An aerosol model to predict size and structure of soot particles

References

• Frenklach , M. and Wang , H. 1994 . “ Detailed mechanism and modeling of soot particle formation ” . In Soot Formation in Combustion: Mechanisms and Models , Edited by: Bockhorn , H. Berlin : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Kronenburg , A. , Bilger , R. W. and Kent , J. H. 2000 . Modeling soot formation in turbulent methane–air jet diffusion flames . Combustion and Flame , 121 : 24 – 40 . [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplan , C. R. and Kailasanath , K. 2001 . Flow-field effects on soot formation in normal inverse methane–air diffusion flames . Combustion and Flame , 124 : 275 – 294 . [CSA] [CROSSREF] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beltrame , A. , Porshnev , P. , Merchan-Merchan , W. , Saveliev , A. , Fridman , A. , Kennedy , L. A. , Petrova , O. , Zhdanok , S. , Amouri , F. and Charon , O. 2001 . Soot and NO formation in methane–oxygen enriched diffusion flames . Combustion and Flame , 124 : 295 – 310 . [CSA] [CROSSREF] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balthasar , M. , Mauss , F. , Knobel , A. and Kraft , M. 2002 . Detailed modeling of soot formation in a partially stirred plug flow reactor . Combustion and Flame , 128 : 395 – 409 . [CSA] [CROSSREF] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang , H. and Frenklach , M. 1997 . A detailed kinetic modeling study of aromatic formation in laminar premixed acetylene and ethylene flames . Combustion and Flame , 110 : 173 – 221 . [CSA] [CROSSREF] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kazakov , A. and Frenklach , M. 1998 . Dynamic modeling of soot particle coagulation and aggregation: Implementation with the method of moments and application to high-pressure laminar premixed flames . Combustion and Flame , 114 : 484 – 501 . [CSA] [CROSSREF] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Appel , J. , Bockhorn , H. and Frenklach , M. 2000 . Kinetic modeling of soot formation with detailed chemistry and physics: Laminar premixed flames of C2 hydrocarbons . Combustion and Flame , 121 : 122 – 136 . [CSA] [CROSSREF] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Revzan , K. L. , Brown , N. J. and Frenklach , M. 1999 . http://www.me.berkeley.edu/soot/
   Google Scholar
• Colket , M. B. and Hall , R. J. 1994 . “ Successes and uncertainties in modeling soot formation in laminar, premixed flames ” . In Soot Formation in Combustion: Mechanisms and Models , Edited by: Bockhorn , H. Berlin : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Smooke , M. D. , Mcenally , C. S. , Pfefferle , L. D. , Hall , R. J. and Colket , M. B. 1999 . Computational and experimental study of soot formation in a coflow, laminar diffusion flame . Combustion and Flame , 117 : 117 – 139 . [CSA] [CROSSREF] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pope , C. J. and Howard , J. B. 1997 . Simultaneous particle and molecule modeling (SPAMM): An approach for combining sectional aerosol equations and elementary gas-phase reactions . Aerosol Science and Technology , 27 : 73 – 94 . [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fincke , J. R. , Anderson , R. P. , Hyde , T. A. and Detering , B. A. 2002 . Plasma pyrolysis of methane to hydrogen and carbon black . Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research , 41 : 1425 – 1435 . [CSA] [CROSSREF] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kee , R. J. , Rupley , F. M. and Miller , J. A. 1989 . “ Chemkin-II: A Fortran chemical kinetics package for the analysis of gas-phase chemical kinetics ” . Report SAND89-8009 Livermore, CA : Sandia National Laboratory .
   Google Scholar
• Kumar , S. and Ramkrishna , D. 1996 . On the solution of population balance equations by discretization—I. A fixed pivot technique . Chemical Engineering Science , 51 : 1311 – 1332 . [CSA] [CROSSREF] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hounslow , M. J. , Ryall , R. L. and Marshall , V. R. 1988 . A discretized population balance for nucleation, growth, and aggregation . AIChE Journal , 34 : 1821 – 1832 . [CSA] [CROSSREF] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park , S. H. and Rogak , S. N. 2004 . A novel fixed-sectional model for the formation and growth of aerosol agglomerates . Journal of Aerosol Science , 35 : 1385 – 1404 . [CSA] [CROSSREF] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim , Y. P. and Seinfeld , J. H. 1990 . Simulation of multicomponent aerosol condensation by moving sectional method . Journal of Colloid and Interface Science , 135 : 185 – 199 . [CSA] [CROSSREF] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar , S. and Ramkrishna , D. 1997 . On the solution of population balance equations by discretization—III. Nucleation, growth and aggregation of particles . Chemical Engineering Science , 52 : 4659 – 4679 . [CSA] [CROSSREF] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsantilis , S. , Kammler , H. K. and Pratsinis , S. E. 2002 . Population balance modeling of flame synthesis of titania nanoparticles . Chemical Engineering Science , 57 : 2139 – 2156 . [CSA] [CROSSREF] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogak , S. N. and Flagan , R. C. 1992 . Coagulation of aerosol agglomerates in the transition regime . Journal of Colloid and Interface Science , 151 : 203 – 224 . [CSA] [CROSSREF] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris , S. J. and Kennedy , I. M. 1988 . The coagulation of soot particles with van der Waals forces . Combustion Science and Technology , 59 : 443 – 454 . [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahneke , B. E. 1983 . “ Simple kinetic theory of Brownian diffusion in vapors and aerosols ” . In Theory of Dispersed Multiphase Flow , Edited by: Meyer , R. E. New York : Academic .
   Google Scholar
• Otto , E. , Fissan , H. , Park , S. H. and Lee , K. W. 1999 . The log-normal size distribution theory of Brownian aerosol coagulation for the entire particle size range: Part II—Analytical solution using Dahneke's coagulation kernel . Journal of Aerosol Science , 30 : 17 – 34 . [CSA] [CROSSREF] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kronholm , D. F. and Howard , J. B. 2000 . Analysis of soot surface growth pathways using published plug-flow reactor data with new particle size distribution measurements and published premixed flame data . Proceedings of The Combustion Institute , 28 : 2555 – 2561 . [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marr , J. A. , Giovane , L. M. , Longwell , J. P. , Howard , J. B. and Lafleur , A. L. 1994 . Soot and tar production in a jet-stirred/plug-flow reactor system: High and low C2H2 concentration environments . Combustion Science and Technology , 101 : 301 – 309 . [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nenniger , J. E. , Kridiotis , A. , Chomiak , J. , Longwell , J. P. and Sarofim , A. F. 1984 . Characterization of a toroidal well stirred reactor . Proceedings of The Combustion Institute , 20 : 473 – 479 . [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Zhang , H. R. , Violi , A. , Sarofim , A. F. and Frenklach , M. A simulation of soot formation using particle dynamics with one dimensional nucleation mode . Proceedings of the Third Joint Meeting of the U.S. Sections of the Combustion Institute, The Central States Section . March 16–19 , Chicago, Illinois. pp. F33
   Google Scholar
• Wen , J. Z. , Thomson , M. J. , Park , S. H. , Rogak , S. N. and Lightstone , M. F. 2005 . Study of soot growth in a plug flow reactor using a moving sectional model . Proceeding of The Combustion Institute , 30 : 1477 – 1484 . [CSA] [CROSSREF] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wen , J. Z. , Thomson , M. J. , Lightstone , M. F. , Park , S. H. and Rogak , S. N. 2005 . “ An improved moving sectional model of soot formation in a plug flow reactor ” . In Combustion Science and Technology accepted for publication
   Google Scholar
• Lee , B. W. , Jeong , J. I. , Hwang , J. Y. , Choi , M. and Chung , S. H. 2001 . Analysis of growth of non-spherical silica particles in a counterflow diffusion flame considering chemical reactions, coagulation and coalescence . Journal of Aerosol Science , 32 : 165 – 185 . [CSA] [CROSSREF] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao , B. , Zhiwei , Y. , Johnston , M. V. , Wang , H. , Wexler , A. S. , Balthasar , M. and Kraft , M. 2003 . Measurement and numerical simulation of soot particle size distribution functions in a laminar premixed ethylene–oxygen–argon flame . Combustion and Flame , 133 : 173 – 188 . [CSA] [CROSSREF] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar