Measuring ‘state-diffusion’ in post-conflict authoritarian Syria evidence from the 2021 public opinion survey

References

• Abboud, S. (2020a). Reconciling fighters, settling civilians: The making of post-conflict citizenship in Syria. Citizenship Studies, 24(6), 751–768. https://doi.org/10.1080/13621025.2020.1720608
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abboud, S. (2020b). Syria, crisis ecologies, and enduring insecurities in the MENA. In Project on Middle East Political Science (POMEPS) (Ed.), MENA’s frozen conflicts (pp. 6–9). Carnegie Middle East Center.
   Google Scholar
• Abboud, S. (2021a). Imaging localism in post-conflict Syria: Prefigurative reconstruction plans and the clash between liberal epistemology and illiberal conflict. Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding, 15(4), 543–561. https://doi.org/10.1080/17502977.2020.1829360
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abboud, S. (2021b). Making peace to sustain war: The Astana process and Syria’s illiberal peace. Peacebuilding, 9(3), 326–343. https://doi.org/10.1080/21647259.2021.1895609
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aldoughli, R. (2022). What is Syrian nationalism?: Primordialism and romanticism in official Baath discourse. Nation and Nationalism, 28(1), 125–140. https://doi.org/10.1111/nana.12786
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allsopp, H. (2015). The Kurds of Syria: political parties and identity in the Middle East. I.B. Tauris.
   Google Scholar
• Baczko, A., Dorronsoro, G., & Quesnay, A. (2018). Civil war in Syria: Mobilization and competing social orders. Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Benstead, L. J. (2018). Survey research in the Arab world: Challenges and opportunities. PS: Political Science and Politics, 51(3), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049096518000112
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benstead, L. J., Gengler, J., & Robbins, M. (2022). Public opinion. In M. Lynch, J. Schwedler, & S. Yom (Eds.), The political science of the Middle East: Theory and research since the Arab Uprisings (pp. 206–231). Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Berti, B. (2020). From cooperation to competition: Localisation, militarization and rebel co-governance arrangements in Syria. Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 46(2), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2020.1776964
   Google Scholar
• Beshara, A. (Ed.). (2011). The origins of Syrian nationhood: Histories, pioneers and identity. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Blair, G., Coppock, A., & Moor, M. (2020). When to worry about sensitivity bias: A social reference theory and evidence from 30 years of list experiments. American Political Science Review, 114(4), 1297–1315. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055420000374
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cimino, M. (Ed.). (2020). Syria: Borders, boundaries, and the state. Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Costantini, I., & Santini, R. H. (2022). Power mediators and the ‘illiberal peace’ momentum: Ending wars in Libya and Syria. Third World Quarterly, 43(1), 131–147. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2021.1995711
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dinc, P. (2020). The Kurdish movement and the democratic federation of northern Syria: An alternative to the (nation-)state model? Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, 22(1), 47–67. https://doi.org/10.1080/19448953.2020.1715669
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dukhan, H. (2018). State and tribes in Syria: Informal alliances and conflict patterns. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Gelvin, J. L. (1998). Divided loyalties: Nationalism and mass politics in Syria at the close of empire. University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gerges, F. A. (2016). ISIS: A history. Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hagmann, T., & Hoehne, M. V. (2009). Failures of the state failure debate: Evidence from the Somali territories. Journal of International Development, 21(1), 42–57. https://doi.org/10.1002/jid.1482
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heydemann, S. (2018a). Beyond fragility: Syria and the challenges of reconstruction in fierce states. Brookings.
   Google Scholar
• Heydemann, S. (2018b). Reconstructing authoritarianism: The politics and political economy of post-conflict reconstruction in Syria. In Project on Middle East Political Science (POMEPS)(Ed.), The politics of post-conflict reconstruction (pp. 14–21). Carnegie Middle East Center.
   Google Scholar
• Hinnebusch, R. (2015). The international politics of the middle East (Second ed.). Manchester University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hinnebusch, R. (2022). Governance amidst civil war: From failing statehood to competitive regime reformation. In J. K. Gani & R. Hinnebusch (Eds.), Actors and dynamics in the Syrian conflict’s middle phase: Between contentious politics, militarization and regime resilience (pp. 35–57). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Ismail, S. (2011). The Syrian uprising: Imagining and performing the nation. Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism, 11(3), 538–549. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1754-9469.2011.01136.x
   Google Scholar
• Jörum, E. L. (2014). Beyond Syria’s borders: A history of territorial dispute in the middle East. I.B. Tauris).
   Google Scholar
• Keen, M. (2021). Assessing authoritarian conflict management in the Middle East and Central Asia. Conflict, Security and Development, 21(3), 245–271. https://doi.org/10.1080/14678802.2021.1940011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khoury, P. S. (1983). Urban notables and Arab nationalism: The politics of Damascus 1860–1920. Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Klaz, S. B., & Abdennabi, M. (2020). The country should unite first?’: Pan-arabism, state and territory in Syria under the Baath rules. In M. Cimino (Ed.), Syria: Borders, boundaries, and the state (pp. 93–105). Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Lawson, F. H. (2020). Why did the Syrian uprising become a sectarian conflict? A provisional synthesis. Politics, Religion & Ideology, 21(2), 216–231. https://doi.org/10.1080/21567689.2020.1763318
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis, D., Heathershaw, J., & Megoran, N. (2018). Illiberal peace? Authoritarian modes of conflict management. Cooperation and Conflict, 53(6), 486–506. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010836718765902
   Google Scholar
• Lister, C. R. (2017). The Syrian jihad: The evolution of an insurgency (Revised and updated ed.). Hurst.
   Google Scholar
• Mahmoud, R., & Rosiny, S. (2016). Opposition visions for preserving Syria’s ethnic-sectarian mosaic. British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 45(2), 231–250. https://doi.org/10.1080/13530194.2016.1246241
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazur, K. (2021). Revolution in Syria: Identity, networks, and repression. Cambridge University Press).
   Google Scholar
• Meininghaus, E. (2016). Humanitarianism in intra-state conflict: Aid inequality and local governance in government- and opposition-controlled areas in the Syrian war. Third World Quarterly, 37(8), 1454–1482. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2016.1159509
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menshawy, M. (2022). The irony of sectarianism: Sectarianizing by desectarianizing in Syria. Digest of Middle East Studies, 31(2), 131–150. https://doi.org/10.1111/dome.12263
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, B. (2007). States, nations and great powers: The sources of Regional war and peace. Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Osoegawa, T. (2013). Syria and Lebanon: International relations and diplomacy in the middle East. I.B. Tauris.
   Google Scholar
• Phillips, C. (2015). Sectarianism and conflict in Syria. Third World Quarterly, 36(2), 357–376. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2015.1015788
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips, C. (2020). The battle for Syria: International rivalry in the new Middle East (Revised and updated ed.). Yale University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Phillips, D. L. (2020). Frontline Syria: From revolution to proxy war. I.B. Tauris.
   Google Scholar
• Saouli, A. (2015). Back to the future: The Arab uprisings and state (re)formation in the Arab world. Democratization, 22(2), 315–334. https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2015.1010813
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seale, P. (1965). The struggle for Syria, a study of post-war Arab politics, 1945–1958. Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sosnowski, M. (2018). Violence and order: The February 2016 ceasefire and the development of rebel governance institutions in southern Syria. Civil Wars, 20(3), 309–332. https://doi.org/10.1080/13698249.2018.1466092
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sosnowski, M. (2020). Negotiating statehood through ceasefires: Syria’s de-escalation zones. Small Wars & Insurgencies, 31(7–8), 1395–1414. https://doi.org/10.1080/09592318.2020.1829872
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stacher, J. (2015). Fragmenting states, new regimes: Militarized state violence and transition in the Middle East. Democratization, 22(2), 259–275. https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2015.1010810
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suechika, K. (2011). Arab nationalism twisted?: The Syrian Ba‘th regime’s strategies for nation/state-building. In Y. Murakami, H. Yamamoto, & H. Komori (Eds.), Enduring states: In the face of challenges from within and without (pp. 84–98). Kyoto University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Suechika, K. (2020). The diffusion of views of the state in Syria under conflict: Reconsidering the ‘victory’ of the Assad regime. In K. Suechika & M. Endo (Eds.), Hunso Ga Kaeru Kokka (conflicts transforming states) (pp. 24–43). Iwanami Shoten.
   Google Scholar
• Suechika, K., Aoyama, H., & Yoneda, Y. (2022) 2021 opinion poll in Syria: Sampling method and descriptive statistics, Relational Studies on Global Crises’ Online Paper Series, No. 15, Research Report No. 8, 31 October 2022. http://www.shd.chiba-u.jp/glblcrss/online_papers/onlinepaper20221031.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Szekely, O. (2023). Syria divided: Patterns of violence in a complex civil war. Columbia University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Tejel, J. (2009). Syria’s Kurds: History, politics and society. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Weeden, L. (2019). Authoritarian Apprehensions: Ideology, judgment, and mourning in Syria. University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Whiteside, C., Winter, C., & Ingram, H. J. (2020). The ISIS Reader: Milestone texts of the Islamic state Movement. Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Zisser, E. (2022). Rethinking Syrian nationalism: National identity and state in Syria, from the ‘struggle for Syria’ to the Syrian civil war. Middle Eastern Studies, 58(3), 421–434. https://doi.org/10.1080/00263206.2022.2047657
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar