Seismic Microzonation of Densely Populated Area of Kathmandu Valley of Nepal using Microtremor Observations

References

• Al-Qaryouti , M. and Al-Tarazi , E. 2007 . Local site effects estimated from ambient vibration Measurements at Aqaba City, Jordan . Journal of Earthquake Engineering , 11 : 1 – 12 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albarello , D. and Lunedei , E. 2010 . Alternative interpretations of horizontal to vertical spectral ratios of ambient vibrations: new insights from theoretical modeling . Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering , 8 : 519 – 534 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ambraseys , N. and Douglas , J. 2004 . Magnitude calibration of north Indian earthquakes . Geophysical Journal International , 159 ( 1 ) : 165 – 206 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arita , K. , Ohta , Y. , Akiba , C. and Maruo , Y. 1973 . “ Kathmandu region ” . In Geology of the Nepal Himalayas , Edited by: Hashimoto , S. , Ohta , Y. and Akiba , C. 99 – 145 . Tokyo : Saikon Publishing Co. Ltd .
   Google Scholar
• Asten , M. W. 2004 . Comment on ‘‘Microtremor observations of deep sediment resonance in metropolitan Memphis, Tennessee’’ by Paul Bodin, Kevin Smith, Steve Horton and Howard Hwang . Engineering Geology , 72 : 343 – 349 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banerjee , P. and Bürgmann , R. 2002 . Convergence across the northwest Himalaya from GPS measurements . Geophysical Research Letters , 29 ( 3 )
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bettinelli , P. , Avouac , J. P. , Flouzat , M. , Jouanne , F. , Bollinger , L. , Willis , P. and Chitraker , G.R. 2006 . Plate motion of India and interseismic strain in the Nepal Himalaya from GPS and DORIS measurements . Journal of Geodynamics , 80 : 567 – 589 .
   Google Scholar
• Bilham , R. and Szeliga , W. 2008 . “ Interaction between the Himalaya and the flexed Indian plate - spatial fluctuations in seismic hazard in India in the past millennium? ” . In Seismic Engineering Conference Commemorating the 1908 Messina and Reggio Calabria earthquake Edited by: Santini , A. and Moraci , N. 224 – 231 . Reggio Calabria , , Italy American Inst. of Physics Conf. Proc
   Google Scholar
• Bilham , R. , Bodin , P. and Jackson , M. 1995 . Entertaining a Great Earthquake in western Nepal: historic inactivity and geodetic tests for the present state of strain . Journal of Nepal Geological Society , 11 ( 1 ) : 73 – 78 .
   Google Scholar
• Birgören , G. , özel , O. and Siyahi , B. 2009 . Bedrock depth mapping of the coast south of Istanbul: comparison of analytical and experimental analyses . Turkish Journal of Earth Science , 18 : 315 – 329 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bodin , P. and Horton , S. 1999 . Broadband microtremor observation of basin resonance in the Mississippi embayment, Central US . Geophysical Research Letters , 26 ( 7 ) : 903 – 906 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonnefoy-Claudet , S. , Cotton , F. and Bard , P. Y. 2006a . The nature of noise wavefield and its applications for site effects studies: A literature review . Earth-Science Reviews , 79 : 205 – 227 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonnefoy–Claudet , S. , Cornou , C. , Bard , P. Y. , Cotton , F. , Moczo , P. , Kristek , J. and Fäh , D. 2006b . H/V ratio: a tool for site effects evaluation. Results from 1-D noise simulations . Geophysical Journal International , 167 : 827 – 837 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonnefoy-Claudet , S. , Köhler , A. , Cornou , C. , Wathelet , M. and Bard , P. Y. 2008 . Effects of love waves on microtremor H/V ratio . Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America , 98 ( 1 ) : 288 – 300 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borcherdt , R. D. 1970 . Effect of local geology on ground motion near San Francisco Bay . Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America , 60 ( 1 ) : 29 – 61 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bour , M. , Fouissac , D. , Dominique , P. and Martin , C. 1998 . One the use of microtremor recordings in seismic microzonation . Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering , 17 : 465 – 474 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cadet , H. , Macau , A. , Benjumea , B. , Bellmunt , F. and Figueras , S. 2011 . From ambient noise recordings to site effect assessment: The case study of Barcelona microzonation . Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering , 31 : 271 – 281 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chander , R. 1988 . Interpretation of observed ground level changes due to the 1905 Kangra earthquake, northwest Himalaya . Tectonophysics , 149 : 289 – 298 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chander , R. 1989 . Southern limits of major earthquake ruptures along the Himalaya between longitudes 75° and 90° E . Tectonophysics , 170 : 115 – 123 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chatelain , J. L. , Guillier , B. , Cara , F. , Duval , A. M. , Atakan , K. , Bard , P. Y. and The WP02 SESAME team . 2008 . Evaluation of the influence of experimental conditions on H/V results from ambient noise recordings . Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering , 6 : 33 – 74 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chitrakar , G. R. and Pandey , M. R. 1986 . Historical earthquakes of Nepal . Bulletin Geological Society of Nepal , 4 : 7 – 8 .
   Google Scholar
• Chávez-García , F. J. and Rodríguez , M. 2007 . The correlation of microtremors: empirical limits and relations between results in frequency and time domains . Geophysical Journal International , 171 : 657 – 664 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clinton , J. F. , Bandford , S. C. , Heaton , T. H. and Favela , J. 2006 . The observed wander of the natural frequencies in a structure . Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America , 96 ( 1 ) : 237 – 257 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delgado , J. , Casado , C. L. , Lopez, Giner , J. , Estevez , A. , Cuenca , A. and Molina , S. 2000 . Microtremors as a geophysical exploration tool: applications and limitations . Pure and Applied Geophysics , 157 : 1445 – 1462 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dinesh , B. V. , Nair , G. J. , Prasad , A. G. V. , Nakkeeran , P. V. and Radhakrishna , M. C. 2010 . Estimation of sedimentary layers shear wave velocity using micro-tremor H/V ratio measurements for Bangalore city . Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering , 30 : 1377 – 1382 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dixit , A. , Dwelley-Samant , L. , Nakarmi , M. , Pradhanang , S. and Tucker , B. The Kathmandu Valley earthquake risk management project: an evaluation,” . Proc. of 12th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering . Auckland , , New Zealand Paper 0788
   Google Scholar
• Dixit, A., Dwelly-Samant, L., Nakarmi, M., Pradhanang, S., and Tucker, B. [1998] “The Kathmandu valley Earthquake management plan,” National Society for Earthquake Technology, Nepal, p. 37 www.preventionweb.net/english/professional/publications/v.php?id=1496 (http://www.preventionweb.net/english/professional/publications/v.php?id=1496)
   Google Scholar
• Dangol , G. M. S. 1985 . Geology of the Kathmandu fluvio-lacustrine sediments in the light of new vertebrate fossil occurrences . Journal of Nepal Geological Society , 3 : 43 – 47 .
   Google Scholar
• Dunn , J. A. , Auden , J. B. , Gosh , A. M. N. and Roy , S. C. 1939 . The Bihar-Nepal earthquake of 1934 . Memoirs of Geological Survey of India , 73 : 391
   Google Scholar
• D'Amico , V. , Picozzi , M. , Albarello , D. , Naso , G. and Tropenscovino , S. 2004 . Quick estimates of soft sediment thicknesses from ambient noise horizontal to vertical spectral ratios: a case study in southern Italy . Journal of Earthquake Engineering , 8 ( 6 ) : 895 – 908 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fäh , D. , Kind , F. and Giardini , D. 2001 . A theoretical investigation of average H/V ratios . Geophysical Journal International , 145 : 535 – 549 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fäh , D. , Stamm , G. and Havenith , H.-B. 2008 . Analysis of three-component ambient vibration array measurements . Geophysical Journal International , 172 : 199 – 213 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Field , E. and Jacob , K. 1993 . The theoretical response of sedimentary layers to ambient seismic Noise . Geophysical Research Letters , 20 ( 24 ) : 2925 – 2928 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Field , E. H. , Hough , S. H. and Jacob , K. H. 1990 . Using microtremors to assess potential earthquake site response: A case study in Flushing Meadows New York City . Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America , 80 : 1456 – 1480 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Field , E. H. , Clement , A. C. , Jacob , K. H. , Aharonian , V. , Hough , S. E. , Friberg , P. A. , Babaian , T. O. , Karapetian , S. S. , Hovanessian , S. M. and Abramian , H. A. 1995 . Earthquake site-response study in Giuari (formerly Leninakan), Armenia, using ambient noise observations . Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America , 85 ( 1 ) : 349 – 353 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finn , W. D. L. , Onur , T. and Ventura , C. E. 2004 . “ Microzonation: Developments and applications ” . In Recent Advances in Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering and Microzonation , Edited by: Ansal , A. 3 – 26 . Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht, Netherlands .
