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Research Article

Post-Earthquake Damage Assessment of Buildings: Comprehensive Experimentally-based Maximum Drift Ratio Predictive Model Based on Residual Drift Ratio

Mohammad Yekrangniaa Department of Civil Engineering, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University, Tehran, IranCorrespondence[email protected]
ORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-3213-5343
ORCID Icon,
Amirreza Torabizadehb Department of Civil Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, IranORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-1719-2136
ORCID Icon &
Svetlana Brzevc Department of Civil Engineering, University of British Columbia, BC, CanadaORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-6174-6859
ORCID Icon
Pages 7073-7117 | Received 02 Oct 2020, Accepted 30 May 2021, Published online: 06 Oct 2021

References

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Appendix A1: References related to structural type Masonry

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  • Kumazawa, F., & Ohkubo, M. (2000, February). NonLinier Characteristics of confined Masonry Wall with Lateral Reinforcement in Mortar Joints. In Proceedings of the 12th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering.
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  • Marinilli, A., & Castilla, E. (2004, August). Experimental evaluation of confined masonry walls with several confining-columns. In Proceedings of 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering.
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  • Paikara, S., & Rai, D. C. (2006, April). Confining masonry using pre-cast RC element for enhanced earthquake resistance. In Proceedings of the 8th US National Conference on Earthquake Engineering, San Francisco, California, USA.
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  • Perez Gavilan, J. J., Flores, L. E., & Alcocer, S. M. (2015). An experimental study of confined masonry walls with varying aspect ratios. Earthquake Spectra, 31(2),945–968.
  • Petry, S., & Beyer, K. (2014). Scaling unreinforced masonry for reduced-scale seismic testing. Bulletin of earthquake engineering, 12(6),2557–2581.
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  • Shakib, H., Dardaei, S., Mousavi, M., & Rezaei, M. K. (2016). Experimental and analytical evaluation of confined masonry walls retrofitted with CFRP strips and mesh-reinforced PF shotcrete. Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities, 30(6), 04016039.
  • Shedid, M. T., El-Dakhakhni, W. W., & Drysdale, R. G. (2009). Behavior of fully grouted reinforced concrete masonry shear walls failing in flexure: analysis. Engineering Structures, 31(9),2032–2044.
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  • Tomaževič, M., Lutman, M., & Bosiljkov, V. (2006). Robustness of hollow clay masonry units and seismic behaviour of masonry walls. Construction and Building Materials, 20(10),1028–1039.
  • Tso, W. K., Rutenberg, A., & Heidebrecht, A. C. (1975). Cyclic Loading of Externally Reinforced Masonry Walls Confined by Frames. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 2(4),489–493.
  • Tu, Y. H., Chuang, T. H., Lin, P. C., Weng, P. W., & Weng, Y. T. (2011). Experiment of Slender Confined Masonry Panels under Monotonic and Cyclic Loading. In Structures Congress 2011 (pp. 2730–2740).
  • Varela-Rivera, J., Fernandez-Baqueiro, L., Gamboa-Villegas, J., Prieto-Coyoc, A., & Moreno-Herrera, J. (2019). Flexural Behavior of Confined Masonry Walls Subjected to In-Plane Lateral Loads. Earthquake Spectra, 35(1),405–422.
  • Vasconcelos, G., & Lourenço, P. B. (2009). In-plane experimental behavior of stone masonry walls under cyclic loading. Journal of structural engineering, 135(10),1269–1277.
  • Velázquez-Dimas, J., Quiñonez-Esquivel, B., Castorena-González, J., Reyes-Salazar, A., González-Cuevas, J., & López-López, D. In-Plane Behavior of Confined Masonry Walls holesHHHoles, Retrofitted with GFRP and Subjected to with Holes Retrofitted with GFRP and Subjected to Lateral Cyclic Loading.
  • Voon, K. C., & Ingham, J. M. (2006). Experimental in-plane shear strength investigation of reinforced concrete masonry walls. Journal of structural engineering,
  • Voon, K. C., & Ingham, J. M. (2008). Experimental in-plane strength investigation of reinforced concrete masonry walls with openings. Journal of structural engineering, 134(5),758–768.
  • Weng, D., Lu, X., Zhou, C., Kubo, T., & Li, K. (2004, August). Experimental study on seismic retrofitting of masonry walls using GFRP. In Proceedings of 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering ( pp. 1–6).
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Appendix A2: References related to structural type RC

  • Abdel-Halim, M. A., & Barakat, S. A. (2003). Cyclic performance of concrete-backed stone masonry walls. Journal of Structural Engineering, 129(5),596–605.
  • Akhoundi, F., Vasconcelos, G., Lourenço, P., Silva, L. M., Cunha, F., & Fangueiro, R. (2018). In-plane behavior of cavity masonry infills and strengthening with textile reinforced mortar. Engineering Structures, 156, 145–160.
  • Alameddine, F., & Ehsani, M. R. (1991). High-strength RC connections subjected to inelastic cyclic loading. Journal of Structural Engineering, 117(3),829–850.
  • Allam, K., Mosallam, A. S., & Salama, M. A. (2019). Experimental evaluation of seismic performance of interior RC beam-column joints strengthened with FRP composites. Engineering Structures, 196, 109308.
  • Almusallam, T. H., & Al-Salloum, Y. A. (2007). Behavior of FRP strengthened infill walls under in-plane seismic loading. Journal of Composites for Construction, 11(3),308–318.
  • Altin, S., Anil, Ö., & Kara, M. E. (2008). Strengthening of RC nonductile frames with RC infills: An experimental study. Cement and Concrete Composites, 30(7),612–621.
  • Alwashali, H., Sen, D., Jin, K., & Maeda, M. (2019). Experimental investigation of influences of several parameters on seismic capacity of masonry infilled reinforced concrete frame. Engineering Structures, 189, 11–24.
  • Anil, Ö., & Altin, S. (2007). An experimental study on reinforced concrete partially infilled frames. Engineering Structures, 29(3),449–460.
  • Baran, M., & Sevil, T. (2010). Analytical and experimental studies on infilled RC frames. International Journal of the Physical Sciences, 5(13),1981–1998.
  • Barbhuiya, S., & Choudhury, A. M. (2015). A study on the size effect of RC beam–column connections under cyclic loading. Engineering Structures, 95, 1–7.
  • Basha, S. H., & Kaushik, H. B. (2016). Behavior and failure mechanisms of masonry-infilled RC frames (in low-rise buildings) subject to lateral loading. Engineering Structures, 111, 233–245.
  • Basha, S. H., & Kaushik, H. B. (2019). A novel macromodel for prediction of shear failure in columns of masonry infilled RC frames under earthquake loading. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 17(4),2219–2244.
  • Basha, S. H., & Kaushik, H. B. (2019). Investigation on improving the shear behavior of columns in masonry infilled RC frames under lateral loads. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 17(7),3995–4026.
  • Benavent-Climent, A., Cahís, X., & Vico, J. M. (2010). Interior wide beam-column connections in existing RC frames subjected to lateral earthquake loading. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 8(2),401–420.
  • Benavent-Climent, A., Cahís, X., & Zahran, R. (2009). Exterior wide beam–column connections in existing RC frames subjected to lateral earthquake loads. Engineering Structures, 31(7),1414–1424.
  • Birely, A., Lehman, D., Lowes, L., Kuchma, D., Hart, C., & Marley, K. (2008, October). Investigation of the seismic behavior and analysis of reinforced concrete structural walls. In Proceedings 14th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Beijing, China.
  • Buonopane, S. G., & White, R. N. (1999). Pseudodynamic testing of masonry infilled reinforced concrete frame. Journal of structural engineering, 125(6),578–589.
  • Cai, G., & Su, Q. (2019). Effect of Infills on Seismic Performance of Reinforced Concrete Frame structures – A Full-Scale Experimental Study. Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 23(9),1531–1559.
  • Calvi, G. M., & Bolognini, D. (2001). Seismic response of reinforced concrete frames infilled with weakly reinforced masonry panels. Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 5(02),153–185.
  • Cavaleri, L., & Di Trapani, F. (2014). Cyclic response of masonry infilled RC frames: Experimental results and simplified modeling. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 65, 224–242.
  • Chen, X. L., Fu, J. P., Hao, X., Yang, H., & Zhang, D. Y. (2019). Seismic behavior of reinforced concrete squat walls with high strength reinforcements: An experimental study. Structural Concrete, 20(3),911–931.
