Ink battles: the press and political struggle in Western Libya

References

• فيليب دي طرازي , 1913–1933 تاريخ الصحافة العربية, المطبعة الأدبية , بيروت.
   Google Scholar
• علي مصطفى المصراتي , 1960, صحافة ليبيا في نصف قرن : عرض و دراسة تحليلية لتطور الفن الصحفي في ليبيا, مطابع دار الكشاف, بيروت.
   Google Scholar
• سليمان الباروني ,1964, صفحات خالدة من الجهاد، مطبعة الإستقلال الكبری , القاهرة.
   Google Scholar
• عبد الرحمن عزام , 1977, صفحات من المذكرات السرية , المكتب المصري الحديث , القاهرة .
   Google Scholar
• علي مصطفى المصراتي , 1984 رسالة من ايام الجهاد: احمد الفساطوي يراسل اصدقاءه بالاسكندرية , «الشهيد» .
   Google Scholar
• الطاهر أحمد الزاوي ,1984 , جهاد الابطال في طرابلس الغرب، دارف المحدودة، لندن .
   Google Scholar
• جمعة محمود الزريقي ,1986, الشيخ عبد الرحمن البوصيري من خلال إحدى وثائقه , «مجلة الوثائق و المخطوطات» 93–102,1,
   Google Scholar
• عمرو سعيد بغني ,1988 , من إشكاليات القانون الأساسي لحكومة قطر طرابلس سنة ١٩١٩م , «الشهيد» .9,
   Google Scholar
• عبد العزيز سعيد الصويعي , 1989 بدايات الصحافة الليبية (1866–1922) , الدار الجماهيرية للنشر والتوزيع والاعلان , مصراتة .
   Google Scholar
• عمرو سعيد بغني ,1990 , محرارت عزام في صحيفة اللواء الطرابلسي » , مجلة الوثائق و المخطوطات .5 , «
   Google Scholar
• نبيل عبد الجواد سرحان ,1993, موقف عبد الرحمن عزام من الغزو الإيطالي لليبيا », (1916–1922) مجلة البحوث التاريخية « , 1.
   Google Scholar
• فتحية الخير حمدو رحومة , 2006 صحيفة اللواء الطرابلسي (1919–1922) اتجاهاتها السياسية و الاقتصادية و الاجتماعية و الثقافية , مركز جهاد الليبيين للدراسات التاريخية , طرابلس .
   Google Scholar
• Ahmida, Ali A. 1994. The Making of Modern Libya. State Formation, Colonization and Resistance, 1830-1932. Albany: State University of New York Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ahmida, Ali A. 2005. Forgotten Voices. Power and Agency in Colonial and Postcolonial Libya. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Al-Fagih, Ahmed I. 1983. “The Libyan Short Story.” PhD thesis, University of Edinburgh.
   Google Scholar
• Al-Ghafal, Suaad. 2021. A Bridgehead to Africa: German Interest in the Ottoman Province of Tripoli (Libya) 1884–1918. Berlin: De Gruyter.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson, Lisa. 1982. “The Tripoli Republic, 1918-1922.” In Social and Economic Development of Libya, edited by George E. Joffè, and Keith S. McLachlan, 43–65. Wisbech: Menas Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ashiurakis, Ahmed M. 1975. Introduction to Libyan Arab Information Media. Tripoli: Dar al-Ferjani.
   Google Scholar
• Ayalon, Ami. 1995. The Press in the Arab Middle East: A History. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ayalon, Ami. 2016. The Arabic Print Revolution. Cultural Production and Mass Readership. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Baldinetti, Anna. 2010. The Origins of the Libyan Nation. Colonial Legacy, Exile and the Emergence of the New Nation-State. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Barbar, Aghil. 1992. Economics of Colonialism: The Italian Invasion of Libya and the Libyan Resistance, 1911-1920. A Socio-Economic Analisys. Tripoli: Markaz al-Jihad al-Libyin.
   Google Scholar
• Bartoccini, Fiorella. 1977. “Introduzione.” In La stampa periodica romana dal 1900 al 1926. Vol. I, edited by Olga Majolo Molinari, I–XXXVII. Rome: Istituto di studi romani.
   Google Scholar
• Baykal, Erol A. F. 2019. The Ottoman Press, 1908-1923. Leiden: Brill.
   Google Scholar
• Berhe, Simona. 2015. Notabili libici e funzionari italiani: l’amministrazione coloniale in Tripolitania (1912-1919). Soveria Mannelli: Rubbettino.
   Google Scholar
• Berhe, Simona. 2020. “La perfetta comunanza con noi dinanzi alla legge»: lo Statuto tripolitano del 1919.” Società e storia, 169: 493-527. doi:10.3280/SS2020-169003.
   Google Scholar
• Berhe, Simona. 2022. “Rights, Mobility and Identity: Colonial Citizenship in Libya in the Twenties.” In Citizens and Subjects of the Italian Colonies: Legal Constructions and Social Practices, 1882-1943, edited by Simona Berhe, and Olindo De Napoli, 157–179. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Bernini, Simone. 2006. “Il partito politico nella Libia agli inizi del XX secolo.” In La Libia tra Mediterraneo e mondo islamico. Atti del convegno di Catania (1-2 dicembre 2000), edited by Federico Cresti, 71–146. Milano: Giuffrè.
   Google Scholar
• Castronovo, Valerio, Giacheri Fossati Luciana, and Tranfaglia Nicola. 1979. La stampa italiana nell’età liberale. Rome: Laterza.
   Google Scholar
• Chatterjee, Partha. 1993. The Nation and Its Fragments. Colonial and Postcolonial Histories. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Cimmino, Alessandra. 1980. “Voce Costanzo Chauvet.” In Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, edited by Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani, 390–394. Rome: Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani.
   Google Scholar
• Corò, Francesco. 1937. Cos’era la Libia dal punto di vista civile ed economico prima dell’occupazione italiana. Orientamenti e note ad uso dei giornalisti. Tripoli: Maggi.
   Google Scholar
• Coury, Ralph M. 1998. The Making of an Egyptian Arab Nationalist: The Early Years of ʻAzzām Pasha 1893-1936. London: Ithaca Press.
   Google Scholar
• Cresti, Federico. 2022. “Subjecthood, Citizenship, Autonomy, Independence? Legal Status and National Claims in the First Decade of Italian Occupation in Libya (1911–1920).” In Citizens and Subjects of the Italian Colonies: Legal Constructions and Social Practices, 1882-1943, edited by Simona Berhe, and Olindo De Napoli, 25–46. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Cuzzi, Marco. 2007. “Tra autodeterminazione e imperialismo: la Lega di Fiume.” In L’Italia e la «Grande Vigilia». Gabriele D’Annunzio nella politica italiana prima del fascismo, edited by Romain Rainero e Stefano Galli, 129–164. Milano: Franco Angeli.
   Google Scholar
• Cuzzi, Marco. 2020. ““La nostra bandiera è la più alta”: la politica esteriore di D’Annunzio e la Lega di Fiume.” In Fiume 1919-2019. Un centenario europeo tra identità, memorie e prospettive di ricerca. Atti del convegno internazionale di studi sull’Impresa fiumana (Fondazione il Vittoriale degli Italiani, Gardone Riviera, 5-6-7 settembre 2019), edited by Silvana Editoriale, 313–327. Cinisello Balsamo: Silvana Editoriale.
   Google Scholar
• De Felice, Renzo. 1978a. Ebrei in un paese arabo. Gli ebrei nella Libia contemporanea tra colonialismo, nazionalismo arabo e sionismo (1835-1970). Bologna: il Mulino.
   Google Scholar
• De Felice, Renzo. 1978b. D’Annunzio politico. Roma: Laterza.
   Google Scholar
• Del Boca, Angelo. 2010. Gli italiani in Libia. Tripoli bel suol d’amore. Milano: Mondadori.
   Google Scholar
• De Leone, Enrico. 1960. La colonizzazione dell’Africa del nord. Vol. II. Padova: CEDAM.
   Google Scholar
• Di Rienzo, Eugenio. 2022. D’annunzio diplomatico e l’impresa di Fiume. Soveria Mannelli: Rubbettino.
   Google Scholar
• Dumasy, François. 2022. Tripoli coloniale. Histoire sociale et économique d’une ville sous domination italienne. Rome: École Française de Rome.
   Google Scholar
• Forno, Mauro. 2008. A duello con la politica. La stampa parlamentare in Italia dalle origini al primo «Ventaglio» (1848-1893). Soveria Mannelli: Rubbettino.
   Google Scholar
• Forno, Mauro. 2012. Informazione e potere. Storia del giornalismo italiano. Rome: Laterza.
   Google Scholar
• Giuriati, Giovanni. 1954. Con D’annunzio e Millo in difesa dell’Adriatico. Roma: Sansoni.
   Google Scholar
• Gorman, Anthony, and Didier Monciaud. 2018. The Press in the Middle East and North Africa, 1850-1950: Politics, Social History and Culture. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Guazzini, Federica. 2021. “Persuadere e punire: gli esordi del movimento fascista in Libia.” In Fascismo, antifascismo e colonialismo, edited by Anna Rita Gabellone, and Renato Tomei, 7–36. Pisa: Pacini.
   Google Scholar
• Kochnitzky, Léon. 1922. La quinta stagione o i centauri di Fiume. Bologna: Zanichelli.
   Google Scholar
• Lafi, Nora. 2002. Une ville du Maghreb entre Ancien régime et réformes ottomanes: Genèse des institutions municipales à Tripoli de Barbarie (1795-1911). Paris: L’Harmattan.
   Google Scholar
• Ledeen, Michael A. 1975. D’Annunzio a Fiume. Roma: Laterza.
   Google Scholar
• Sabbatucci, Giovanni. 1974. I combattenti nel primo dopoguerra. Rome: Laterza.
   Google Scholar
• Salotti, Guglielmo. 1991. “La politica estera del Comando fiumano: dall’«antimperialismo» agli «intrighi balcanici».” In Un capitolo di storia: Fiume e D’Annunzio, Atti del Convegno (Gardone Rivera-San Pelagio, 27-28/10/1989), edited by Elena Ledda, and Guglielmo Salotti, 23–34. Rome: Lucarini.
   Google Scholar
• Sforza, Michele A. 1919. Esplorazioni e prigionia in Libia. Milan: Fratelli Treves.
   Google Scholar
• Souriau-Hoebrechts, Christiane. 1969. Le presse maghrebine. Libya, Tunisie, Maroc, Algérie. Paris: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique.
   Google Scholar
• Tedeschini Lalli, Mario. 1983. “La questione araba e la Lega dei popoli oppressi nella Fiume dannunziana.” In Annali della Facoltà di Scienze Politiche dell’Università di Cagliari, edited by University of Cagliari, 599–624. Cagliari: University of Cagliari.
   Google Scholar
• Tranfaglia, Nicola. 1986. Stampa e sistema politico nell’Italia unita. Le metamorfosi del quarto potere. Florence: Le Monnier.
   Google Scholar
• Vergano, Aldo. 1958. Cronache degli anni perduti. Firenze: Parenti Editore.
   Google Scholar