233
Views
5
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Seismic Response of Two Freestanding Statue-Pedestal Systems during the 2014 South Napa Earthquake

ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Pages 5086-5108 | Received 07 Nov 2019, Accepted 25 Nov 2020, Published online: 18 Jan 2021

References

  • Acikgoz, S., and M. J. Dejong. 2013. The rocking response of large flexible structures to earthquakes. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 12 (2): 875–908. doi: 10.1007/s10518-013-9538-0.
  • Al Abadi, H., V. Paton-Cole, E. Gad, N. Lam, and V. Patel. 2019. Rocking behavior of irregular free-standing objects subjected to earthquake motion. Journal of Earthquake Engineering 23 (5): 79–809. doi: 10.1080/13632469.2017.1342305.
  • Alhan, C., and M. Sürmeli. 2015. Necessity and adequacy of near-source factors for not-so-tall fixed-base buildings. Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration 14 (1): 13–26. doi: 10.1007/s11803-015-0003-8.
  • Allen, R. H., I. J. Oppenheim, A. R. Parker, and J. Bielak. 1986. On the dynamic response of rigid body assemblies. Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics 14 (6): 861–76. doi: 10.1002/eqe.4290140604.
  • Ambraseys, N., and I. N. Psycharis. 2011. Earthquake stability of columns and statues. Journal of Earthquake Engineering 15 (5): 685–710. doi: 10.1080/13632469.2010.541549.
  • Asteris, P. G., V. Sarhosis, A. Mohebkhah, V. Plevris, L. Papaloizou, P. Komodromos, and J. V. Lemos. 2015. Numerical modeling of historic masonry structures. In Handbook of research on seismic assessment and rehabilitation of historic structures, ed. P. G. Asteris and V. Plevris, 213–56. Hershey PA, USA: IGI Global.
  • Baros, D. K., and A. Papalou. 2019. Parametric analysis of the dynamic response of multi-drum columns. Journal of Earthquake Engineering 1–18. doi: 10.1080/13632469.2019.1657986.
  • Berto, L., T. Favaretto, and A. Saetta. 2013. Seismic risk mitigation technique for art objects: Experimental evaluation and numerical modelling of double concave curved surface sliders. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 11 (5): 1817–40. doi: 10.1007/s10518-013-9441-8.
  • Berto, L., T. Favaretto, A. Saetta, F. Antonelli, and L. Lazzarini. 2012. Assessment of seismic vulnerability of art objects: The ‘Galleria dei Prigioni’ sculptures at the accademia gallery in Florence. Journal of Cultural Heritage 13 (1): 7–21. doi: 10.1016/j.culher.2011.06.005.
  • Beyzaei, C., J. Bray, J. Cohen-Waeber, T. Dawson, L. Harder, K. Hudnut, K. Kelson, T. Kishida, R. Lanzafame, R. Luque, et al. 2014. Geotechnical engineering reconnaissance of the August 24, 2014 M6 South Napa Earthquake [Version 1]. Report No. GEER-037, Geotechnical Extreme Events Reconnaissance (GEER) Association. doi: 10.13140/2.1.1094.7844.
  • Bolt, B. A. 2004. Engineering seismology. In Earthquake engineering from engineering seismology to performance-based engineering, ed. Y. Bozorgnia and V. V. Bertero, 2-1–2-35. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group.
  • Bolt, B. A., and N. A. Abrahamson. 2003. Estimation of strong seismic ground motions. In International handbook of earthquake and engineering seismology part B, ed. W. H. K. Lee, H. Kanamori, P. C. Jennings, and C. Kisslinger, 983–1001. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier.
  • Borri, A., and A. Grazini. 2006. Diagnostic analysis of the lesions and stability of Michelangelo’s David. Journal of Cultural Heritage 7 (4): 273–85. doi: 10.1016/j.culher.2006.06.004.
  • Bray, J. D., and A. Rodriguez-Marek. 2004. Characterization of forward-directivity ground motions in the near-fault region. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 24 (11): 815–28. doi: 10.1016/j.soildyn.2004.05.001.
  • Brocher, T. M., A. S. Baltay, J. L. Hardebeck, F. F. Pollitz, J. R. Murray, A. L. Llenos, D. P. Schwartz, J. L. Blair, D. J. Ponti, J. J. Lienkaemper, et al. 2015. The Mw 6.0 24 August 2014 South Napa Earthquake. Seismological Research Letters 86 (2A): 309–26. doi: 10.1785/0220150004.
  • Center for Engineering Strong Motion Data (CESMD). 2014. South Napa earthquake of 24 Aug 2014. CESMD. Accessed February 07, 2018. https://strongmotioncenter.org.
  • Cignoni, P., M. Callieri, M. Corsini, M. Dellepiane, F. Ganovelli, and G. Ranzuglia. 2008. MeshLab: An open-source mesh processing tool. In Proc. of the Sixth Eurographics Italian Chapter Conference, Salerno, Italy, 129–36.
  • Cundall, P. A. 1971. A computer model for simulating progressive, large-scale movements in blocky rock systems. In Proc. of the International Symposium on Rock Mechanics, vol. 2, No. 8. Nancy, France.
  • Cundall, P. A. 1988. Formulation of a three-dimensional distinct element model – Part I: A scheme to detect and represent contacts in a system composed of many polyhedral blocks. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 25: 107–16. doi: 10.1016/0148-9062(88)92293-0.
  • Cundall, P. A., and O. D. L. Strack. 1979. A discrete numerical model for granular assemblies. Géotechnique 29 (1): 47–65. doi: 10.1680/geot.1979.29.1.47.
  • D’Altri, A. M., G. Milani, S. de Miranda, G. Castellazzi, and V. Sarhosis. 2019. On the stability analysis of a geometrically complex leaning historic structure. In Structural analysis of historical constructions, ed. R. Aguilar, D. Torrealva, S. Moreira, M. A. Pando, and L. F. Ramos, 975–82. Cham, Switzerland: Springer.
  • Dicleli, M., and S. Buddaram. 2007. Equivalent linear analysis of seismic-isolated bridges subjected to near-fault ground motions with forward rupture directivity effect. Engineering Structures 29 (2): 21–32. doi: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2006.04.004.
  • Ducke, B., D. Score, and J. Reeves. 2011. Multiview 3D reconstruction of the archaeological site at Weymouth from image series. Computers & Graphics 35 (2): 375–82. doi: 10.1016/j.cag.2011.01.006.
  • Earthquake Engineering Research Institute (EERI). 2014. M 6.0 South Napa Earthquake of August 24, 2014. EERI Special Earthquake Report – October 2014, Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, Oakland, CA.
  • Erdik, M., and E. Durukal. 2001. A hybrid procedure for the assessment of design basis earthquake ground motions for near-fault conditions. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 21 (5): 431–43. doi: 10.1016/S0267-7261(01)00025-2.
  • Hart, R. D., P. A. Cundall, and J. V. Lemos. 1988. Formulation of a three-dimensional distinct element model – Part II: Mechanical calculations. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 25: 117–125.
  • He, W.-L., and A. K. Agrawal. 2008. Analytical model of ground motion pulses for the design and assessment of seismic protective systems. Journal of Structural Engineering 134 (7): 1177–88. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2008)134:7(1177).
  • Housner, G. W. 1963. The behaviour of inverted pendulum structures during earthquakes. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 53 (2): 403–17.
  • Ishiyama, Y. 1982. Motions of rigid bodies and criteria for overturning by earthquake excitations. Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics 10 (5): 635–50. doi: 10.1002/eqe.4290100502.
  • Itasca Consulting Group, Inc. 2016. 3DEC — three-dimensional distinct element code, Ver. 5.2. Minneapolis: Itasca.
  • Johnson, L. A., and S. A. Mahin. 2016. The Mw 6.0 South Napa Earthquake of August 24, 2014: A wake-up call for renewed investment in seismic resilience across California. PEER Report No. 2016/04, Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER), Berkeley, CA.
  • Jones, T. J. 2013. Bach to Bacchus. Ceja Vineyards. Accessed November 6, 2019. http://bachtobacchus.blogspot.com/2013/07/ceja-vineyards.html.
  • Kazhdan, M., M. Bolitho, and H. Hoppe. 2006 “Poisson surface reconstruction. In Proc. of the 4th Eurographics Symposium on Geometry Processing, 61–70. Aire-la-Ville, Switzerland.
  • Konstantinidis, D., and N. Makris. 2005. Seismic response analysis of multidrum classical columns. Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics 34: 1243–70. doi: 10.1002/eqe.478.
  • Kounadis, A., G. Papadopoulos, and D. Cotsovos. 2012. Overturning instability of a two-rigid block system under ground excitation. ZAMM - Journal of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics/Zeitschrift Für Angewandte Mathematik Und Mechanik 92 (7): 536–57. doi: 10.1002/zamm.201100095.
  • Lemos, J. V. 2007. Discrete element modeling of masonry structures. International Journal of Architectural Heritage 1 (2): 190–213. doi: 10.1080/15583050601176868.
  • Lemos, J. V. 2008. Block modelling of rock masses. European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering 12 (7–8): 915–49. doi: 10.1080/19648189.2008.9693054.
  • Makris, N. 2014. A half-century of rocking isolation. Earthquakes and Structures 7 (6): 1187–221. doi: 10.12989/eas.2014.7.6.1187.
  • Makris, N., and Y. Roussos. 2000. Rocking response of rigid blocks under near-source ground motions. Geotechnique 50 (3): 243–62. doi: 10.1680/geot.2000.50.3.243.
  • Papantonopoulos, C., I. N. Psycharis, D. Y. Papastamatiou, J. V. Lemos, and H. P. Mouzakis. 2002. Numerical prediction of the earthquake response of classical columns using the distinct element method. Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics 31 (9): 1699–717. doi: 10.1002/eqe.185.
  • Peña, F., F. Prieto, P. B. Lourenço, A. C. Costa, and J. V. Lemos. 2007. On the dynamics of rocking motion of single rigid-block structures. Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics 36 (15): 2383–99. doi: 10.1002/eqe.739.
  • Pitilakis, K., G. Tsinidis, and S. Karafagka. 2017. Analysis of the seismic behavior of classical multi-drum and monolithic columns. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 15 (12): 5281–307. doi: 10.1007/s10518-017-0160-4.
  • Psycharis, I. N. 1990. Dynamic behaviour of rocking two-block assemblies. Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics 19 (4): 555–75. doi: 10.1002/eqe.4290190407.
  • Psycharis, I. N., M. Fragiadakis, and I. Stefanou. 2013. Seismic reliability assessment of classical columns subjected to near-fault ground motions. Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics 42: 2061–79.
  • Psycharis, I. N., and P. C. Jennings. 1983. Rocking of slender rigid bodies allowed to uplift. Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics 11 (1): 57–76. doi: 10.1002/eqe.4290110106.
  • Psycharis, I. N., J. V. Lemos, D. Y. Papastamatiou, C. Zambas, and C. Papantonopoulos. 2003. Numerical study of the seismic behaviour of a part of the Parthenon Pronaos. Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics 32 (13): 2063–84. doi: 10.1002/eqe.315.
  • Psycharis, I. N., D. Y. Papastamatiou, and A. P. Alexandris. 2000. Parametric investigation of the stability of classical columns under harmonic and earthquake excitations. Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics 29 (8): 1093–109. doi: 10.1002/1096-9845(200008)29:8<1093::AID-EQE953>3.0.CO;2-S.
  • Purvance, M. D. (2005) “Overturning of slender blocks: Numerical investigation and application to precariously balanced rocks in southern California,” Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Geological Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno.
