Religion, culture, and identity: the generational evolution of identification with Buddhism from the perspective of young Chinese Indonesians

References

• Abu-Rayya, H. M., M. H. Abu-Rayya, and M. Khalil. 2009. “The Multi-Religion Identity Measure: A New Scale for Use with Diverse Religions.” Journal of Muslim Mental Health 4 (2): 124–138. https://doi.org/10.1080/15564900903245683.
   Google Scholar
• Awad, G. H. 2010. “The Impact of Acculturation and Religious Identification on Perceived Discrimination for Arab/Middle Eastern Americans.” Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology 16 (1): 59–67. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016675.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrett, T. H. 2006. “Miraculous Response: Doing Popular Religion in Contemporary China. By ADAM YUET CHAU.” In The China Quarterly, 487–489. Vol. 186. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. xviii+ 317 pp. $60.00. ISBN 0-8047-5160-9].
   Google Scholar
• Bidwell, D. R. 2018. When One Religion isn’t Enough: The Lives of Spiritually Fluid People. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.
   Google Scholar
• Borup, J. 2016. “Branding Buddha–Mediatized and Commodified Buddhism As Cultural Narrative.” Journal of Global Buddhism 17 (1): 41–55.
   Google Scholar
• Brazier, R. 2006. “In Indonesia, the Chinese Go to Church.” The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/27/opinion/in-indonesia-the-chinese-go-to-church.html.
   Google Scholar
• Brooke, S. 2019. “The Promise of the Universal: Non-Buddhists’ Accounts of Their Vipassanā Meditation Retreat Experiences.” Religion 49 (4): 636–660. https://doi.org/10.1080/0048721X.2019.1584130.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burton, D. 2010. “A Buddhist Perspective.” In The Oxford Handbook of Religious Diversity, 321–326. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Case, S. S., and E. Chavez. 2017. “Measuring Religious Identity: Developing a Scale of Religious Identity Salience.” International Association of Management, Spirituality and Religion 25–27. https://tfsw.uark.edu/_resources/files/2017conference/Case_Chavez_MeasuringReligiousIdentity.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Chia, J. M. T. 2020. “Singing to Buddha: The Case of a Buddhist Rock Band in Contemporary Indonesia.” Archipel 100: 175–197. https://doi.org/10.4000/archipel.2131.
   Google Scholar
• Chia, J. M. T. 2022. “Beyond the Mainland: An Introduction.” Religions 13 (4): 357. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel13040357.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chin, J., and T. Tanasaldy. 2019. “The Ethnic Chinese in Indonesia and Malaysia: The Challenge of Political Islam.” Asian Survey 59 (6): 959–977. https://doi.org/10.1525/as.2019.59.6.959.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clobert, M., V. Saroglou, K. K. Hwang, and W. L. Soong. 2014. “East Asian Religious Tolerance—A Myth or a Reality? Empirical Investigations of Religious Prejudice in East Asian Societies.” Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 45 (10): 1515–1533. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022114546641.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coleman, J. W. 2012. “Who Is a Buddhist?” Buddhist-Christian Studies 32 (1): 33–37. https://doi.org/10.1353/bcs.2012.0000.
   Google Scholar
• Dahanayake, N. 2022. “Spirituality and Suffering.” World Futures 78 (5): 311–338. https://doi.org/10.1080/02604027.2022.2050341.
   Google Scholar
• Day, A. 2011. Believing in Belonging: Belief and Social Identity in the Modern World. Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Day, A., and L. Lee. 2014. “Making Sense of Surveys and Censuses: Issues in Religious Self-Identification.” Religion 44 (3): 345–356. https://doi.org/10.1080/0048721X.2014.929833.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drew, R. 2011. “Christian Self-Understanding and the Question of Dual Belonging.” Current Dialogue 51 (1): 60–69. https://www.oikoumene.org/dialogue-51.
   Google Scholar
• Dudley, R. L., and C. R. Laurent. 1989. “Alienation from Religion in Church-Related Adolescents.” Sociological Analysis 49 (4): 408–420. https://doi.org/10.2307/3711226.
   Google Scholar
• Emory-Moore, C. 2020. “Branding a New Buddhist Movement: The New Kadampa Tradition’s Self-Identification As “Modern Buddhism”.” Journal of Global Buddhism 21 (1): 11–28. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4030961.
