5,413
Views
4
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Pushed to the edge: the consequences of the ‘Prevent Duty’ in de-radicalising pre-crime thought among British Muslim university students

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon &
Pages 719-734 | Received 29 Apr 2021, Accepted 20 Nov 2021, Published online: 23 Dec 2021

References

  • Abbas, T. 2019. Islamophobia and Radicalisation: A Vicious Cycle. London. Hurst and New York: Oxford Univesity Press.
  • Aly, A., and J-L. Striegher. 2012. “Examining the Role of Religion in Radicalisation to Violent Islamist Extremism.” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 35 (12): 849–862. doi:10.1080/1057610X.2012.720243.
  • Awan, I. 2012. ““I Am a Muslim Not an Extremist”: How the Prevent Strategy Has Constructed a “Suspect” Community.” Politics and Policy 40 (6): 1158–1185. doi:10.1111/j.1747-1346.2012.00397.x.
  • Breen-Smyth, M. 2013. “Theorising the “Suspect Community”: Counterterrorism, Security Practices and the Public Imagination.” Critical Studies on Terrorism 7 (2): 223–224. doi:10.1080/17539153.2013.867714.
  • Coughlan, S. 2016. “Should There Be More Muslim State Schools?” BBC News, Accessed 1 January 2021. https://www.bbc.com/news/education-37484358
  • Dalgaard-Nielsen, A. 2010. “Violent Radicalization in Europe: What We Know and What We Do Not Know.” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 33 (9): 797–814. doi:10.1080/1057610X.2010.501423.
  • Durodie, B. 2015. “Securitising Education to Prevent Terrorism or Losing Direction.” British Journal of Educational Studies 64 (1): 21–35. doi:10.1080/00071005.2015.1107023.
  • Education Scotland. 2018. “Prevent Duty Guidance 2018.” Accessed 1 January 2021. https://education.gov.scot/improvement/learning-resources/prevent-duty-guidance
  • Equality Challenge Unit. 2011. Religion and Belief in Higher Education: The Experiences of Staff and Students. London: ECU.
  • Gholami, R. 2021. “Critical Race Theory and Islamophobia: Challenging Inequity in Higher Education.” Race Ethnicity and Education 24 (3): 319–337. doi:10.1080/13613324.2021.1879770.
  • Guest, M., A. Scott-Baumann, S. Cheruvallil-Contractor, S. Naguib, A. Phoenix, Y. Lee, and T. Al-Baghal 2020. “Islam on Campus.” SOAS, Coventry University, Durham University and Lancaster University.
  • Gunning, J., and R. Jackson. (2011. “What's so ‘religious’ about ‘religious terrorism’?” Critical Studies on Terrorism 4 (3): 369–388 doi:10.1080/17539153.2011.623405.
  • Heath-Kelly, C. 2013. “Counter-Terrorism and the Counterfactual: Producing the ‘Radicalisation’ Discourse and the UK PREVENT Strategy.” The British Journal of Politics and International Relations 15 (3): 394–415. doi:10.1111/j.1467-856X.2011.00489.x.
  • Hickman, M.J., L. Thomas, H.C. Nickels, and S. Silvestri. 2012. “Social Cohesion and the Notion of ‘Suspect Communities’: A Study of the Experiences and Impacts of Being ‘Suspect’ for Irish Communities and Muslim Communities in Britain.” Critical Studies on Terrorism 5 (1): 89–106. doi:10.1080/17539153.2012.659915.
  • Hillyard, P. 1993. Suspect Community: People’s Experience of the Prevention of Terrorism Acts in Britain. London: Pluto Press and Liberty/NCCL.
  • HM Government. 2015. “Counter-Terrorism and Security Act. London: Her Majesty’s Stationary Office.” Accessed 1 January 2021. https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2015/6/pdfs/ukpga_20150006_en.pdf
  • HM Government. 2018. “CONTEST: The United Kingdom’s Strategy for Countering Terrorism.” London. Her Majesty’s Stationary Office, ( 2018). Accessed 30 May 2020. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/716907/140618_CCS207_CCS0218929798-1_CONTEST_3.0_WEB.pdf
  • HM Government. 2020. “Guidance on Prevent and the Channel Programme.” London. Her Majesty’s Stationary Office, Accessed 9 January 2020. http://preventforfeandtraining.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/The-Prevent-Strategy-and-the-Channel-Programme-in-FE-Colleges.pdf
  • Kundnani, A. 2009. Spooked! How Not to Prevent Violent Extremism. London: Institute of Race Relations.
  • Lloyd, M., and C. Dean. 2015. “The Development of Structured Guidelines for Assessing Risk in Extremist Offenders.” Journal of Threat Assessment and Management 2 (1): 40–52. doi:10.1037/tam0000035.
  • Lord Carlie of Berriew. 2011. “Sixth Report of the Independent Reviewer Pursuant to S14 (3) of the Prevention of Terrorism Act 2005.” London. Her Majesty’s Stationary Office, Accessed 16 January 2020. http://www.statewatch.org/news/2011/feb/uk-counter-terrorism-lord-carlile-sixth-report.pdf
  • Malik, A, and E. Wykes. 2018. British Muslims in UK Higher Education: Socio-political, Religious and Policy Recommendations. Washington DC: Bridge Institute.
  • Mark Mcgovern, M. 2017. “The University, Prevent and Cultures of Compliance.” Prometheus 34 (1): 49–62. doi:10.1080/08109028.2016.1222129.
  • National Union of Students. 2017. Preventing Prevent Handbook. London: NUS.
  • Office for National Statistics (2011). “Religion in England and Wales 2011.” London. ONS, Accessed 9 January 2020. https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/religion/articles/religioninenglandandwales2011/2012-12-11]
  • Pantazis, C., and S. Pemberton. 2009. “From the ‘Old’ to the ‘New’ Suspect Community: Examining the Impacts of Recent UK Counter-Terrorist Legislation.” British Journal of Criminology 49 (5): 646–666. doi:10.1093/bjc/azp031.
  • Pearson, E., and E Winterbotham. 2017. “Women, Gender and Daesh Radicalisation.” The RUSI Journal 162 (3): 60–72. doi:10.1080/03071847.2017.1353251.
  • Peirce, G. 2008. “. Was It like This for the Irish? Gareth Peirce on the Position of Muslims in Britain.” London Review of Books 30 (7): 3–8.
  • Qurashi, F. 2018. “The Prevent Strategy and the UK ‘War on Terror’: Embedding Infrastructures of Surveillance in Muslim Communities.” Palgrave Communications 4 (1): 1–13. doi:10.1057/s41599-017-0061-9.
  • Schmid, A. 2013. Radicalisation, De-radicalisation, Counter-radicalisation: A Conceptual Discussion and Literature Review. The Hague: International Centre for Counter-Terrorism Studies.
  • Schonlau, M., A. van Soest, A. Kapteyn, and M. Couper. 2009. “Selection Bias in Web Surveys and the Use of Propensity Scores.” Sociological Methods & Research 37 (3): 291–318. doi:10.1177/0049124108327128.
  • School of Oriental and African Studies. 2018. “Muslim Students Self-Censor on UK Campuses, according to Initial Findings from SOAS Research.” London, SOAS. Accessed 3 February 2020]. https://www.soas.ac.uk/news/newsitem134462.html
  • Scott-Baumann, A., M. Guest, S. Naguib, S. Cheruvallil-Contractor, and A. Phoenix. 2020. Islam on Campus: Contested Identities and the Cultures of Higher Education in Britain. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Sian, K.P. 2015. “Spies, Surveillance and Stakeouts: Monitoring Muslim Moves in British State Schools.” Race Ethnicity and Education 18 (2): 183–201. doi:10.1080/13613324.2013.830099.
  • Steadman, A., J. Grace, and R. Roberts. 2020. “The “Choice to Challenge” Extreme Views in the Classroom? Counter-Radicalisation and the Prevent Agenda in the University Context.” In Investigating Radicalization Trends: Security Informatics and Law Enforcement, edited by A. Babak, W. Douglas, and J.-M. Blanco. Amsterdam: Springer, 237–260 .
  • The Higher Education Statistics Agency. 2020. “Who’s Studying in HE?” Accessed 22 January 2020. https://www.hesa.ac.uk/data-and-analysis/students/whos-in-he
  • Thomas, P. 2012. Responding to the Threat of Violent Extremism. London: Bloomsbury.
  • Umbach, P.D. 2004. “Web Surveys: Best Practices.” New Directions for Institutional Research 121: 23–38.
  • Zedner, L. 2007. “Pre-crime and Post-criminology?” Theoretical Criminology 11 (2): 261–281. doi:10.1177/1362480607075851.