   Google Scholar
• Finn , W. D. L. Geotechnical engineering aspects of microzonation . Proc. of the 4th International Conference on Seismic Zonation . California , USA. pp. 100 – 159 . 1
   Google Scholar
• Fischer , K. M. , Salvati , L. A. , Hough , S. E. , Gonzalez , E. , Nelsen , C. E. and Roth , E. G. 1995 . Sediment-induced amplification in the Northeastern United States: A case study in Providence, Rhode Island . Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America , 85 ( 5 ) : 1388 – 1397 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujii , R. and Sakai , H. 2002 . Paleoclimatic changes during the last 2.5 myr recorded in the Kathmandu Basin, Central Nepal Himalayas . Journal of Asian Earth Sciences , 20 : 255 – 266 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gosar , A. 2007 . Microtremor HVSR study for assessing site effects in the Bovec basin [NW Slovenia] related to 1998 Mw 5.6 and 2004 Mw5.2 earthquakes . Engineering Geology , 91 : 178 – 193 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gosar , A. and Lenart , A. 2010 . Mapping the thickness of sediments in the Ljubljana Moor basin (Slovenia) using microtremors . Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering , 8 : 501 – 518 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gosar , A. and Martinec , M. 2009 . Microtremor HVSR study of site effects in the Ilirska Bistrica Town Area (S. Slovenia) . Journal of Earthquake Engineering , 13 : 50 – 67 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grasso , S. and Maugeri , M. 2009 . The seismic microzonation of the city of Catania [Italy] for the maximum expected scenario earthquake of January 11, 1693 . Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering , 29 : 953 – 962 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gueguen , P. , Cornou , C. , Garambois , S. and Banton , J. 2007 . On the limitation of the H/V spectral ratio using seismic noise as an exploration tool: application to the Grenoble Valley (France), a small apex ratio Basin . Pure and Applied Geophysics , 164 : 115 – 134 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta , S. P. 1988 . “ Eastern Nepal earthquake 21 August 1988, damage & recommendations for repairs and reconstruction ” . In Asian Disaster Preparedness Center, Asian Institute of Technology Bangkok , , Thailand
   Google Scholar
• Hagen , T. 1969 . Report on the geological survey of Nepal . Denkschr Schweizerischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft , 81 : 185
   Google Scholar
• Hardesty , K. , Wolf , L. W. and Bodin , P. 2010 . Case history, noise to signal: A microtremor study at liquefaction sites in the New Madrid seismic zone . Geophysics , 75 ( 3 ) : B83 – B90 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasancebi , N. and Ulusay , R. 2006 . Evaluation of site amplification and site period using different methods for an earthquake-prone settlement in Western Turkey . Engineering Geology , 87 : 85 – 104 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herak , M. 2011 . Overview of recent ambient noise measurements in Croatia in free-field and in buildings . GEOFIZIKA , 28 : 21 – 40 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hough , S. E. and Bilham , R. 2008 . Site response of the Ganges basin inferred from re-evaluated macroseismic observations from the 1897 Shillong, 1905 Kangra, and 1934 Nepal earthquakes . Journal of Earth System Science , 117 ( S2 ) : 773 – 782 .
   Google Scholar
• Hough , S. E. , Seeber , L. , Rovelli , A. , Malagnini , L. , Decesare , A. , Selveggi , G. and Lerner-lam , A. 1992 . Ambient noise and weak-motion excitation of sediment resonances: Results from the Tiber valley, Italy . Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America , 82 ( 3 ) : 1186 – 1205 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang , H-C. 2002 . Characteristics of earthquake ground motions and the H/V of microtremors in the southwestern part of Taiwan . Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics , 31 : 1815 – 1829 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang , H. C. and Tseng , Y. C. 2002 . Characteristics of soil liquefaction using H/V of microtremors in Yuan-Lin area, Taiwan . TAO , 13 ( 3 ) : 325 – 339 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang , H. C. , Yang , Y. T. and Chiu , H. C. 2002 . Site response evaluation using the H/V Ratio at the Yan-Liau Station in Hualien, Taiwan . Pure Applied Geophysics , 159 : 2715 – 2731 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ISSMGE . 1999 . “ Manual for zonation on seismic geotechnical hazards ” . In The Japanese Geotechnical Study , 209 ISSMGE .
   Google Scholar
• Ibs-von Seht , M. and Wohlenberg , J. 1999 . Microtremor measurements used to map thickness of soft sediments . Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America , 89 : 250 – 259 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JICA . 2002 . “ The Study on earthquake disaster mitigation in the Kathmandu Valley Kingdom of Nepal, Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) and Ministry of Home Affairs ” . In His Majesty's Government of Nepal , Vol. I , 110 Main Report 2/2, Earthquake Disaster Assessment and Data Base System, p. 76 . Summaryvolume III
   Google Scholar
• Jouanne , F. , Mugnier , J. L. , Gamond , J. F. , Fort , P. , Le, Pandey , M. R. , Bollinger , L. , Flouzat , M. and Auouac , J. P. 2004 . Current shortening across the Himalayas of Nepal . Geophysical Journal International , 157 : 1 – 14 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KMC [2011] Kathmandu Metropolitan City http://www.kathmandu.gov.np/ (http://www.kathmandu.gov.np/)
   Google Scholar
• Kanai , K. 1957 . The requisite conditions for predominant vibration of ground . Bulletin of Earthquake Research Institute , 31 : 457
   Google Scholar
• Katel , T. P. , Upreti , B. N. and Pokharel , G. S. 1996 . Engineering properties of fine grained soils of Kathmandu Valley, Nepal . Journal of Nepal Geological Society , 13 : 121 – 138 .
   Google Scholar
• Khattri , K. N. 1987 . Great earthquakes, seismicity gaps and potential for earthquake disaster along the Himalaya Plate boundary . Tectonophysics , 138 : 79 – 92 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khattri , K. N. 1992 . Seismic hazard in Indian Region, in Seismology in India . Current Science , 62 : 109 – 116 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Konno , K. and Ohmachi , T. 1998 . Ground-motion characteristics estimated from spectral ratio between horizontal and vertical components of microtremor . Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America , 88 ( 1 ) : 228 – 241 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kramer , S. L. 1996 . Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering , Delhi , , India : Pearson Education (Singapore) Pte. Ltd, Indian Branch .
   Google Scholar
• Lachet , C , Hatzfeld , D. , Bard , P. Y, , Theodulidis , N. , Papaioannou , C. and Savvaidis , A. 1996 . Site effects and microzonation in the city of Thessaloniki (Greece) comparison of different approaches . Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America , 86 ( 6 ) : 1692 – 1703 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langston , C. A. , Chiu, Shu-Chioung , C. , Lawrence , Z. , Bodin , P. and Horton , S. 2009 . Array observations of microseismic noise and the nature of H/V in the Mississippi embayment . Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America , 99 ( 5 ) : 2893 – 2911 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lermo , J. and Chávez-García , F. J. 1993 . Site effect evaluation using spectral ratios with only one station . Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America , 83 : 1574 – 1594 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lermo , J. and Chávez-García , F. J. 1994 . Are microtremors useful in site response evaluation? . Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America , 84 ( 5 ) : 1350 – 1364 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lermo , J. , Rodríguez , M. and Singh , S. K. 1988 . The Mexico Earthquake of September 19, 1985—Natural period of sites in the valley of Mexico from microtremor measurements and strong motion data . Earthquake Spectra , 4 : 805 – 814 .
   Google Scholar
• Lunedei , E. and Albarello , D. 2009 . On the seismic noise wavefield in a weakly dissipative layered Earth . Geophysical Journal International , 177 : 1001 – 1014 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lunedei , E. and Albarello , D. 2010 . Theoretical HVSR curves from full wave field modeling of ambient vibrations in a weakly dissipative layered Earth . Geophysical Journal International , 181 : 1093 – 1108 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mihalić , S. , Oŝtrić , M. and Krkać , M. 2011 . Seismic microzonation: A review of principles and practice . GEOFIZIKA , 28 Review paper UDC 550.340
   Google Scholar
• Molnar , P. 1990 . A review of the seismicity and the rates of active underthrusting and te deformatation at the Himalaya . Journal of Himalayan Geology , 1 : 131 – 154 .
   Google Scholar
• Molnar , P. and Pandey , M. R. 1989 . Rupture zones of great earthquakes in the Himalayan Region . Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci., (Earth and Plan. Sci.), India , 98 : 61 – 70 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morales , J. , Vidal , F. , Pena , J. A. , Alguacil , G. and Ibanez , J.M. 1991 . Microtremor study in the sediment-filled basin on Zafarraya, Granada (Southern Spain) . Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America , 81 ( 2 ) : 687 – 693 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moribayashi , S. and Maruo , Y. 1980 . Basement topography of the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal- an application of the gravitational method to the survey of a tectonic basin in the Himalaya . Journal of Japan Society of Engineering Geology , 21 : 30 – 37 .
   Google Scholar
• Mucciarelli , M. 2011 . Ambient noise measurements following the 2011 Christchurch earthquake: Relationships with previous microzonation studies, liquefaction, and nonlinearity . Seismological Research Letters , 82 ( 6 ) : 919 – 926 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mucciarelli , M. , Gallipoli , M. R. and Massimiliano Arcieri , M. 2003 . The stability of the horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio of triggered noise and earthquake recordings . Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America , 93 ( 3 ) : 1407 – 1412 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mukhopadhyay , S. and Bormann , P. 2004 . Low cost seismic microzonation using microtremor data: an example from Delhi, India . Journal of Asian Earth Sciences , 24 : 271 – 280 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakamura , Y. 1989 . A method for dynamic characteristics estimation of subsurface using microtremor on the ground surface . Quarterly Report of the Railway Technical Research Institute , 30 : 25 – 33 .
   Google Scholar
• Nakamura , Y. Clear identification of fundamental idea of Nakamura's Technique and its applications,” . Proc. of the 12th World Conference in Earthquake Engineering . Auckland , New Zealand. pp. 2656
   Google Scholar
• Ohta , Y. , Kagami , H. , Goto , N. and Kudo , K. 1978 . Observation of 1 to 5-second microtremors and their application to earthquake engineering. Part I: Comparison with long-period accelerations at the Tokachi-oki earthquake of 1968 . Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America , 68 ( 3 ) : 767 – 779 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Özalaybey , S. , Zor , E. , Ergintav , S. and Tapırdamaz , M. C. 2011 . Investigation of 3-D basin structures in the Izmit Bay area (Turkey) by single-station microtremor and gravimetric methods . Geophysical Journal International , 186 : 883 – 894 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pandey , M. R. and Molnar , P. 1988 . The distribution of intensity of the Bihar-Nepal earthquake 15 January 1934 and bounds of the extent of the rupture zone . Journal of Nepal Geological Society , 5 : 22 – 44 .
   Google Scholar
• Pandey , M. R. , Tandukar , R. P. , Avouac , J. P. , Lavé , J. and Massot , J. P. 1995 . Interseismic strain accumulation on the Himalayan crustal ramp (Nepal) . Geophysical Research Letters , 22 ( 7 ) : 751 – 754 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pandey , M. R. Ground response of Kathmandu Valley on the basis of microtremors . Proc. of 12th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering . Auckland , New Zealand. pp. 2106
   Google Scholar
• Parolai , S. , Richwalski , S. M. , Milkereit , C. and Bormann , P. 2004 . Assessment of the stability of H/V spectral ratios from ambient noise and comparison with earthquake data in the Cologne area (Germany) . Tectonophysics , 390 : 57 – 73 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parolai , S. , Bormann , P. and Milkereit , C. 2002 . New relationship between Vs, thickness of sediments, and resonance frequency calculated by the H/V ratio of seismic noise for the Cologne area (Germany) . Bulletin of Seismological Society of America , 92 ( 6 ) : 2521 – 2527 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panou , A. A. , Theodulidis , N. , Hatzidimitriou , P. , Stylianidis , K. and Papazachos , C. B. 2005 . Ambient noise horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio in site effects estimation and correlation with seismic damage distribution in urban environment: the case of the city of Thessaloniki (Northern Greece) . Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering , 25 : 261 – 274 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pirner , M. , Fischer , O. and Urushadze , S. 2009 . “ Long-term observation of old RC structures using dynamic response ” . In Proc. of the IMAC-XXVII , Orlando , Florida : Society for Experimental Mechanics Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Rana , B. J. B. 1935 . Nepal Ko Maha Bhukampa (Great Earthquake of Nepal) , Kathmandu : Jorganesh Press .
   Google Scholar
• Sakai , H. 2001 . Stratigraphic division and sedimentary facies of the Kathmandu basin Group, central Nepal . Journal of Nepal Geological Society , 25 ( Special Issue ) : 19 – 32 .
   Google Scholar
• Sakai , H. , Fujii , R. , Kuwahara , Y. , Upreti , B. N. and Shrestha , S. D. 2001 . Core drilling of the basin-fill sediments in the Kathmandu valley for paleoclimatic study: preliminary results . Journal of Nepal Geological Society , 25 ( Special Issue ) : 9 – 18 .
   Google Scholar
• Sakai , H. , Fujii , R. and Kuwahara , Y. 2002 . ”Changes in the depositional system of the Paleo-Kathmandu Lake caused by uplift of the Nepal Lesser Himalayas . Journal of Asian Earth Sciences , 20 : 267 – 276 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sánchez-Sesma , F. J. , Rodríguez , M. , Iturrarán-Viveros , U. , Luzón , F. , Campillo , M. , Margerin , L. , García-Jerez , A. , Suarez , M. , Santoyo , M. A. and Rodríguez-Castellanos , A. 2011 . A theory for microtremor H/V spectral ratio: application for a layered medium . Geophysical Journal International , 186 : 221 – 225 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SESAME [2004] “Guidelines for the implementation of the H/V spectral ratio technique on ambient vibrations Measurements, processing and interpretation,” SESAME European research project Wp12 – deliverable d23.12, European Commission – Research General Directorate, Project No. EVG1-CT-2000-00026 http://sesame-fp5.obs.ujf-grenoble.fr (http://sesame-fp5.obs.ujf-grenoble.fr)
   Google Scholar
• Seeber , L. , Armbruster , J. G. and Quittmeyer , R.C. 1981 . Seismicity and continental subduction in the Himalayan arc, in Zagros, Hindu-Kush, Himalaya, Geodynamic Evolution . Geodynamics Series , 3 : 215 – 242 .
   Google Scholar
• Seeber , L. and Armbruster , J. 1981 . Great detachment earthquakes along the Himalaya arc and long-term forecasting in earthquake prediction: An international review . Maurice Ewing Series , 4 : 259 – 279 .
   Google Scholar
• Singh , S. K. , Mena , E. and Castro , R. 1988 . Some aspects of source characteristics of the 19 September Michoacan earthquake and ground amplification in and near Mexico City from strong ground motions data . Bulletin of Seismological Society of America , 78 ( 2 ) : 451
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stöcklin , J. 1980 . Geology of Nepal and its regional frame . Journal of Geological Society of London , 137 : 1 – 34 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stöcklin , J. and Bhattarai , K. D. 1981 . “Geology of Kathmandu area and central Mahabharat Range, Nepal Himalaya,” , United Nations Development Program, Mineral Exploration Nepal (DP/UN/NEP-73-019/3) .
   Google Scholar
• Su , F. , Aki , K. , Teng , T. , Zeng , Y. , Koyanagi , S. and Mayeda , K. 1992 . The relation between site amplification factor and surficial geology in central California . Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America , 82 ( 2 ) : 580 – 602 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teves-Costa , P. , Matias , L. and Bard , P. Y. 1996 . Seismic behavior estimation of thin alluvium layers using microtremor recordings . Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering , 15 : 201 – 209 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teves-Costa , P. , Almeida , I. M. and Silva , P. L. 2001 . Microzonation of Lisbon: 1-D theoretical approach . Pure and Applied Geophysics , 158 : 2579 – 2596 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Theodulidis , N. , Bard , P. Y. , Archuleta , R. and Bouchon , M. 1996 . Horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio and geological conditions: the case of Garner Valley downhole array in southern California . Bulletin of Seismological Society of America , 86 ( 2 ) : 306 – 319 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Theodulidis , N. , Panou , A. A. , Hatzidimitriou , P. , Stylianidis , K. and Papazachos , C. B. 2005 . Ambient noise horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio in site effects estimation and correlation with seismic damage distribution in urban environment: the case of the city of Thessaloniki (Northern Greece) . Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering , 25 : 261 – 274 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tokimatsu , K. , Shinzawa , K. and Kuwayama , S. 1992 . Use of short period microtremors for Vs profiling . Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering , 118 : 1544
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tuan , T. T. , Scherbaum , F. and Malischewsky , P. G. 2011 . On the relationship of peaks and troughs of the ellipticity (H/V) of Rayleigh waves and the transmission response of single layer over half-space models . Geophysical Journal International , 184 : 793 – 800 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tuladhar , R. , Yamazaki , F. , Warnitchai , P. and Saita , J. 2004 . Seismic microzonation of the greater Bangkok area using microtremor observations . Earthquake Engineering and Structure Dynamics , 33 : 211 – 225 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tuladhar , R. M. 1982 . A note to a lignite occurrence in Lukundol, Kathmandu . Journal of Nepal Geological Society , 2/1 : 41 – 57 .
   Google Scholar
• Walling , M. Y. and Mohanty , W. K. 2009 . An overview on the seismic zonation and microzonation studies in India . Earth-Science Reviews , 96 : 67 – 91 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walling , M. Y. , Mohanty , W. K. , Nath , S. K. , Mitra , S. and John , A. 2009 . Microtremor survey in Talchir, India to ascertain its basin characteristics in terms of predominant frequency by Nakamura's ratio technique . Engineering Geology , 106 : 123 – 132 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woolery , E. W. , Street , R. and Hart , P. 2009 . Evaluation of linear site response methods for estimating higher-frequency (>2 Hz) ground motions in the lower Wabash River Valley of the central United States . Seismological Research Letter , 80 : 525 – 538 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoshida , M. and Igarashi , Y. 1984 . Neogene to Quaternary lacustrine sediemnts in the Kathamandu valley, Nepal . Journal of Nepal Geological Society , 4 : 73 – 100 .
   Google Scholar
• Yoshida , M. and Gautam , P. 1988 . Magnetostratigraphy of Plio–Pleistocene lacustrine deposits in the Kathmandu valley, central Nepal . Proc. Indian Nat. Sci. Acad, Delhi, India , 54A : 410 – 417 .
   Google Scholar
• Zandieh , A. and Pezeshk , S. 2011 . A study of horizontal-to-vertical component spectral ratio in the New Madrid seismic zone . Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America , 101 ( 1 ) : 287 – 296 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar