References
- Alexander, Christopher. 1997. “Back from the Democratic Brink: Authoritarianism and Civil Society in Tunisia.” Middle East Report 205: 34–38. doi: 10.2307/3013093
- Allal, Amin. 2010. “Réformes néolibérales, clientélismes et protestations en situation autoritaire. Les mouvements contestataires dans le bassin minier de Gafsa en Tunisie (2008).” Politique Africaine 117 (1): 107–125. doi: 10.3917/polaf.117.0107
- Antonakis-Nashif, Anna. 2016. “Contested Transformation: Mobilized Publics in Tunisia between Compliance and Protest.” Mediterranean Politics 21 (1): 128–149. doi: 10.1080/13629395.2015.1081447
- Armony, Ariel. 2004. The Dubious Link: Civic Engagement and Democratization. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
- Beissinger, Mark. 2017. “‘Conventional’ and ‘Virtual’ Civil Societies in Autocratic Regimes.” Comparative Politics 49 (3): 351–371. doi: 10.5129/001041517820934267
- Berman, Sheri. 1997. “Civil Society and the Collapse of the Weimar Republic.” World Politics 49 (3): 401–429. doi: 10.1353/wp.1997.0008
- Bernhard, Michael. 1993. “Civil Society and Democratic Transition in East Central Europe.” Political Science Quarterly 108 (2): 307–326. doi: 10.2307/2152014
- Carothers, Thomas. 1999. Aiding Democracy Abroad: The Learning Curve. Washington: Brookings Institution Press.
- Challand, Benoit. 2011. “The Counter-Power of Civil Society and the Emergence of a New Political Imaginary in the Arab World.” Constellations 18 (3): 271–283. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8675.2011.00650.x
- Charrad, Mounira, and Amina Zarrugh. 2014. “Equal or Complementary? Women in the New Tunisian Constitution after the Arab Spring.” The Journal of North African Studies 19 (2): 230–243. doi: 10.1080/13629387.2013.857276
- Chouikha, Larbi, and Vincent Geisser. 2010. “Retour sur la révolte du bassin minier. Les cinq leçons politiques d'un conflit social inédit.” L'Année du Maghreb VI: 415–426. doi: 10.4000/anneemaghreb.923
- Chouikha, Larbi, and Éric Gobe. 2009. “Les organisations de défense des droits de l’Homme dans la formule politique tunisienne: acteurs de l’opposition ou faire-valoir du régime?” L’Année du Maghreb V: 163–182. doi: 10.4000/anneemaghreb.560
- Clark, Janine. 2013. “Relations between Professional Associations and the State in Jordan.” In Civil Society Activism Under Authoritarian Rule: A Comparative Perspective, edited by Francesco Cavatorta, 158–180. London: Routledge.
- Committee to Protect Journalists. 2009. “Naziha Réjiba, Tunisia, Kalima: International Press Freedom Awards.” https://cpj.org/awards/2009/naziha-rejiba-editor-kalima.php.
- de Tocqueville, Alexis. 1840. Democracy in America. Vol. 2. London: Saunders and Otley.
- Diamond, Larry. 1994. “Rethinking Civil Society: Toward Democratic Consolidation.” Journal of Democracy 5 (3): 4–17. doi: 10.1353/jod.1994.0041
- Doyle, Jessica. 2016. “Civil Society as Ideology in the Middle East: A Critical Perspective.” British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 43 (3): 403–422. doi: 10.1080/13530194.2015.1102713
- Durac, Vincent, and Francesco Cavatorta. 2009. “Strengthening Authoritarian Rule through Democracy Promotion? Examining the Paradox of the US and EU Security Strategies: The Case of Bin Ali's Tunisia.” British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 36 (1): 3–19. doi: 10.1080/13530190902749523
- Encarnación, Omar. 2003. The Myth of Civil Society: Social Capital and Democratic Consolidation in Spain and Brazil. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Fishman, Robert. 2017. “How Civil Society Matters in Democratization: Setting the Boundaries of Post-Transition Political Inclusion.” Comparative Politics 49 (3): 391–409. doi: 10.5129/001041517820934294
- Folley, Michael, and Bob Edwards. 1996. “The Paradox of Civil Society.” Journal of Democracy 7 (3): 38–52. doi: 10.1353/jod.1996.0048
- Forment, Carlos. 2003. Democracy in Latin America: Civic Selfhood and Public Life in Mexico and Peru, 1760-1900. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
- Foundation for the Future. 2013. “Study on Civil Society Organizations in Tunisia.” http://foundationforfuture.org/en/Portals/0/Publications/Etude%20SC%20english%20Version%20Finale.pdf.
- Freedom House. 2015. “Freedom in the World 2015: Discarding Democracy: A Return to the Iron Fist.” https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/01152015_FIW_2015_final.pdf.
- Geyer, Georgie. 1998. “Tunisia: A Country That Works.” The Washington Quarterly 21 (4): 93–106. doi: 10.1080/01636609809550352
- Gobe, Éric. 2010. “The Tunisian Bar to the Test of Authoritarianism: Professional and Political Movements in Ben Ali's Tunisia (1990–2007).” The Journal of North African Studies 15 (3): 333–347. doi: 10.1080/13629380903251478
- Gobe, Éric. 2013. Les avocats en Tunisie de la colonisation à la révolution (1883–2011): sociohistoire d’une profession politique. Paris: Karthala.
- Gobe, Éric, and Michaël Béchir Ayari. 2007. “Les avocats dans la Tunisie de Ben Ali: une profession politisée?” L’Année du Maghreb III: 105–132. doi: 10.4000/anneemaghreb.359
- Grugel, Jean. 2000. “Romancing Civil Society: European NGOs in Latin America.” Journal of Inter-American Studies and World Affairs 42 (2): 87–107. doi: 10.2307/166283
- Hadenius, Axel, and Fredrik Uggla. 1996. “Making Civil Society Work, Promoting Democratic Development: What Can States and Donors Do?” World Development 24 (10): 1621–1639. doi: 10.1016/0305-750X(96)00062-9
- Heydemann, Steven. 2007. Upgrading Authoritarianism in the Arab World. Analysis paper 13. Washington, DC: Saban Center for Middle East Policy at the Brookings Institution. http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2007/10/arabworld/10arabworld.pdf.
- Hibou, Béatrice. 2011. The Force of Obedience: The Political Economy of Repression in Tunisia. London: Polity Press.
- Howard, Marc. 2003. The Weakness of Civil Society in Post-Communist Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Hsu, Carolyn. 2010. “Beyond Civil Society: An Organizational Perspective on State-NGO Relations in the People’s Republic of China.” Journal of Civil Society 6 (3): 259–277. doi: 10.1080/17448689.2010.528949
- Huntington, Samuel. 1991. The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century. Norman: Oklahoma University Press.
- International Crisis Group (ICG). 2011. Popular Protest in North Africa and the Middle East (IV): Tunisia’s Way.” Middle East/North Africa Report No. 106. https://www.crisisgroup.org/middle-east-north-africa/north-africa/tunisia/popular-protests-north-africa-and-middle-east-iv-tunisia-s-way.
- Jamal, Amaney. 2007. Barriers to Democracy: The Other Side of Social Capital in Palestine and the Arab World. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
- Keck, Margaret, and Kathryn Sikkink. 1998. Activists Beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
- Khalil, Andrea. 2014. “Tunisia’s Women: Partners in Revolution.” The Journal of North African Studies 19 (2): 186–199. doi: 10.1080/13629387.2013.870424
- Kopecky, Petr, and Cas Mudde. 2003. Uncivil Society? Contentious Politics in Post-Communist Europe. London: Routledge.
- Kotkin, Stephen. 2010. Uncivil Society: 1989 and the Implosion of the Communist Establishment. New York: Random House.
- Langohr, Vickie. 2004. “Too Much Civil Society, Too Little Politics: Egypt and Liberalizing Arab Regimes.” Comparative Politics 36 (2): 181–204. doi: 10.2307/4150142
- Lewis, David. 2013. “Civil Society and the Authoritarian State: Cooperation, Contestation and Discourse.” Journal of Civil Society 9 (3): 325–340. doi: 10.1080/17448689.2013.818767
- Linz, Juan, and Alfred Stepan. 1996. “Toward Consolidated Democracies.” Journal of Democracy 7 (2): 14–33. doi: 10.1353/jod.1996.0031
- Mabrouk, Mehdi. 2011. “A Revolution for Dignity and Freedom: Preliminary Observations on the Social and Cultural Background to the Tunisian Revolution.” The Journal of North African Studies 16 (4): 625–635. doi: 10.1080/13629387.2011.632588
- Michnik, Adam. 1985. Letters from Prison and Other Essays. Berkeley: University of California Press.
- Norwegian Nobel Committee. 2015. “The Nobel Peace Prize for 2015.” Press release. https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2015/press.html.
- O’Donnell, Guillermo, and Philippe Schmitter. 1986. Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
- Pikulik, Alexei, and Sophie Bedford. 2019. “Aid Paradox: Strengthening Belarusian Non-Democracy through Democracy Promotion.” East European Politics and Societies and Cultures 33 (2): 378–399. doi: 10.1177/0888325418791725
- Powel, Brieg. 2009. “The Stability Syndrome: US and EU Democracy Promotion in Tunisia.” The Journal of North African Studies 14 (1): 57–73. doi: 10.1080/13629380802383562
- Putnam, Robert. 1993. Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
- Putnam, Robert. 2000. Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. New York: Simon & Schuster.
- Rahman, Maha. 2002. “The Politics of ‘Uncivil’ Society in Egypt.” Review of African Political Economy 29 (91): 21–35. doi: 10.1080/03056240208704582
- Repnikova, Maria. 2018. “Contesting the State under Authoritarianism: Critical Journalists in China and Russia.” Comparative Politics 51 (1): 41–60. doi: 10.5129/001041518824414656
- Riley, Dylan. 2010. The Civic Foundations of Fascism in Europe: Italy, Spain, and Romania, 1870-1945. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
- Ruzza, Carlo. 2009. “Populism and Euroscepticism: Towards Uncivil Society?” Policy and Society 28 (1): 87–98. doi: 10.1016/j.polsoc.2009.02.007
- Schlumberger, Oliver. 2000. “The Arab Middle East and the Question of Democratization: Some Critical Remarks.” Democratization 7 (4): 104–132. doi: 10.1080/13510340008403686
- Spires, Anthony. 2011. “Contingent Symbiosis and Civil Society in an Authoritarian State: Understanding the Survival of China’s Grassroots NGOs.” American Journal of Sociology 117 (1): 1–45. doi: 10.1086/660741
- Tempest, Clive. 1997. “Myths from Eastern Europe and the Legends of the West.” Democratization 4 (1): 132–144. doi: 10.1080/13510349708403506
- United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). 2014. “La société civile dans une Tunisie en mutation.” http://touensa.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/La-soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9-civile-dans-une-Tunisie-en-mutation.pdf.
- Weilandt, Ragnar. 2019. “Divisions within Post-2011 Tunisia’s Secular Civil Society.” Democratization 26 (6): 959–974. doi: 10.1080/13510347.2019.1576034
- Wiktorowicz, Quintan. 2000. “Civil Society as Social Control: State Power in Jordan.” Comparative Politics 33 (1): 43–61. doi: 10.2307/422423
- Yom, Sean. 2005. “Civil Society and Democratization in The Arab World.” Middle East Review of International Affairs 9 (4): 14–33.
- Yousfi, Hèla. 2015. L’UGTT, une passion tunisienne. Enquête sur les syndicalistes en révolution 2011-2014. Tunis: Med Ali Editions – Institut de recherche sur le Maghreb contemporain (IRMC).
- Ziegler, Charles. 2010. “Civil Society, Political Stability, and State Power in Central Asia: Cooperation and Contestation.” Democratization 17 (5): 795–825. doi: 10.1080/13510347.2010.501172