  • Purvance, M. D., A. Anooshehpoor, and J. N. Brune. 2008. Freestanding block overturning fragilities: Numerical simulation and experimental validation. Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics 37 (5): 791–808. doi: 10.1002/eqe.789.
  • Sarhosis, V., P. Asteris, T. Wang, W. Hu, and Y. Han. 2016. On the stability of colonnade structural systems under static and dynamic loading conditions. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 14 (4): 1131–52. doi: 10.1007/s10518-016-9881-z.
  • Sarhosis, V., D. Baraldi, J. Lemos, and G. Milani. 2019. Dynamic behaviour of ancient freestanding multi-drum and monolithic columns subjected to horizontal and vertical excitations. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 120: 39–57. doi: 10.1016/j.soildyn.2019.01.024.
  • Shenton, H. W., and N. P. Jones. 1991. Base excitation of rigid bodies. I: Formulation. Journal of Engineering Mechanics 117 (10): 2286–306. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(1991)117:10(2286).
  • Sinopoli, A. 1989. Dynamic evolution by earthquake excitation of multiblock structures. In Proc. of the International Conference on Structural Conservation of Stone Masonry: Diagnosis, Repair and Strengthening, 115–22. Athens, Greece.
  • Somerville, P. G. 1998. Development of an improved representation of near fault ground motions. In Proc. of the SMIP98 Seminar on Utilization of Strong Ground Motion Data, 1–20. Sacramento, California.
  • Sorace, S., and G. Terenzi. 2015. Seismic performance assessment and base-isolated floor protection of statues exhibited in museum halls. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 13 (6): 1873–92. doi: 10.1007/s10518-014-9680-3.
  • Sorace, S., G. Terenzi, C. Bitossi, and E. Mori. 2016. Mutual seismic assessment and isolation of different art objects. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 85: 91–102. doi: 10.1016/j.soildyn.2016.03.014.
  • Stefanou, I., I. Psycharis, and I.-O. Georgopoulos. 2011. Dynamic response of reinforced masonry columns in classical monuments. Construction and Building Materials 25 (12): 4325–37. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.12.042.
  • Theoharis, A. P., and G. Deodatis. 1994. Seismic ground motion in a layered half-space due to a Haskell-type source. I: Theory. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 13 (4): 281–92. doi: 10.1016/0267-7261(94)90032-9.
  • United States Geological Survey (USGS). 2014. M6.0 South Napa, California Earthquake – August 24, 2014. Accessed November 6, 2019. https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/events/2014napa/
  • Winkler, T., K. Meguro, and F. Yamazaki. 1995. Response of rigid body assemblies to dynamic excitation. Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics 24 (10): 1389–408. doi: 10.1002/eqe.4290241008.
  • Wittich, C. E., and T. C. Hutchinson. 2015. Shake table tests of stiff, unattached, asymmetric structures. Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics 44 (14): 2425–43.
  • Wittich, C. E., and T. C. Hutchinson. 2017. Shake table tests of unattached, asymmetric, dual-body systems. Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics 46 (9): 1391–410. doi: 10.1002/eqe.2860.
  • Wittich, C. E., T. C. Hutchinson, E. Lo, D. Meyer, and F. Kuester. 2014. “The South Napa Earthquake of August 24, 2014: Drone-based aerial and ground-based LiDAR imaging survey. Structure Systems Research Project Report Series Report No. SSRP 14/09, Department of Structural Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California.
  • Wittich, C. E., T. C. Hutchinson, R. L. Wood, M. Seracini, and F. Kuester. 2016. Characterization of full-scale, human-form, culturally important statues: Case study. Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering 30 (3): 05015001. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)CP.1943-5487.0000508.
  • Yim, C.-S., A. K. Chopra, and J. Penzien. 1980. Rocking response of rigid blocks to earthquakes. Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics 8 (6): 565–87. doi: 10.1002/eqe.4290080606.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.