Intensive melt shearing and calcium concentration effects on grain refinement of commercial purity Mg

References

• Joost WJ. Automotive magnesium: impacts and opportunities. In: Alderman M, Manuel MV, Hort N, et al editors. Magnesium technology. Hoboken (NJ): Wiley and TMS; 2014. p. 3.
   Google Scholar
• Ma Q, Stjohn DH, Frost MT. Heterogeneous nuclei size in magnesium–zirconium alloys. Script Mater. 2004;50:1115–1119.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emley EF. Principles of magnesium technology. Oxford: Pergamon; 1966. p. 127–155.
   Google Scholar
• Pearce BP, Kerr HW. Grain refinement in magnetically stirred GTA welds of aluminum alloys. Metall Trans B. 1981;12:479–486.10.1007/BF02654317
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramirez A, Qian M, Davis B, et al. Potency of high-intensity ultrasonic treatment for grain refinement of magnesium alloys. Script Mater. 2008;59:19–22.10.1016/j.scriptamat.2008.02.017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guan RG, Cao FR, Chen LQ, et al. Dynamical solidification behaviors and microstructural evolution during vibrating wavelike sloping plate process. J Mater Process Tech. 2009;209:2592–2601.10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2008.06.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fan Z, Wang Y, Xia M, et al. Enhanced heterogeneous nucleation in AZ91D alloy by intensive melt shearing. Acta Mater. 2009;57:4891–4901.10.1016/j.actamat.2009.06.052
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Y, Fan Z, Zhou X, et al. Characterisation of magnesium oxide and its interface with α-Mg in Mg–Al-based alloys. Philos Mag Lett. 2011;91:516–529.10.1080/09500839.2011.591744
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumari SSS, Pillai RM, Pai BC. Role of calcium in aluminium based alloys and composites. Inter Mater Rev. 2005;50:216–238.10.1179/174328005X14366
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mondolfo LF. Aluminium alloys: structure and properties. London: Butterworths. 1976. p. 458–461, 238–239.
   Google Scholar
• Kobayashi T, Kim HJ, Niinomi M, et al. Effect of calcium on mechanical properties of recycled aluminiumcasting alloys. Mater Sci Technol. 1997;13:497–502.10.1179/mst.1997.13.6.497
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdel-Reihim M, Hess N, Reif W. Improvement of the grain refinement effect of titanium in commercially pure aluminium by additions of alkaline earth metals. Metall. 1983;37:571–573.
   Google Scholar
• Suzuki T, Oshiro N. US patent number 6336955, 2002 Jan. 8.
   Google Scholar
• Hikosaka T, Ki KM, Kawamoto NI. Alutopica (Jpn). 1988;18:56–65.
   Google Scholar
• Sakamoto M, Akiyama S. Suppression of ignition and burning of molten Mg alloys by Ca bearing stable oxide film. J Mater Sci Lett. 1997;16:1048–1050.10.1023/A:1018526708423
   Google Scholar
• Luo AA, Balogh MP, Powell BR. Creep and microstructure of magnesium–aluminum–calcium based alloys. Metall Mater Trans A. 2002;33:567–574.10.1007/s11661-002-0118-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang YQ, Li MZ, Li C, et al. The effect of Ca on corrosion behavior of heat-treated Mg–Al–Zn alloy. Mater Corros. 2012;63:497–504.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanford N. The effect of calcium on the texture, microstructure and mechanical properties of extruded Mg–Mn–Ca alloys. Mater Sci Eng A. 2010;528:314–322.10.1016/j.msea.2010.08.097
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang B, Liu WJ, Qiu D, et al. Grain refinement of Ca addition in a twin-roll-cast Mg–3Al–1Zn alloy. Mater Chem Phy. 2012;133:611–616.10.1016/j.matchemphys.2011.12.087
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu SF, Li B, Wang XH, et al. Refinement effect of cerium, calcium and strontium in AZ91 magnesium alloy. J Mater Processing Tech. 2009;209:3999–4004.10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2008.09.020
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li PJ, Tang B, Kandalova EG. Microstructure and properties of AZ91D alloy with Ca additions. Mater Lett. 2005;59:671–675.10.1016/j.matlet.2004.11.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fan Z, Zuo YB, Jiang B. Apparatus & method for liquid metals treatment. UK patent Application No.1015498.7. 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Standard test procedures for aluminum alloy grain refiner: TP-1. Washington (DC): The aluminium association; 1987.
   Google Scholar
• Lee YC, Dahle AK, StJohn DH. The role of solute in grain refinement of magnesium. Metall Mater Trans A. 2000;31:2895–2906.10.1007/BF02830349
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gourishankar KV, Ranjbar MK, Pierre GRS. Revision of the enthalpies and Gibbs energies of formation of calcium oxide and magnesium oxide. J Phase Equilib. 1993;14:601–611.10.1007/BF02669141
   Google Scholar
• Ha SH, Lee JK, Kim SK. Effect of CaO on oxidation resistance and microstructure of pure Mg. Mater Trans. 2008;49:1081–1083.10.2320/matertrans.MC200786
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keene BJ. Review of data for the surface tension of pure metals. Int Mater Rev. 1993;38:157–192.10.1179/imr.1993.38.4.157
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilman JJ. Direct measurements of the surface energies of crystals. J Appl Phys. 1960;31:2208–2218.10.1063/1.1735524
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nayeb-Hashemi AA, Clark JB, Alloy phase diagrams. 3rd ed. Materials Park (OH): ASM Handbook; 1992.
   Google Scholar
• Gibbs J. The collected works of J. Willard Gibbs, vol. 1. New York (NY): Longman, Green and Co.; 1928.
   Google Scholar
• Fan Z, Wang Y, Zhang Y, et al. Grain refining mechanism in the Al/Al–Ti–B system. Acta Mater. 2015;84:292–304.10.1016/j.actamat.2014.10.055
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearson WB. A handbook of lattice spacings and structures of metals and alloys. New York (NY): Pergamon Press; 1958. p. 126–137.
   Google Scholar
• Bramfitt BL. The effect of carbide and nitride additions on the heterogeneous nucleation behavior of liquid iron. Metall Trans. 1970;1:1987–1995.10.1007/BF02642799
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar