2,235
Views
170
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Article

The effects of Implanon® on menstrual bleeding patterns

, , PhD, &
Pages 13-28 | Published online: 06 Jul 2009

References

  • d'Arcangues C, Odlind V, Fraser I S. Dysfunctional uterine bleeding induced by exogenous hormones. Presented at Steroid Hormones and Uterine Bleeding: Meeting on the Effects of Steroid Hormones and Endometrial Vasculature, Bethesda, MD, 1992
  • Belsey E M. The association between vaginal bleeding patterns and reasons for discontinuation of contraceptive use. Contraception 1988; 38: 207–25
  • Fraser I S, Weisberg E, Minehan E, et al. A detailed analysis of menstrual blood loss in women using Norplant and Nestorone progestogen-only contraceptive implants or vaginal rings. Contraception 2000; 61: 241–51
  • Livingstone M, Fraser I S. Mechanisms of abnormal uterine bleeding. Hum Reprod Update 2002; 8: 60–67
  • Hickey M, d'Arcangues C. Vaginal bleeding disturbances and implantable contraceptives. Contraception 2002; 65: 75–84
  • Funk S, Miller M M, Mishell D R, Jr., et al. Safety and efficacy of Implanon, a single-rod implantable contraceptive containing etonogestrel. Contraception 2005; 71: 319–26
  • Kaplan E L, Meier P. Nonparametric estimation from incomplete observations. J Am Statist Assoc 1958; 53: 457–81
  • Belsey E M, Farley T M. The analysis of menstrual bleeding patterns: A review. Contraception 1988; 38: 129–56
  • Belsey E M, Machin D, d'Arcangues C. The analysis of vaginal bleeding patterns induced by fertility regulating methods. World Health Organization Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction. Contraception 1986; 34: 253–60
  • Fraser I S. Bleeding arising from the use of exogenous steroids. Baillieres Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 1999; 13: 203–22
  • Belsey E M, Pinol A P. Menstrual bleeding patterns in untreated women. Task force on long-acting systemic agents for fertility regulation. Contraception 1997; 55: 57–65
  • Treloar A E, Boynton R E, Behn B G, et al. Variation of the human menstrual cycle through reproductive life. Int J Fertil 1967; 12: 77–126
  • Andersson K, Odlind V, Rybo G. Levonorgestrel-releasing and copper-releasing (Nova T) IUDs during five years of use: A randomized comparative trial. Contraception 1994; 49: 56–72
  • Sivin I, Stern J. Health during prolonged use of levonorgestrel 20 micrograms/d and the copper TCu 380Ag intrauterine contraceptive devices: A multicenter study. International Committee for Contraception Research (ICCR). Fertil Steril 1994; 61: 70–77
  • Belsey E M, Peregoudov S. Determinants of menstrual bleeding patterns among women using natural and hormonal methods of contraception. I. Regional variations. Contraception 1988; 38: 227–42
  • Magalhaes J, Aldrighi J M, de Lima G R. Uterine volume and menstrual patterns in users of the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system with idiopathic menorrhagia or menorrhagia due to leiomyomas. Contraception 2007; 75: 193–8
  • National Collaborating Centre for Women's and Children's Health. Long-acting reversible contraception: The effective and appropriate use of long-acting reversible contraception. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, LondonUK October, 2005
  • Belsey E M. Vaginal bleeding patterns among women using one natural and eight hormonal methods of contraception. Contraception 1988; 38: 181–206
  • Archer D F, Jensen J T, Johnson J V, et al. Evaluation of a continuous regimen of levonorgestrel/ethinyl estradiol: Phase 3 study results. Contraception 2006; 74: 439–45
  • Grow D R. Metabolism of endogenous and exogenous reproductive hormones. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 2002; 29: 425–36
  • Belsey E M, d'Arcangues C, Carlson N. Determinants of menstrual bleeding patterns among women using natural and hormonal methods of contraception. II. The influence of individual characteristics. Contraception 1988; 38: 243–57
  • Vincent A J, Salamonsen L A. The role of matrix metalloproteinases and leukocytes in abnormal uterine bleeding associated with progestin-only contraceptives. Hum Reprod 2000; 15: 135–43
  • Mascarenhas L, van Beek A, Bennink H C, et al. A 2-year comparative study of endometrial histology and cervical cytology of contraceptive implant users in Birmingham, UK. Hum Reprod 1998; 13: 3057–60
  • Charnock-Jones D S, Macpherson A M, Archer D F, et al. The effect of progestins on vascular endothelial growth factor, oestrogen receptor and progesterone receptor immunoreactivity and endothelial cell density in human endometrium. Hum Reprod 2000; 15: 85–95
  • Van den Bosch T, Donders G G, Riphagen I, et al. Ultrasonographic features of the endometrium and the ovaries in women on etonogestrel implant. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2002; 20: 377–80
  • Abdel-Aleem H, d'Arcangues C, Vogelsong K, et al. Treatment of vaginal bleeding irregularities induced by progestin only contraceptives. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007, CD003449
  • Alvarez-Sanchez F, Brache V, Thevenin F, et al. Hormonal treatment for bleeding irregularities in Norplant implant users. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996; 174: 919–22
  • Diaz S, Croxatto H B, Pavez M, et al. Clinical assessment of treatments for prolonged bleeding in users of Norplant implants. Contraception 1990; 42: 97–109
  • Cheng L, Zhu H, Wang A, et al. Once a month administration of mifepristone improves bleeding patterns in women using subdermal contraceptive implants releasing levonorgestrel. Hum Reprod 2000; 15: 1969–72
  • Verbost P M, Hanssen R G, Korver G H, et al. ORG 33628 and ORG 31710 to control vaginal bleeding in progestin-only contraceptive regimens. Semin Reprod Med 2005; 23: 101–11
  • Weisberg E, Hickey M, Palmer D, et al. A pilot study to assess the effect of three short-term treatments on frequent and/or prolonged bleeding compared to placebo in women using Implanon. Hum Reprod 2006; 21: 295–302
  • Abdel-Aleem H, Shaaban O M, Amin A F, et al. Tamoxifen treatment of bleeding irregularities associated with Norplant use. Contraception 2005; 72: 432–7
  • d'Arcangues C, Piaggio G, Brache V, et al. Effectiveness and acceptability of vitamin E and low-dose aspirin, alone or in combination, on Norplant-induced prolonged bleeding. Contraception 2004; 70: 451–62

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.