  • Chiou, T. C., & Hwang, S. J. (2015). Tests on cyclic behavior of reinforced concrete frames with brick infill. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, 44(12),1939–1958.
  • Choi, C. S. (2006). Improvement of earthquake-resistant performance of squat shear walls under reversed cyclic loads. In Key Engineering Materials ( Vol. 324, pp. 535–538). Trans Tech Publications Ltd.
  • Chong, X., Xie, L., Ye, X., Jiang, Q., & Wang, D. (2019). Experimental study on the seismic performance of superimposed RC shear walls with enhanced horizontal joints. Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 23(1),1–17.
  • Christidis, K. I., & Trezos, K. G. (2017). Experimental investigation of existing non-conforming RC shear walls. Engineering Structures, 140, 26–38.
  • Chung, L. L., Wu, L. Y., & Lien, K. H. (2011). Experimental study on retrofit of school buildings by adding sandwich columns to partition brick walls. Earthquake engineering & structural dynamics, 40(13),1417–1434.
  • Colangelo, F. (2005). Pseudo‐dynamic seismic response of reinforced concrete frames infilled with non‐structural brick masonry. Earthquake engineering & structural dynamics, 34(10),1219–1241.
  • Cortés-Puentes, W. L., & Palermo, D. (2018). Performance of pre-1970s squat reinforced concrete shear walls. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 45(11),922–935.
  • Dazio, A., Beyer, K., & Bachmann, H. (2009). Quasi-static cyclic tests and plastic hinge analysis of RC structural walls. Engineering Structures, 31(7),1556–1571.
  • Elmalyh, S., Bouyahyaoui, A., & Cherradi, T. (2018). Seismic behaviour of reinforced concrete frame with infill panels. In MATEC Web of Conferences ( Vol. 149, p. 02064). EDP Sciences.
  • Fadwa, I., Ali, T. A., Nazih, E., & Sara, M. (2014). Reinforced concrete wide and conventional beam–column connections subjected to lateral load. Engineering Structures, 76, 34–48.
  • Furtado, A., Rodrigues, H., Arêde, A., & Varum, H. (2018). Double-Leaf Infill Masonry Walls Cyclic In-Plane Behaviour: Experimental and Numerical Investigation. The Open Construction and Building Technology Journal, 12(1).
  • Greifenhagen, C., & Lestuzzi, P. (2005). Static cyclic tests on lightly reinforced concrete shear walls. Engineering Structures, 27(11),1703–1712.
  • Guerrero, H., Rodriguez, V., Escobar, J. A., Alcocer, S. M., Bennetts, F., & Suarez, M. (2019). Experimental tests of precast reinforced concrete beam-column connections. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 125, 105743.
  • Hadi, M. N., & Tran, T. M. (2014). Retrofitting nonseismically detailed exterior beam–column joints using concrete covers together with CFRP jacket. Construction and Building Materials, 63, 161–173.
  • Hajjar, J. F., Tong, X., Schultz, A. E., Shield, C. K., & Saari, W. K. (2002). Cyclic behavior of steel frames with composite reinforced concrete infill walls. In Composite Construction in Steel and Concrete IV (pp. 983–1006).
  • Hosaka, G., Funaki, H., Hosoya, H., & Imai, H. (2008, October). Experimental study on structural performance of RC shear wall with L shaped section. In Proceedings of the 14th world conference on earthquake engineering.
  • Huang, Q., Guo, Z., & Kuang, J. S. (2016). Designing infilled reinforced concrete frames with the ‘strong frame-weak infill’principle. Engineering Structures, 123, 341–353.
  • Jiang, H., Liu, X., & Mao, J. (2015). Full-scale experimental study on masonry infilled RC moment-resisting frames under cyclic loads. Engineering Structures, 91, 70–84.
  • Kakaletsis, D. J., & Karayannis, C. G. (2008). Influence of masonry strength and openings on infilled R/C frames under cycling loading. Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 12(2),197–221.
  • Karadogan, F., Yuksel, E., & Ilki, A. (2003). Structural behaviour of ordinary RC bare and brittle partitioned frames with and without lap splice deficiency. In Seismic Assessment and Rehabilitation of Existing Buildings ( pp. 335–356). Springer, Dordrecht.
  • Karayannis, C. G., Chalioris, C. E., & Sirkelis, G. M. (2008). Local retrofit of exterior RC beam–column joints using thin RC jackets – An experimental study. Earthquake engineering & structural dynamics, 37(5),727–746.
  • Koutromanos, I., Stavridis, A., Shing, P. B., & Willam, K. (2011). Numerical modeling of masonry-infilled RC frames subjected to seismic loads. Computers & Structures, 89(11–12), 1026–1037.
  • Kurosawa, R., Sakata, H., Qu, Z., & Suyama, T. (2019). Cyclic loading tests on RC moment frames retrofitted by PC frames with mild press joints through RC slabs for connection. Engineering Structures, 197, 109440.
  • Lafuente, M., Molina, A., & Genatios, C. (2000). Seismic resistant behavior of minor reinforced concrete frames with masonry infill walls. In 12th World Conference of Earthquake Engineering.
  • Le-Trung, K., Lee, K., Lee, J., Lee, D. H., & Woo, S. (2010). Experimental study of RC beam–column joints strengthened using CFRP composites. Composites Part B: Engineering, 41(1),76–85.
  • Li, B., Lam, E. S. S., Wu, B., & Wang, Y. Y. (2013). Experimental investigation on reinforced concrete interior beam–column joints rehabilitated by ferrocement jackets. Engineering Structures, 56, 897–909.
  • Li, J., Wang, Y., Lu, Z., & Li, J. (2017). Experimental study and numerical simulation of a laminated reinforced concrete shear wall with a vertical seam. Applied Sciences, 7(6), 629.
  • Li, W., & Li, Q. N. (2012). Seismic performance of l‐shaped rc shear wall subjected to cyclic loading. The Structural Design of Tall and Special Buildings, 21(12),855–866.
  • Li, W., Li, Q. N., & Zhao, J. L. (2018). Experimental Study of T-Shaped RC Shear Wall Subjected to Cyclic Loading. Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transactions of Civil Engineering, 42(2),191–198.
  • Looi, D. T. W., Su, R. K. L., Cheng, B., & Tsang, H. H. (2017). Effects of axial load on seismic performance of reinforced concrete walls with short shear span. Engineering Structures, 151, 312–326.
  • Lopes, M. S. (2001). Experimental shear-dominated response of RC walls. Part II: Discussion of results and design implications. Engineering Structures, 23(5),564–574.
  • Ma, C., Jiang, H., & Wang, Z. (2019). Experimental investigation of precast RC interior beam-column-slab joints with grouted spiral-confined lap connection. Engineering Structures, 196, 109317.
  • Maheri, M. R., & Torabi, A. (2019, December). Retrofitting external RC beam-column joints of an ordinary MRF through plastic hinge relocation using FRP laminates. In Structures ( Vol. 22, pp. 65–75). Elsevier.
  • Maidiawati, & Sanada, Y. (2010). Experimental comparisons of the seismic performance of r/c frames infilled with different kinds of masonry blocks. Proceedings of the 9th U.S. National and 10th Canadian Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
  • Mansouri, A., Marefat, M. S., & Khanmohammadi, M. (2014). Experimental evaluation of seismic performance of low-shear strength masonry infills with openings in reinforced concrete frames with deficient seismic details. The Structural Design of Tall and Special Buildings, 23(15),1190–1210.
  • Masi, A., Santarsiero, G., & Nigro, D. (2013). Cyclic tests on external RC beam-column joints: role of seismic design level and axial load value on the ultimate capacity. Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 17(1),110–136.
  • Massone, L. M., Sayre, B. L., & Wallace, J. W. (2017). Load–Deformation responses of slender structural steel reinforced concrete walls. Engineering Structures, 77–88.
  • Mehrabi, A. B., Benson Shing, P., Schuller, M. P., & Noland, J. L. (1996). Experimental evaluation of masonry-infilled RC frames. Journal of Structural engineering, 122(3),228–237.
  • Milanesi, R. R., Morandi, P., & Magenes, G. (2018). Local effects on RC frames induced by AAC masonry infills through FEM simulation of in-plane tests. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 16(9),4053–4080.
  • Mojsilović, N., Kostić, N., & Schwartz, J. (2013). Modelling of the behaviour of seismically strengthened masonry walls subjected to cyclic in-plane shear. Engineering structures, 56, 1117–1129.
  • Morandi, P., Hak, S., & Magenes, G. (2014, January). In-plane experimental response of strong masonry infills. In 9th international masonry conference.
  • Morandi, P., Hak, S., & Magenes, G. (2018). Performance-based interpretation of in-plane cyclic tests on RC frames with strong masonry infills. Engineering Structures, 156, 503–521.
  • Morandi, P., Milanesi, R. R., Manzini, C. F., & Magenes, G. (2017, January). Experimental tests of an engineered seismic solution of masonry infills with sliding joints. In 16th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering. Santiago.
  • Nakano, Y., Choi, H., Sanada, Y., & Yamauchi, N. (2004). Seismic Test of Concrete Block Infilled Reinforced Concrete Frames, Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo. Bulletin of ERS, (37).
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  • Oh, Y. H., Han, S. W., & Lee, L. H. (2002). Effect of boundary element details on the seismic deformation capacity of structural walls. Earthquake engineering & structural dynamics, 31(8),1583–1602.
  • Oinam, R. M., Sahoo, D. R., & Sindhu, R. (2014). Cyclic response of non-ductile RC frame with steel fibers at beam-column joints and plastic hinge regions. Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 18(6),908–928.
  • Ozkaynak, H., Yuksel, E., Buyukozturk, O., Yalcin, C., & Dindar, A. A. (2011). Quasi-static and pseudo-dynamic testing of infilled RC frames retrofitted with CFRP material. Composites Part B: Engineering, 42(2),238–263.
  • Ozkaynak, H., Yuksel, E., Yalcin, C., Dindar, A. A., & Buyukozturk, O. (2014). Masonry infill walls in reinforced concrete frames as a source of structural damping. Earthquake engineering & structural dynamics, 43(7),949–968.
  • Peng, Q., Zhou, X., & Yang, C. (2018). Influence of connection and constructional details on masonry-infilled RC frames under cyclic loading. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 108, 96–110.
  • Pohoryles, D. A., Melo, J., Rossetto, T., D’Ayala, D., & Varum, H. (2018). Experimental Comparison of Novel CFRP Retrofit Schemes for Realistic Full-Scale RC Beam–Column Joints. Journal of Composites for Construction, 22(5), 04018027.
  • Pujol, S., & Fick, D. (2010). The test of a full-scale three-story RC structure with masonry infill walls. Engineering Structures, 32(10),3112–3121.
  • Pujol, S., Benavent-Climent, A., Rodriguez, M. E., & Smith-Pardo, J. P. (2008, October). Masonry infill walls: an effective alternative for seismic strengthening of low-rise reinforced concrete building structures. In 14th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering ( pp. 12–17).
  • Quiroz, L. G., Maruyama, Y., & Zavala, C. (2013). Cyclic behavior of thin RC Peruvian shear walls: Full-scale experimental investigation and numerical simulation. Engineering Structures, 52, 153–167.
  • Sakurai, M., Kuramoto, H., Matsui, T., & Akita, T. (2008). Seismic performance of rc shear walls with multi-openings. In Proceeding of 14th Word Conference on Earthquake Engineering (14WCEE), Beijing, China.
  • Sanada, Y. (2017). R/C frame–infill interaction model and its application to Indonesian buildings. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, 46(2),221–241.
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  • Shafaei, J., Hosseini, A., Marefat, M. S., & Ingham, J. M. (2017). Rehabilitation of earthquake damaged external RC beam‐column joints by joint enlargement using prestressed steel angles. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, 46(2),291–316.
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Appendix A3: References related to structural type Steel

  • Alavi, E., & Nateghi, F. (2013). Experimental study on diagonally stiffened steel plate shear walls with central perforation. Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 89, 9–20.
  • Anderson, J. C., Duan, J., Xiao, Y., & Maranian, P. (2002). Cyclic testing of moment connections upgraded with weld overlays. Journal of Structural Engineering, 128(4),509–516.
  • Bahirai, M., & Gerami, M. (2019). An Experimental and Numerical Investigation on Seismic Retrofit of Steel Moment Frame Connections. Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 1–21.
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