   Google Scholar
• Fan, L., and N. Chen. 2014. “Conversion and Indigenous Religion in China.” In The Oxford Hand-Book of Religious Conversions, edited by L. Rambo and C. Farhadian, 556–577. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Fischer, J. 2009. “Halal, Haram or What?: Creating Muslim Space in London.” In Muslim Societies in the Age of Mass Consumption: Politics, Culture and Identity Between the Local and the Global, 3–22. Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Himmelfarb, H. S. 1977. “The Interaction Effects of Parents, Spouse and Schooling: Comparing the Impact of Jewish and Catholic Schools.” The Sociological Quarterly 18 (4): 464–477. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1533-8525.1977.tb01138.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoon, C. Y. 2006. “Assimilation, Multiculturalism, Hybridity: The Dilemmas of the Ethnic Chinese in Post-Suharto Indonesia.” Asian Ethnicity 7 (2): 149–166. https://doi.org/10.1080/14631360600734400.
   Google Scholar
• Kiblinger, K. B. 2003. “Identifying Inclusivism in Buddhist Contexts.” Contemporary Buddhism 4 (1): 79–97. https://doi.org/10.1080/1463994032000140194.
   Google Scholar
• Kinnvall, C. 2004. “Globalization and Religious Nationalism: Self, Identity, and the Search for Ontological Security.” Political Psychology 25 (5): 741–767. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2004.00396.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazerwitz, B. 1995. “Denominational Retention and Switching Among American Jews.” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 34 (4): 499–506. https://doi.org/10.2307/1387342.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lehman, D., and D. E. Sherkat. 2018. “Measuring Religious Identification in the United States.” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 57 (4): 779–794. https://doi.org/10.1111/jssr.12543.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, F., and Q. Wang. 2023. “Constancy and Changes in the Distribution of Religious Groups in Contemporary China: Centering on Religion As a Whole, Buddhism, Protestantism and Folk Religion.” Religions 14 (3): 323. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel14030323.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinovic, B., and M. Verkuyten. 2012. “Host National and Religious Identification Among Turkish Muslims in Western Europe: The Role of Ingroup Norms, Perceived Discrimination and Value Incompatibility.” European Journal of Social Psychology 42 (7): 893–903. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.1900.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMahan, D. L. 2008. The Making of Buddhist Modernism. Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ministry of Religious Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia. 2018. “Statistics of the Population According to Religion in Indonesia.” Accessed November 15, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200903221250/https://data.kemenag.go.id/agamadashboard/statistik/umat [in Indonesian].
   Google Scholar
• Nelsen, H. M. 1990. The religious identification of children of interfaith marriages. Review of Religious Research 32 (2): 122–134. https://doi.org/10.2307/3511760.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozorak, E. W. 1989. “Social and Cognitive Influences on the Development of Religious Beliefs and Commitment in Adolescence.” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 28 (4): 448–463. https://doi.org/10.2307/1386576.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park, C. L. 2007. “Religiousness/Spirituality and Health: A Meaning Systems Perspective.” Journal of Behavioral Medicine 30 (4): 319–328. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-007-9111-x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perkins, H. W. 1987. “Parental Religion and Alcohol Use Problems As Intergenerational Predictors of Problem Drinking Among College Youth.” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 26 (3): 340–357. https://doi.org/10.2307/1386436.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phinney, J. S., and M. Devich-Navarro. 1997. “Variations in Bicultural Identification Among African American and Mexican American Adolescents.” Journal of Research on Adolescence 7 (1): 3–32. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327795jra0701_2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Putro, M. Z. A. E. 2021. “Confucian’s Revival and a Newly Established Confucian Institution in Purwokerto.” Analisa: Journal of Social Science and Religion 6 (1): 63–78. https://doi.org/10.18784/analisa.v6i01.1244.
   Google Scholar
• Saragih, D. B. 2019. “Religions in Indonesia: A Historical Sketch.” BRILL eBooks: 54–66. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004416987_005.
   Google Scholar
• Sedikides, C., and E. G. Hepper. 2009. “Self‐Improvement.” Social and Personality Psychology Compass 3 (6): 899–917. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2009.00231.x.
