References
- Al-Jazeera. (2012, October 10). Al-Ghannūshī yadʻū al-salafiyyīn lil-ʻamal. Al-Jazeera. Retrieved January 9, 2024, from https://www.aljazeera.net/news/2012/10/10/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%8A-%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%B9%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84
- Al-Naẓīf, A. (2013, July 25). Muẓāharāt fī mudun tūnisiyyah ʾithra ightiyāl al-muʻāriḍ Muḥammad Brāhmī. Alarabiya. Retrieved January 11, 2024, from https://www.alarabiya.net/north-africa/tunisia/2013/07/25/%D8%A7%D8%BA%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%85%D9%8A-%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A8-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3
- BBC. (2013, February 6). Tūnis: muẓāharāt lil-iḥtijāj ʻalā ightiyāl Shukrī Balʻīd. BBC. Retrieved January 11, 2024, from https://www.bbc.com/arabic/middleeast/2013/02/130206_tunisia_belaid_demos
- Boukhars, A. (2014). In the crossfire: Islamists’ Travails in Tunisia. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1–27. https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2014/01/in-the-crossfire-islamists-travails-in-tunisia?lang=en
- Boulby, M. (1988). The Islamic challenge: Tunisia since independence. Third World Quarterly, 10(2), 590–614. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436598808420073
- Cavatorta, F. (2015). Salafism, liberalism and democratic learning in Tunisia. The Journal of North African Studies, 20(5), 770–783. https://doi.org/10.1080/13629387.2015.1081464
- Cavatorta, F., & Merone, F. (2013). Moderation through exclusion? The journey of the Tunisian Ennahda from fundamentalist to conservative party. Democratization, 20(5), 857–875. https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2013.801255
- Cavatorta, F., & Merone, F. (2015). Post-Islamism, ideological evolution and ‘la tunisianité’ of the Tunisian Islamist party al-Nahda. Journal of Political Ideologies, 20(1), 27–42. https://doi.org/10.1080/13569317.2015.991508
- Cavatorta, F., & Torelli, S. (2021). From victim to Hangman? Ennahda, Salafism and the Tunisian Transition. Religions, 12(2), 76. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel12020076
- Constitution of Tunisia. (2014). Constitute project. UNDP. Retrieved March 29, 2023, from https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Tunisia_2014.pdf
- Erdle, S. (2020). Ben Ali’s ‘New Tunisia’ (1987-2009): A case study of authoritarian modernization in the Arab World. De Gruyter.
- France 24. (2012, October 18). Al-Ghannūshī yuḥadhdhir min wuṣūl al-salafiyyūn ʾilā al-sulṭah fī Tūnis. France 24. Retrieved March 29, 2023, from https://www.france24.com/ar/20121018-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%8A-%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B0%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D9%88%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3-%D8%BA%D8%B6%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%87%D8%B6%D8%A9-%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%B9-%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B6%D8%A9
- France 24. (2013, August 24). Mass anti-government protests in Tunisia. France 24. Retrieved January 11, 2024, from https://www.france24.com/en/20130824-tunisia-thousands-protest-anti-islamist-led-government-ennahda
- Geyer, G. A. (1998). Interview: Zine el Abidine Ben Ali. Middle East Policy, 6(2), 183–187.
