‘That’s My Job’: Black Teachers’ Perspectives on Helping Black Students Navigate White Supremacy

References

• Anderson, J. 1988. The Education of Blacks in the South, 1860-1935. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bell, D. 1992a. Faces at the Bottom of the Well: The Permanence of Racism. New York: Basic Books.
   Google Scholar
• Bell, D. 1992b. “Racial Realism.” Connecticut Law Review. 24(2):363–379.
   Google Scholar
• Braun, V., and V. Clarke. 2006. “Using Thematic Analysis in Psychology.” Qualitative Research in Psychology. 3(2):77–101.
   Google Scholar
• Bristol, T. 2018. “To Be Alone or in a Group: An Exploration into How the School-based Experiences Differ for Black Male Teachers across One Urban School District.” Urban Education. 53(3):334–354.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bristol, T., and R. Goings. 2019. “Exploring the Boundary-heightening Experiences of Black Male Teachers: Lessons for Teacher Education Programs.” Journal of Teacher Education. 70(1):51–64.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brockenbrough, E. 2012. “You Ain’t My Daddy!”: Black Male Teachers and the Politics of Surrogate Fatherhood.” International Journal of Inclusive Education. 16(4):357–372.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brockenbrough, E. 2015. “The Discipline Stop”: Black Male Teachers and the Politics of Urban School Discipline.” Education and Urban Society. 47(5):499–522.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, E. 2019. “African American Teachers’ Experiences with Racial Microaggressions.” Educational Studies. 55(2):180–196.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clandinin, D. J., and F. M. Connelly. 2000. Narrative Inquiry: Experience and Story in Qualitative Research. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
   Google Scholar
• Cook, D. 2010. “Disrupted but Not Destroyed: Fictive Kinship Networks among Black Educators in post-Katrina New Orleans.” Southern Anthropologist. 35(2):1–25.
   Google Scholar
• Cooper, A. J. 1930. “On Education.” In E. Bhan and C. Lemert, edited by. The Voice of Anna Julia Cooper. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield; p. 248–258.
   Google Scholar
• Cornelius, J. 1983. “We Slipped and Learned to Read: Slave Accounts of the Literacy Process. 1830-1865.” Phylon. 44(3):171–186. doi:10.2307/274930
   Google Scholar
• Crenshaw, K. 1988. “Race, Reform, and Retrenchment: Transformation and Legitimation in Anti-discrimination Law.” Harvard Law Review. 101(7):1331–1387. doi:10.2307/1341398
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeCuir-Gunby, J., and N. Gunby. 2016. “Racial Microaggressions in the Workplace: A Critical Race Analysis of the Experiences of African American Educators.” Urban Education. 51(4):390–414.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dee, T. 2005. “A Teacher like Me: Does Race, Ethnicity, or Gender Matter?.” The American Economic Review. 95(2):158–165. doi:10.1257/000282805774670446
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delgado, R. 1989. “Legal Storytelling: Storytelling for Oppositionists and Others: A Plea for Narrative.” Michigan Law Review. 87(8):2411–2441.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delgado, R., and J. Stefancic. 2012. Critical Race Theory: An Introduction. New York: New York University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Dillard, C. 2006. On Spiritual Strivings: Transforming an African American Woman’s Academic Life. Albany. New York, NY: SUNY Press.
   Google Scholar
• Dixson, A. 2003. “Let’s Do This!” Black Women Teachers’ Politics and Pedagogy.” Urban Education. 38(2):217–235. doi:10.1177/0042085902250482
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Douglas, D. 2005. Jim Crow Moves North: The Battle over Northern School Segregation, 1865-1954. New York: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• DuBois, W. 1903. Souls of Black Folk. New York: Penguin Books.
   Google Scholar
• DuBois, W. 1935. “Does the Negro Need Separate Schools?” The Journal of Negro Education. 4(3):328–335.
   Google Scholar
• Duncan, K. 2019. “They Hate on Me!” Black Teachers Interrupting Their White Colleagues’ Racism.” Educational Studies. 55(2):197–213.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellis, G. W. 1917. “Psychic Factors in the New American Race Situation.” The Journal of Race Development. 7(4):467–488.
   Google Scholar
• Esposito, J., and A. Swain. 2009. “Pathways to Social Justice: Urban Teachers’ Uses of Culturally Relevant Pedagogy as a Conduit for Teaching for Social Justice.” Perspectives on Urban Education. 6(1):38–48.
   Google Scholar
• Ethridge, S. 1979. “Impact of the 1954 Brown V. Topeka Board of Education Decision on Black Educators.” Negro Education Review. 30(4):217–232.
   Google Scholar
• Fairclough, A. 2007. A Class of Their Own: Black Teachers in the Segregated South. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Foster, M. 1990. “The Politics of Race: Through the Eyes of African-American Teachers.” The Journal of Education. 172(3):123–141.
   Google Scholar
• Foster, M. 1991. “Constance, Connectedness, and Constraints in the Lives of African-American Teachers.” NWSA Journal. 3:233–261.
   Google Scholar
• Foster, M. 1997. Black Teachers on Teaching. New York: New Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gay, G. 2000. Culturally Responsive Teaching: Theory, Research, & Practice. New York: Teachers College Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gershenson, S., C. Hart, C. Lindsay, and N. Papageorge. 2017. “The Long-run Impacts of Same Race Teachers.” ISA Discussion Paper No. 10630.
   Google Scholar
• Gershenson, S., C. Hart, J. Hyman, L. Constance, and N. Papageorge. 2018. “The Long-run Impacts of Same-race Teachers.” NBER Working Paper No. 25254.
   Google Scholar
• Gershenson, S., S. Holt, and N. Papageorge. 2016. “Who Believes in Me? the Effect of Student Teacher Demographic Match on Teacher Expectations.” Economics of Education Review. 52:209–224. doi:10.1016/j.econedurev.2016.03.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilliom, J. 2008. “Surveillance and Educational Testing: No Child Left behind and the Remaking of American Schools.” In M. Deflem, edited by. Surveillance and Governance. Bingley, UK: Emerald Publishing Group; p. 305–325.
   Google Scholar
• Grissom, J., and C. Redding. 2016. “Discretion and Disproportionality: Explaining the Underrepresentation of High-achieving Students of Color in Gifted Programs.” AERA Open. 2(1):1–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris, C. 1993. “Whiteness as Property.” Harvard Law Review. 106(8):1707–1791. doi:10.2307/1341787
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howard, T. 2001. “Powerful Pedagogy for African American Students: A Case of Four Teachers.” Urban Education. 36(2):179–202. doi:10.1177/0042085901362003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howard, T. 2004. “Does Race Really Matter?” Secondary Students’ Constructions of Racial Dialogue in the Social Studies.” Theory and Research in Social Education. 32(4):484–502. doi:10.1080/00933104.2004.10473266
   Google Scholar
• Irvine, J., and R. Irvine. 2007. “The Impact of the Desegregation Process on the Education of Black Students: A Retrospective.” Journal of Negro Education. 76:297–305.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, W., F. Nayameke, D. Chazan, and B. Rosenthal. 2013. “Teaching with Speeches: A Black Teacher Who Uses the Mathematics Classroom to Prepare Students for Life.” Teachers College Record. 115(2):1–26.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knight, M. 2004. “Sensing the Urgency: Envisioning a Black Humanist Vision of Care in Teacher Education.” Race, Ethnicity and Education. 7(3):211–227.
   Google Scholar
• Ladson-Billings, G. 1995. “Toward a Theory of Culturally Relevant Pedagogy.” American Educational Research Journal. 32(3):465–491.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ladson-Billings, G. 1998. “Just What Is Critical Race Theory and What’s It Doing in a Nice Field like Education?” International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education. 11(1):7–24.
   Google Scholar
• Ladson-Billings, G., and W. Tate IV. 1995. “Toward a Critical Race Theory of Education.” Teachers College Record. 97(1):47–68.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindsay, C., and C. Hart. 2017. “Teacher Race and School Discipline.” Education Next. 17(1):72–78.
   Google Scholar
• Love, B. 2019. We Want to Do More than Survive: Abolitionist Teaching and the Pursuit of Educational Freedom. Boston: Beacon Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lynn, M. 1999. “Toward A Critical Race Pedagogy: A Research Note.” Urban Education. 33(5):606–626.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lynn, M., C. Johnson, and K. Hassan. 1999. “Raising the Critical Consciousness of African American Students in Baldwin Hills: A Portrait of an Exemplary African American Male Teacher.” Journal of Negro Education. 68(1):42–53. doi:10.2307/2668208
   Google Scholar
• Lynn, M., and M. Jennings. 2009. “Power, Politics and Critical Race Pedagogy: A Critical Race Analysis of Black Male Teacher Pedagogy.” Race, Ethnicity and Education. 12(2):173–196.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milner, H. R. 2007. “Race, Narrative Inquiry, and Self-study in Curriculum and Teacher Education.” Education and Urban Society. 39(4):584–609.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milner, H. R. 2014. “Culturally Relevant, Purpose-driven Learning & Teaching in a Middle School Social Studies Classroom.” Multicultural Education. 21:9–17.
   Google Scholar
• Milner, H. R. 2016. “A Black Male Teachers’ Culturally Responsive Practices.” Journal of Negro Education. 84(4):417–432. doi:10.7709/jnegroeducation.85.4.0417
   Google Scholar
• Paris, D. 2017. Culturally Sustaining Pedagogies. New York: Teachers College Press.
   Google Scholar
• Phillion, J. 2008. “Multicultural and Cross-cultural Narrative Inquiry into Understanding Immigrant Students’ Educational Experience in Hong Kong.” Compare. 38(3):281–293.
   Google Scholar
• Roberts, M. 2010. “Toward a Theory of Culturally Relevant Critical Teacher Care: African American Teachers’ Definitions and Perceptions of Care for African American Students.” Journal of Moral Education. 39(4):449–467.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solorzano, D. G., and T. J. Yosso. 2009. “Counter-storytelling as an Analytical Framework for Educational Research.” In E. Taylor, D. Gillborn, and G. Ladson-Billings, edited by. Foundations of Critical Race Theory in Education. New York: Routledge; p. 131–147.
   Google Scholar
• Stovall, D. 2006. “We Can Relate: Hip-hop Culture, Critical Pedagogy, and the Secondary Classroom.” Urban Education. 41(6):585–602.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor, E. 2009. “The Foundations of Critical Race Theory in Education: An Introduction.” In E. Taylor, D. Gillborn, and G. Ladson-Billings, edited by. Foundations of Critical Race Theory in Education. New York: Routledge; p. 1–13.
   Google Scholar
• Walker, V. 1996. Their Highest Potential: An African American School Community in the Segregated South. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.
   Google Scholar
• Williams, H. 2005. Self-taught: African American Education in Slavery and Freedom. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.
   Google Scholar
• Woodson, A., and A. Pabon. 2016. “I’m None of the Above”: Exploring Themes of Heteropatriarchy in the Life Histories of Black Male Educators.” Equity & Excellence in Education. 49(1):57–71.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woodson, C. 1933. The Miseducation of the Negro. Washington, DC: Associated Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Zamudio, M. M., C. Russell, F. A. Rios, and J. L. Bridgeman. 2011. Critical Race Theory Matters: Education and Ideology. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar