of Muslim Violence and Terror.” International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education 27 (10): 1243–1261. doi:10.1080/09518398.2013.820860.
  • Allen, R. L. 2004. “Whiteness and Critical Pedagogy.” Educational Philosophy and Theory 36 (2): 121–136. doi:10.1111/j.1469-5812.2004.00056.x.
  • Allen, R. L., and D. D. Liou. 2019. “Managing Whiteness: The Call for Educational Leadership to Breach the Contractual Expectations of White Supremacy.” Urban Education 54 (5): 677–705. doi:10.1177/0042085918783819.
  • Al-Mansour, H. 2015. The Green Bicycle. New York, NY: Puffin Books.
  • Apfelbaum, E., K. Pauker, N. Ambady, S. Sommers, and M. Norton. 2008. “Learning (Not) to Talk about Race: When Older Children Underperform in Social Categorization.” Developmental Psychology 44 (5): 1513–1518. doi:10.1037/a0012835.
  • Apple, M. 2004. Ideology and Curriculum. New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Au, W. 2013. “High-Stakes Testing and Curriculum Control: A Qualitative Metasynthesis.” In The Curriculum Studies Reader, edited by D. J. Flinders and S. J. Thornton, 235–251. 4th ed. New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Au, W., A. Brown, and C. Dolores. 2016. Reclaiming the Multicultural Roots of US Curriculum: Communities of Color and Official Knowledge in Education. New York, NY: Teachers College Press.
  • Bang, M., and D. Medin. 2010. “Cultural Processes in Science Education: Supporting the Navigation of Multiple Epistemologies.” Science Education 94 (6): 1008–1026. doi:10.1002/sce.20392.
  • Banks, J. A. 2014. “Diversity, Group Identity, and Citizenship Education in a Global Age.” Journal of Education 194 (3): 1–12. doi:10.1177/002205741419400302.
  • Banks, J. A., and C. A. M. Banks. 2013. Multicultural Education: Issues and Perspectives. 8th ed. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Bobbitt, F. 2013. “Scientific Method in Curriculum-Making.” In The Curriculum Studies Reader, edited by D. J. Flinders and S. J. Thornton, 11–18. 4th ed. New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Botelho, M., and M. Rudman. 2009. Critical Multicultural Analysis of Children’s Literature: Mirrors, Windows, and Doors. New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Breen, D. 2016. “Critical Race Theory, Policy Rhetoric and Outcomes: The Case of Muslim Schools.” Britain, Race Ethnicity and Education 21 (1): 30–44. doi:10.1080/13613324.2016.1248828.
  • Brown, A., and A. Wayne. 2014. “Race, Memory, and Master Narratives: A Critical Essay on US Curriculum History.” Curriculum Inquiry 44 (3): 358–389. doi:10.1111/curi.12049.
  • Bullock, K. 2002. Rethinking Muslim Women and the Veil: Challenging Historical & Modern Stereotypes. Herndon, VA: International Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT).
  • Calderón, D. 2014. “Speaking Back to Manifest Destinies: A Land Education-Based Approach to Critical Curriculum Inquiry.” Environmental Education Research 20 (1): 24–36. doi:10.1080/13504622.2013.865114.
  • Calkins, L. 2010. A Guide to the Reading Workshop: Grades 3-5. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann.
  • Callaway, A. 2010. “Literature Review: The Growing Need to Understand Muslim Students.” Multicultural Perspectives 12 (4): 217–222. doi:10.1080/15210960.2010.527590.
  • Carbado, D. W. 2002. “Afterword:(E) Racing Education.” Equity & Excellence in Education 35 (2): 181–194. doi:10.1080/10715760100300731.
  • Chuah, O. 2004. “Muslims in China: The Social and Economic Situation of the Hui Chinese.” Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs 24 (1): 155–162. doi:10.1080/1360200042000212133.
  • Collet, B. 2007. “Islam, National Identity, and Public Secondary Education: Perspectives from the Somali Diaspora in Toronto, Canada.” Race Ethnicity and Education 10 (2): 131–153. doi:10.1080/13613320701330668.
  • Conway, G. 1997. Islamophobia: A Challenge for Us All; Report of the Runnymede Trust Commission on British Muslims and Islamophobia. London, England: Runnymede Trust.
  • Corbin, C. 2017. “Terrorists are Always Muslim but Never White: At the Intersection of Critical Race Theory and Propaganda.” Fordham Law Review 86 (2): 455–485.
  • Davis Pinkney, A. 2014. The Red Pencil. New York, NY: Little, Brown and Company.
  • Deits Cutler, K. 2019. “Making Race Matter: Interrupting Racial Color-blindness in Education through the Implementation of Anti-racist Curriculum.” EdD diss. Portland State University.
  • Desai, K., and B. N. Sanya. 2016. “Towards Decolonial Praxis: Reconfiguring the Human and the Curriculum.” Gender and Education 28 (6): 710–724. doi:10.1080/09540253.2016.1221893.
  • Douglass, S., and M. Shaikh. 2004. “Defining Islamic Education: Differentiation and Applications.” Current Issues in Comparative Education 7 (1): 5–18.
  • Dupont, P.-L. 2018. “Perpetuating Anti-Muslim Discrimination through the Interpretation of Religious Equality in the European Court of Human Rights.” Journal of Muslims in Europe 7 (1): 27–46. doi:10.1163/22117954-12341343.
  • Eisner, E. 1994. The Educational Imagination: On the Design and Evaluation of School Programs. New York, NY: Macmillan College Publishing Company.
  • Ezzani, M. D., and M. C. Brooks. 2015. “(Mis) Understanding Islam in a Suburban Texas School District.” Religion & Education 42 (3): 237–254. doi:10.1080/15507394.2015.1013408.
  • Fives, H., and M. G. Gill, eds. 2015. International Handbook of Research on Teachers’ Beliefs. New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Fredrickson, G. 2002. Racism: A Short History. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Freire, P. 1998. Pedagogy of Freedom: Ethics, Democracy, and Civic Courage. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
  • Freire, P. 2000. Pedagogy of the Oppressed. New York, NY: Continuum.
  • Gillborn, D. 1992. “Citizenship, ‘Race’ and the Hidden Curriculum.” International Studies in Sociology of Education 2 (1): 57–73. doi:10.1080/0962021920020104.
  • Gillborn, D. 2006. “Critical Race Theory and Education: Racism and Anti-racism in Educational Theory and Praxis.” Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education 27 (1): 11–32.
  • Gorski, P. 2019. “Why Evangelicals Voted for Trump: A Critical Cultural Sociology.” In Politics of Meaning/Meaning of Politics, edited by J. L. Mast and J. C. Alexander, 165–183. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Green, C., and S. Oldendorf. 2005. “Teaching Religious Diversity Through Children’s Literature.” Childhood Education 81 (4): 209–218. doi:10.1080/00094056.2005.10522274.
  • Hatt, B. 2016. “Racializing Smartness.” Race Ethnicity and Education 19 (6): 1141–1148. doi:10.1080/13613324.2016.1168537.
  • Housee, S. 2012. “What’s the Point? Anti-Racism and Students’ Voices against Islamophobia.” Race Ethnicity and Education 15 (1): 101–120. doi:10.1080/13613324.2012.638867.
  • Hussain, Y., and P. Bagguley. 2012. “Securitized Citizens: Islamophobia, Racism and the 7/7 London Bombings.” The Sociological Review 60 (4): 715–734. doi:10.1111/j.1467-954X.2012.02130.x.
  • James, P. W., and D. Levine‐Donnerstein. 1999. “Rethinking Validity and Reliability in Content Analysis.” Journal of Applied Communication Research 27 (3): 258–284. doi:10.1080/00909889909365539.
  • Johnson, H., J. Mathis, and K. Short, eds. 2017. Critical Content Analysis of Children’s and Young Adult Literature: Reframing Perspective. New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Jones, R. 2009. “Geopolitical Boundary Narratives, the Global War on Terror and Border Fencing in India.” Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 34 (3): 290–304. doi:10.1111/j.1475-5661.2009.00350.x.
  • Khan, H. 2017. Amina’s Voice. New York, NY: Salaam Reads.
  • Kimmel, M., and A. Ferber, eds. 2009. Privilege: A Reader (2nd Ed.). New York, NY: Perseus.
  • Kuhn, D., and W. Moore. 2015. “Argumentation as Core Curriculum.” Learning: Research and Practice 1 (1): 66–78.
  • Kumashiro, K. 2015. Against Common Sense: Teaching and Learning toward Social Justice (3rd Ed.). New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Leonardo, Z. 2013a. Race Frameworks: A Multidimensional Theory of Racism and Education. New York, NY: Teachers College Press.
  • Leonardo, Z. 2013b. “The Story of Schooling: Critical Race Theory and the Educational Racial Contract.” Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education 34 (4): 599–610.
  • Leonardo, Z. 2018. “Dis-orienting Western Knowledge: Coloniality, Curriculum and Crisis.” The Cambridge Journal of Anthropology 36 (2): 7–20. doi:10.3167/cja.2018.360203.
  • Lewison, M., C. Leland, and J. Harste. 2018. Teaching Children’s Literature: It’s Critical! (2nd Ed.). New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Liou, D. D., and L. Rojas. 2016. “Teaching for Empowerment and Excellence: The Transformative Potential of Teacher Expectations in an Urban Latina/o Classroom.” The Urban Review 48 (3): 380–402. doi:10.1007/s11256-016-0359-8.
  • Lipka, M. 2017. “Muslims and Islam: Key Findings in the US and around the World.” Pew Research Center August 9. Accessed 29 September 2019. http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/08/09/muslims-and-islam-key-findings-in-the-u-s-and-around-the-world/
  • McLaren, P. 2015. Life in Schools: An Introduction to Critical Pedagogy in the Foundations of Education. 6th ed. New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Meer, N. 2012. “Misrecognizing Muslim Consciousness in Europe.” Ethnicities 12 (2): 178–196. doi:10.1177/1468796811431295.
  • Meer, N., and T. Modood. 2009. “Refutations of Racism in the ‘Muslimquestion’.” Patterns of Prejudice 43 (3–4): 335–354. doi:10.1080/00313220903109250.
  • Meer, N., and T. Noorani. 2008. “A Sociological Comparison of Anti-Semitism and Anti-Muslim Sentiment in Britain.” The Sociological Review 56 (2): 195–219. doi:10.1111/j.1467-954X.2008.00784.x.
  • Mills, C. 1997. The Racial Contract. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
  • Mills, C. 2000. “Race and the Social Contract Tradition.” Social Identities 6 (4): 441–462. doi:10.1080/13504630020026404.
  • Mills, C. 2009. “Critical Race Theory: A Reply to Mike Cole.” Ethnicities 9 (2): 270–281. doi:10.1177/14687968090090020502.
  • Milner, R. H. 2017. Confronting Inequity/Reimagining the Null Curriculum. November: Educational Leadership.
  • Modood, T., and F. Ahmad. 2007. “British Muslim Perspectives on Multiculturalism.” Theory, Culture & Society 24 (2): 187–213. doi:10.1177/0263276407075005.
  • Mogahed, D., and Y. Chouhoud. 2017. “American Muslim Poll 2017: Full Report.” Institute for Social Policy and Understanding. March 21, Acessed 29 September 2019. https://www.ispu.org/american-muslim-poll-2017/
  • Mohanty, C. 1984. “Under Western Eyes: Feminist Scholarship and Colonial Discourses.” Boundary 12 (3): 333–358. doi:10.2307/302821.
  • Omi, M., and H. Winant. 2015. Racial Formation in the United States (3rd Ed.). New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Rinaldo, R. 2014. “Pious and Critical: Muslim Women Activists and the Question of Agency.” Gender & Society 28 (6): 824–846. doi:10.1177/0891243214549352.
  • Rogers, J., and J. Litt. 2004. “Normalizing Racism: A Case Study of Motherhood in White Supremacy.” In Home-Grown Hate: Gender and Organized Racism, edited by A. L. Ferber, 97–112. New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Said, E. 1978. Orientalism. London, England: Penguin Books.
  • Salaita, S. 2006. Anti-Arab Racism in the USA: Where It Comes from and What It Means for Politics Today. London, England: Pluto Press.
  • Seggie, F. N., and G. Sanford. 2010. “Perceptions of Female Muslim Students Who Veil: Campus Religious Climate.” Race Ethnicity and Education 13 (1): 59–82. doi:10.1080/13613320903549701.
  • Selod, S. 2015. “Citizenship Denied: The Racialization of Muslim American Men and Women Post-9/11.” Critical Sociology 41 (1): 77–95. doi:10.1177/0896920513516022.
  • Shear, M., and H. Cooper. 2017. “Trump Bars Refugees and Citizens of 7 Muslim Countries.” The New York Times. January 27. Accessed 29 September 2019. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/27/us/politics/trump-syrian-refugees.html
  • Sian, K. 2013. Unsettling Sikh and Muslim Conflict: Mistaken Identities, Forced Conversions, and Postcolonial Formations. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.
  • Sleeter, C., and J. Stillman. 2013. “Standardizing Knowledge in a Multicultural Society.” In The Curriculum Studies Reader, edited by D. J. Flinders and S. J. Thornton, 253–287. 4th ed. New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Southern Poverty Law Center. 2017. “Anti-Muslim.” Southern Poverty Law Center. Accessed 29 September 2019. https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/ideology/anti-muslim
  • Steele, C. M. 2011. Whistling Vivaldi: How Stereotypes Affect Us and What We Can Do. New York, NY: WW Norton & Company.
  • Subedi, B. 2006. “Preservice Teachers’ Beliefs and Practices: Religion and Religious Diversity.” Equity & Excellence in Education 39 (3): 227–238. doi:10.1080/10665680600788495.
  • Welply, O. 2018. “‘I’m Not Being Offensive but … ’: Intersecting Discourses of Discrimination Towards Muslim Children in School.” Race Ethnicity and Education 21 (3): 370–389. doi:10.1080/13613324.2017.1294569.
  • Wispé, L. 1986. “The Distinction between Sympathy and Empathy: To Call Forth a Concept, a Word Is Needed.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 50 (2): 314–321. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.50.2.314.
  • Yosso, T. 2002. “Toward a Critical Race Curriculum.” Equity & Excellence in Education 35 (2): 93–107. doi:10.1080/713845283.
  • Zin, M. 2015. “Anti-Muslim Violence in Burma: Why Now?” Social Research: An International Quarterly 82 (2): 375–397.
  • Zine, J. 2006. “Unveiled Sentiments: Gendered Islamophobia and Experiences Of Veiling among Muslim Girls in a Canadian Islamic School.” Equity & Excellence in Education 39 (3): 239–252. doi: 10.1080/10665680600788503.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.