- Ghannouchi, R. (2011, January 25). Fī 17 yūliyuh sanat 1988 baʻda khurūjī min al-sijn […]. Facebook. Retrieved March 29, 2023, from https://www.facebook.com/rached.ghannoushi/posts/pfbid0JbiU6nRAbPLniBonBEFgveSn6MHcq4R8KHekH7Dn1X1TBgrrAWHLUtrzqLCNzWqql
- Ghannouchi, R. (2012a, September 30). Al-naṣṣ al-kāmil li-ḥiwār al-shaykh Rāshid al-Ghannūshī maʻ jarīdat al-ḥayāh. Facebook. Retrieved March 29, 2023, from https://www.facebook.com/rached.ghannoushi/photos/a.176765715693374/482335638469712/
- Ghannouchi, R. (2012b, November 5). Ḥiwār muhimm jiddan ʼajrāhu al-shaykh Rāshid al-Ghannūshī maʻ jarīdat al-shurūq al-tūnisiyyah […]. Facebook Retrieved 29 March 2023. https://www.facebook.com/rached.ghannoushi/photos/a.176765715693374/512590052110937/
- Ghannouchi, R. (2012c, October 4). Talkhīṣ lil-ḥiwār allathī ajrāhu munthu qalīl al-shaykh Rāshid al-Ghannūshī maʻ ʼidhāʻat Shams FM. Facebook. Retrieved March 29, 2023, from https://www.facebook.com/rached.ghannoushi/photos/a.176765715693374/484679918235284/
- Ghannouchi, R. (2012d, December 1). Raʼīs ḥarakat al-nahḍah li-jarīdat <> […]. Facebook. Retrieved March 29, 2023, from https://www.facebook.com/rached.ghannoushi/photos/a.176765715693374/532238176812791/
- Ghannouchi, R. (2013a, June 9). Al-naṣṣ al-kāmil li-ḥiwār al-shaykh Rāshid al-Ghannūshī fī jarīdat “al-ḍamīr” li-yawm al-ʼaḥad 9 juwān 2013. Facebook. Retrieved March 29, 2023, from https://www.facebook.com/rached.ghannoushi/photos/a.176765715693374/723345527702054/
- Ghannouchi, R. (2013b, May 1). Laqad ʼasfarat ʻamaliyyat al-tafāʻul bayna al-fikr al-ʼislāmiyy al-wāfid wa-bayna al-wāqiʻ al-tūnisiyy […]. Facebook. Retrieved March 29, 2023, from https://www.facebook.com/rached.ghannoushi/photos/a.176765715693374/693172904052650/
- Ghannouchi, R. (2014). Rached Ghannouchi on Tunisia’s Democratic Transition. Carnegie Endowment for National Peace.
- Ghannouchi, R., & Marzouki, M. (2012). After the revolution: Prospects for Tunisia (C. Spencer Interviewed by). Chatham House.
- Ḥarakat al-Nahḍah al-Tūnisiyyah. (2011, October 26). Al-ʼustādh Ḥamādī al-Jibālī fī al-qanāt al-waṭaniyyah masāʼ 26 ʼuktūbir. Facebook. Retrieved March 29, 2023, from https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=2448698333520
- Ḥarakat al-Nahḍah al-Tūnisiyyah. (2012a, December 24). Bayān majlis al-shūrá li-ḥarakat al-nahḍah. Facebook. Retrieved March 29, 2023, from https://www.facebook.com/Nahda.Tunisia/photos/a.203008829723251/524883104202487/
- Ḥarakat al-Nahḍah al-Tūnisiyyah. (2012b, September 27). Talkhīṣ li-liqāʼ al-shaykh Rāshid maʻ qanat TWT al-tūnisiyyah […]. Facebook. Retrieved March 29, 2023, from https://www.facebook.com/Nahda.Tunisia/posts/524870147527622
- Harlow, S. (2013). It was a ‘Facebook revolution’: Exploring the meme-like spread of narratives during the Egyptian protests. Revista de Comunicación, 12(1), 59–82. https://revistadecomunicacion.com/issue/view/168
- Hearst, D. (2016, June 13). Rached Ghannouchi Q&A: Thoughts on Democratic Islam. Middle East Eye. Retrieved March 29, 2023, from http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/rached-ghannouchi-interview-2016275498
- Helal, F. (2019). The discursive construction of ‘Tunisianité’ (2011-2017). Discourse & Communication, 13(4), 415–436. https://doi.org/10.1177/1750481319842454
- Hibou, B. (2011). The force of obedience: The political economy of repression in Tunisia (A. Brown Trans.) Polity.
- Ḥizb Jabhat al-ʼIṣlāḥ al-Ṣafḥah al-Rasmiyyah. (2012a, June 12). Bayān min Jabhat al-ʼIṣlāḥ ḥawla al-ʼaḥdāth al-ʼakhīrah. Facebook. Retrieved March 29, 2023, from https://www.facebook.com/isalahwatani/photos/a.360978077278144/406441582731793
- Ḥizb Jabhat al-ʼIṣlāḥ al-Ṣafḥah al-Rasmiyyah. (2012b, May 5). Bismillāh, al-ḥamdu li-llāh, wal-ṣalāh wal-salām ʻalā rasūl Allāh. Facebook. Retrieved March 29, 2023, from https://www.facebook.com/isalahwatani/posts/pfbid0UNrCE4S1h6jjz4GBgCUiYFSUHBPJy8MeUT3aNqiutyqnyWfWsoAA35sESMrrWx3Jl
- Ḥizb Jabhat al-ʼIṣlāḥ al-Ṣafḥah al-Rasmiyyah. (2012c, April 4). Bismillāh al-raḥmān al-raḥīm. Fī 02 ʼAfrīl 2012. Facebook. Retrieved March 29, 2023, from https://www.facebook.com/isalahwatani/posts/pfbid02NW7VqkQ7azvs63ahit8pz21HoFMPj1TzAia1EC12xcveypUJ32yDpzxK2m4n8J8xl
- Ḥizb Jabhat al-ʼIṣlāḥ al-Ṣafḥah al-Rasmiyyah. (2012d, September 22). ʻAlā khilāf bayānāt ʼakthār al-ʼaḥzāb fī tūnis: […]. Facebook. Retrieved March 29, 2023, from https://www.facebook.com/permalink.php?story_fbid=427065023995612&id=360973397278612
- Ḥizb Jabhat al-ʼIṣlāḥ al-Ṣafḥah al-Rasmiyyah. (2012e, November 23). Naʻm naḥnu hākadhā salafiyyūn. Facebook. Retrieved March 29, 2023, from https://www.facebook.com/isalahwatani/photos/a.360978077278144/469250066450944/
- Ḥizb Jabhat al-ʼIṣlāḥ al-Ṣafḥah al-Rasmiyyah. (2013a, May 22). Al-salām ʻalaykum: Shahadat yawm al-ʼaḥad ʻiddat manaṭiq min al-jumhūriyyah al-tunisiyyah ʼajwāʼ muḥtaqinah […]. Facebook. Retrieved March 29, 2023, from https://www.facebook.com/isalahwatani/photos/a.360978077278144/547456235296993
- Ḥizb Jabhat al-ʼIṣlāḥ al-Ṣafḥah al-Rasmiyyah. (2013b, June 10). Bayān […]. Facebook. Retrieved March 29, 2023, from https://www.facebook.com/isalahwatani/photos/a.360978077278144/556011457774804
- Ḥizb Jabhat al-ʼIṣlāḥ al-Ṣafḥah al-Rasmiyyah. (2013c, June 10). Bismillāh al-raḥmān al-raḥīm. Kalimat al-duktūr Muḥammad Khūjah bi- munāsabat al-dhikrā 32 li-taʾsīs ḥarakat al-Nahḍah. Facebook. Retrieved March 29, 2023, from https://www.facebook.com/isalahwatani/photos/a.360978077278144/556053037770646
- Ḥizb Jabhat al-ʼIṣlāḥ al-Ṣafḥah al-Rasmiyyah. (2013d, August 28). Bismillāh al-raḥmān al-raḥīm: Tūnis fī 28 ʼawt 2013 […]. Facebook. Retrieved March 29, 2023, from https://www.facebook.com/isalahwatani/photos/a.360978077278144/592429640799652
- Ḥizb Jabhat al-ʼIṣlāḥ al-Ṣafḥah al-Rasmiyyah. (2013e, August 27). Facebook. Retrieved April 29, 2022, from https://www.facebook.com/isalahwatani/photos/a.591866590855957/591869354189014
- Ḥizb Jabhat al-ʼIṣlāḥ al-Ṣafḥah al-Rasmiyyah. (2013f, March 25). Facebook. Retrieved March 29, 2023, from https://www.facebook.com/isalahwatani/photos/a.522840447758572/525442204165063
- Ḥizb Jabhat al-ʼIṣlāḥ al-Ṣafḥah al-Rasmiyyah. (2013g, October 25). ʻājil wa khaṭīr. Facebook. Retrieved March 29, 2023, from. https://www.facebook.com/isalahwatani/photos/a.360978077278144/622623701113579
- Ḥizb Jabhat al-ʼIṣlāḥ al-Ṣafḥah al-Rasmiyyah. (2013h, October 18). Jabhat al-Iṣlāḥ. Facebook. Retrieved March 29, 2023, from https://www.facebook.com/isalahwatani/photos/a.360978077278144/618666338175982
- Ḥizb Jabhat al-ʼIṣlāḥ al-Ṣafḥah al-Rasmiyyah. (2013i, May 10). Maqāl li-jarīdat al-tūnisiyyah ḥawl al-nadwah […]. Facebook. Retrieved March 29, 2023, from https://www.facebook.com/permalink.php?story_fbid=542997365742880&id=360973397278612
- Ḥizb Jabhat al-ʼIṣlāḥ al-Ṣafḥah al-Rasmiyyah. (2013j, November 25). Risālah maftūḥah wa kalimah ḥurrah min Jabhat al-ʼIṣlāḥ ʼilā shurafā’. Facebook. Retrieved March 29, 2023, from https://www.facebook.com/isalahwatani/photos/a.360978077278144/638290016213614
- Ḥizb Jabhat al-ʼIṣlāḥ al-Ṣafḥah al-Rasmiyyah. (2014a, May 2). Al-duktūr Muḥammad Khūjah raʼīs ḥizb Jabhat al-ʼIṣlāḥ […]. Facebook. Retrieved March 29, 2023, from https://www.facebook.com/isalahwatani/photos/a.360978077278144/717650181610930
- Ḥizb Jabhat al-ʼIṣlāḥ al-Ṣafḥah al-Rasmiyyah. (2014b, November 13). Al-istiqrār ḍarūrah lil-binā’ al-ḥaḍāriyy wal-taʻāyush wal-raqy. Facebook. Retrieved March 29, 2023, from https://www.facebook.com/isalahwatani/photos/a.360978077278144/830946073614673
- Ḥizb Jabhat al-ʼIṣlāḥ al-Ṣafḥah al-Rasmiyyah. (2014c, August 8). Al-nāṭiq al-rasmiyy li-ḥizb Jabhat al-Iṣlāḥ al-ustādh Rafīq al-ʻAwnī […]. Facebook. Retrieved March 29, 2023, from https://www.facebook.com/isalahwatani/photos/a.360978077278144/773912825984665
- Ḥizb Jabhat al-ʼIṣlāḥ al-Ṣafḥah al-Rasmiyyah. (2014d, August 12). Al-nāṭiq al-rasmiyy li-ḥizb Jabhat al-Iṣlāḥ: Rafīq al-ʻAwnī […]. Facebook. Retrieved March 29, 2023, from https://www.facebook.com/isalahwatani/photos/a.360978077278144/776320225743925
- Ḥizb Jabhat al-ʼIṣlāḥ al-Ṣafḥah al-Rasmiyyah. (2014e, February 27). Bismillāh al-raḥmān al-raḥīm. Tūnis fī 27 rabīʻ al-thānī 1435. Facebook. Retrieved March 29, 2023, from https://www.facebook.com/isalahwatani/photos/a.360978077278144/685275714848377
- Ḥizb Jabhat al-ʼIṣlāḥ al-Ṣafḥah al-Rasmiyyah. (2014f, May 30). Facebook. Retrieved March 29, 2023, from https://www.facebook.com/isalahwatani/photos/a.360978077278144/733520690023879
- Ḥizb Jabhat al-ʼIṣlāḥ al-Ṣafḥah al-Rasmiyyah. (2014g, March 25). Kalimat al-duktūr Muḥammad Khūjah ra’īs Jabhat al-ʼIṣlāḥ. Facebook. Retrieved March 29, 2023, from https://www.facebook.com/isalahwatani/photos/a.360978077278144/698179180224697
- Ḥizb Jabhat al-ʼIṣlāḥ al-Ṣafḥah al-Rasmiyyah. (2014h, August 15). Lā li-ghalq al-rawḍāt al-islamiyyah wal-madāris al-qurāniyyah fī tūnis. Facebook. Retrieved March 29, 2023, from https://www.facebook.com/isalahwatani/photos/a.360978077278144/778079735567974
- Ḥizb Jabhat al-ʼIṣlāḥ al-Ṣafḥah al-Rasmiyyah. (2014i, January 3). Qiyam al-thawrah lā thawrat al-qiyam. Facebook. Retrieved March 29, 2023, from https://www.facebook.com/isalahwatani/photos/a.360978077278144/657050454337570
- Jacinto, L. (2012, October 11). ‘Secret’ video stirs Islamist fears in Tunisia. France24. Retrieved January 9, 2024, from https://www.france24.com/en/20121011-tunisia-secret-video-stirs-salafist-islamist-radicalism-fears-ghannouchi-ennahda
- Kaplan, H. (2017, January 1). Tunisia’s Ennahda Movement Leader Ghannouchi: Muslim World can incorporate modernity without negating religion. Daily Sabah. Retrieved March 29, 2023, from https://www.dailysabah.com/politics/2018/01/01/tunisias-ennahda-movement-leader-ghannouchi-muslim-world-can-incorporate-modernity-without-negating-religion
- Kirdiş, E. (2019). The rise of Islamic political movements and parties: Morocco, Turkey and Jordan. Edinburgh University Press.
- Le Parisien. (2012, July 8). En Tunisie, les islamistes radicaux sortent de l’ombre. Le Parisien. Retrieved March 29, 2023, from https://www.leparisien.fr/international/en-tunisie-les-islamistes-radicaux-sortent-de-l-ombre-08-07-2012-2082014.php
- Marks, M. (2015). Tunisia’s Ennahda: Rethinking Islamism in the context of ISIS and the Egyptian coup. Brookings, Rethinking Political Islam Series.
- Martin, G. (2018). Researching Twitter. In J. A. Clark & F. Cavatorta (Eds.), Political science research in the Middle East and North Africa: Methodological and ethical challenges (pp. 218–230). Oxford University Press.
- McCarthy, R. (2014). Re-thinking secularism in post-independence Tunisia. The Journal of North African Studies, 19(5), 733–750. https://doi.org/10.1080/13629387.2014.917585
- Meddeb, H. (2019). Ennahda’s uneasy exit from political Islam. Carnegie Endowment for ‘International Peace, Series on Political Islam, 1–23. https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2019/10/ennahdas-uneasy-exit-from-political-islam?lang=en¢er=middle-east
- Merone, F. (2017). Between social contention and takfirism: The evolution of the Salafi-jihadi movement in Tunisia. Mediterranean Politics, 22(1), 71–90. https://doi.org/10.1080/13629395.2016.1230949
- Mizouri, A. (2012, October 10). Khaṭīr jiddan al-fīdyū Rāshid al-Ghannūshī raʼīs ḥarakat al-Nahḍah. YouTube. Retrieved January 9, 2024, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5aFECUkDyug
- Monier, E. (2018). Online media as research topic and research tool: Fact, fiction, and facebook. In J. A. Clark & F. Cavatorta (Eds.), Political science research in the Middle East and North Africa: Methodological and ethical challenges (pp. 208–217). Oxford University Press.
- Mullin, C., & Rouabah, B. (2016). Discourses of power and state formation: The state of emergency from protectorate to post-uprising Tunisia. Middle East Law and Governance, 8(2–3), 151–178. https://doi.org/10.1163/18763375-00802003
- Ounissi, S. (2016). Ennahda from within: Islamists or “Muslim democrats”? Brookings: Rethinking Political Islam Series.
- Perkins, K. (2013). A history of modern Tunisia (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
- Rosenblatt, N. (2019). The architects of Salvation: How IS Foreign fighter recruitment hubs emerged in Tunisia. Program on Extremism at George Washington University, 1–28. https://extremism.gwu.edu/sites/g/files/zaxdzs5746/files/The%20Architects%20of%20Salvation.pdf
- Roy, O. (2004). Globalised Islam: The search for a new Ummah. Hurst.
- Sofi, M. D. (2018). The Tunisian republic and the restructuring of socio-economic institutions. Islamic Studies, 57(3/4), 245–260.
- Vandewalle, D. (1988). From the new state to the new era: Toward a second Republic in Tunisia. Middle East Journal, 42(4), 602–620.
- Waltz, S. (1986). Islamist appeal in Tunisia. Middle East Journal, 40(4), 651–670.
- Wehrey, F., & Boukhars, A. (2019). Salafism in the Maghreb: Politics, piety and militancy. Oxford University Press.
- Welchman, L. (2012). Musawah, CEDAW and Muslim family laws in the 21st century. In A. M. Emon, M. Ellis, & B. Glahn (Eds.), Islamic law and international human rights law (pp. 309–319). Oxford University Press.
- Wolf, A. (2017). Political Islam in Tunisia: The history of Ennahda. Hurst & Company.
- Wright, R. (2012, November 2). Tunisia: Interview with Sheikh Rachid Ghannouchi. Wilson Center. Retrieved January 9, 2024, from https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/tunisia-interview-sheikh-rachid-ghannouchi
- Young, E. L. (2018). Guardians of religion: Islam, Nation, and democratization in post-revolution Tunisia [ PhD Thesis]. University of Michigan.
- Zederman, M. (2015). Construction nationale et mémoire collective: islamisme et bourguibisme en Tunisie (1956-2014). Matériaux pour l’Histoire de Notre Temps, 117-118(3), 46–56. https://doi.org/10.3917/mate.117.0046
- Zeghal, M. (2013). Competing ways of life: Islamism, secularism, and public order in the Tunisian transition. PRAXIS International, 20(2), 254–274. https://doi.org/10.1111/cons.12038
- Zelin, A. (2013, March 8). Meeting Tunisia’s Ansar al-Sharia. Foreign Policy. Retrieved March 30, 2023, from https://foreignpolicy.com/2013/03/08/meeting-tunisias-ansar-al-sharia/
- Zemni, S. (2016). From revolution to Tunisianité: Who is the Tunisian people? Creating hegemony through compromise. Middle East Law and Governance, 8(2–3), 131–150. https://doi.org/10.1163/18763375-00802002