   Google Scholar
• Setefanus, S. 2011. “Negotiating the Cultural and the Religious: The Recasting of the Chinese Indonesian Buddhist.” https://biblioasia.nlb.gov.sg/vol-7/issue-3/oct-dec-2011/chinese-indonesian-buddhist-cultural-religious/.
   Google Scholar
• Setefanus, S. 2019. “Various Petals of the Lotus: The Identities of the Chinese Buddhists in Indonesia.” Archiv Orientální 87:. 333–383. https://aror.orient.cas.cz/index.php/ArOr/article/view/40.
   Google Scholar
• Sherkat, D. E. 2017. “Intersecting Identities and Support for Same-Sex Marriage in the United States.” Social Currents 4 (4): 380–400. https://doi.org/10.1177/2329496516663221.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, C., and D. Sikkink. 2003. “Social Predictors of Retention in and Switching from the Religious Faith of Family of Origin: Another Look Using Religious Tradition Self-Identification.” Review of Religious Research 45 (2): 188–206. https://doi.org/10.2307/3512582.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song, M., and C. O. N. Gutierrez. 2015. “‘Keeping the Story alive’: Is Ethnic and Racial Dilution Inevitable for Multiracial People and Their Children?” The Sociological Review 63 (3): 680–698. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-954X.12308.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steensland, B., L. D. Robinson, W. B. Wilcox, J. Z. Park, M. D. Regnerus, and R. D. Woodberry. 2000. “The Measure of American Religion: Toward Improving the State of the Art.” Social Forces 79 (1): 291–318. https://doi.org/10.2307/2675572.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suryadinata, L. 2008. Ethnic Chinese in Contemporary Indonesia, 97–124. Singapore: ISEAS Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Tajfel, H. 1981. Human Groups and Social Identity. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge.
   Google Scholar
• Thanissaro, P. N. 2012. “What Makes You Not a Buddhist?: A Preliminary Mapping of Values.” Contemporary Buddhism 13 (2): 321–347. https://doi.org/10.1080/14639947.2012.716709.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thanissaro, P. N. 2021. “Psychological Type Among Dhammakāya Meditators in the West.” Mental Health, Religion & Culture 24 (6): 594–611. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674676.2020.1758648.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Tongeren, D. R., C. N. DeWall, Z. Chen, C. G. Sibley, and J. Bulbulia. 2021. “Religious Residue: Cross-Cultural Evidence That Religious Psychology and Behavior Persist Following Deidentification.” Journal of Personality & Social Psychology 120 (2): 484.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verkuyten, M., and A. A. Yildiz. 2007. “National (Dis) Identification and Ethnic and Religious Identity: A Study Among Turkish-Dutch Muslims.” Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin 33 (10): 1448–1462. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167207304276.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vernon, G. M. 1962. “Measuring Religion: Two Methods Compared.” Review of Religious Research 3 (4): 159–165. https://doi.org/10.2307/3510446.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voas, D. 2003. “Intermarriage and the Demography of Secularization.” The British Journal of Sociology 54 (1): 83–108. https://doi.org/10.1080/0007131032000045914.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wadsworth, N. D. 2011. “Intersectionality in California’s Same-Sex Marriage Battles: A Complex Proposition.” Political Research Quarterly 64 (1): 200–216. https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912910376386.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams-Oerberg, E. 2021. “Youth Buddhism: The Centrality of “Youth” in Modern Buddhism.” Journal of Global Buddhism 22 (2): 322–340.
   Google Scholar
• Wilson, J. 2014. Mindful America: Meditation and the Mutual Transformation of Buddhism and American Culture, 1–6. USA: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Winarto, Y. T. 2006. “Family Education and Culture in Indonesia: The Complex, Intermingled, and Dynamic Phenomena.” Makalah yang telah dipresentasikan di konferensi international di Universitas Chai Yi Thailand: 26–27.
   Google Scholar
• Zamhari, A., M. I. Han, and Z. Zulkifli. 2021. “Traditional Religious Authorities in New Media: A Study of the Cariustadz. Id Platform As an Alternative Cyber Fatwa and da’wah Media Among the Middle-Class Urban Muslims.” AHKAM : Jurnal Ilmu Syariah 21 (1). https://doi.org/10.15408/ajis.v21i1.20300.
   Google Scholar