Jointly enclosed in-between: the collective meaning of liminality in refugees’ and other migrants’ mental health care

References

• Abrego, Leisy J., and Sarah M. Lakhani. 2015. “Incomplete Inclusion: Legal Violence and Immigrants in Liminal Legal Statuses.” Law & Policy 37 (4): 265–293. https://doi.org/10.1111/lapo.12039.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ager, Alistair. 2014. “Health and Forced Migration.” In The Oxford Handbook of Refugee and Forced Migration Studies, edited by Elena Fiddian-Qasmiyeh, Gil Loescher, Katy Long, and Nando Sigona, 433–446. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bailey, Adrian J., Richard A. Wright, Alison Mountz, and Ines M. Miyares. 2002. “(Re)Producing Salvadoran Transnational Geographies.” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 92 (1): 125–144. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8306.00283.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell, Catherine. 1997. Ritual: Perspectives and Dimensions. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• BenEzer, Gadi, and Roger Zetter. 2015. “Searching for Directions: Conceptual and Methodological Challenges in Researching Refugee Journeys.” Journal of Refugee Studies 28 (3): 297–318. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/feu022.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernard, Russell H. 2018. Research Methods in Anthropology: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield.
   Google Scholar
• Betts, Alexander. 2013. Survival Migration: Failed Governance and the Crisis of Displacement. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bourdieu, Pierre. 1991. “Genesis and Structure of the Religious Field.” In Comparative Social Research: Religious Institutions, edited by Craig Calhoun, 1–44. London: JAI Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bourdieu, Pierre. 2000. Pascalian Meditations. Cambridge: Polity.
   Google Scholar
• Brambilla, Chiara, Jussi Laine, James W. Scott, and Gianluca Bocchi. 2016. “Introduction: Thinking, Mapping, Acting and Living Borders under Contemporary Globalisation.” In Borderscaping: Imaginations and Practices of Border Making, edited by Chiara Brambilla, Jussi Laine, James W. Scott, and Gianluca Bocchi, 1–9. London, UK: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Bredeloup, Sylvie. 2012. “Sahara Transit: Times, Spaces, People.” Population, Space and Place 18 (4): 457–467. https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.634.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carling, Jørgen. 2015. “Refugees Are Also Migrants. All Migrants Matter.” Accessed September 28, 2023. https://blogs.law.ox.ac.uk/research-subject-groups/centre-criminology/centreborder-criminologies/blog/2015/09/refugees-are-also.
   Google Scholar
• Chase, Liana E., and Cécile Rousseau. 2018. “Ethnographic Case Study of a Community Day Center for Asylum Seekers as Early Stage Mental Health Intervention.” The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 88 (1): 48–58. https://doi.org/10.1037/ort0000266.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clandinin, Jean D., and Michael F. Connelly. 2000. Narrative Inquiry: Experience and Story in Qualitative Research. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Cohen, Jeffrey H. 2000. “Problems in the Field: Participant Observation and the Assumption of Neutrality.” Field Methods 12 (4): 316–333. https://doi.org/10.1177/1525822X0001200404.
   Google Scholar
• Collinson, Sarah. 1999. Globalization and the Dynamics of International Migration: Implications for the Refugee Regime. Geneva: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees.
   Google Scholar
• Crawley, Heaven, and Katharine Jones. 2021. “Beyond Here and There: (Re)Conceptualising Migrant Journeys and the ‘In-Between.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 47 (14): 3226–3242. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2020.1804190.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crawley, Heaven, and Dimitris Skleparis. 2018. “Refugees, Migrants, Neither, Both: Categorical Fetishism and the Politics of Bounding in Europe’s ‘Migration Crisis.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 44 (1): 48–64. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2017.1348224.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cresswell, Tim. 2006. On the Move: Mobility in the Modern Western World. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• de Genova, Nicholas. 2002. “Migrant “Illegality” and Deportability in Everyday Life.” Annual Review of Anthropology 31 (1): 419–447. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.31.040402.085432.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Haas, Hein. 2008. “The Myth of Invasion: The Inconvenient Realities of African Migration to Europe.” Third World Quarterly 29 (7): 1305–1322. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436590802386435.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Düvell, Franck. 2012. “Transit Migration: A Blurred and Politicised Concept.” Population, Space and Place 18 (4): 415–427. https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.631.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellis, Carolyn. 2007. “Telling Secrets, Revealing Lives: Relational Ethics in Research with Intimate Others.” Qualitative Inquiry 13 (1): 3–29. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077800406294947.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Etzold, Benjamin, and Anne-Meike Fechter. 2022. “Unsettling Protracted Displacement: Connectivity and Mobility Beyond ‘Limbo.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 48 (18): 4295–4312. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2022.2090153.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghorashi, Halleh, Marije de Boer, and Floor ten Holder. 2018. “Unexpected Agency on the Threshold: Asylum Seekers Narrating from an Asylum Seeker Centre.” Current Sociology. La Sociologie Contemporaine 66 (3): 373–391. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011392117703766.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goffman, Erving. 1963. Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Gold, Marina. 2019. “Liminality and the Asylum Process in Switzerland.” Anthropology Today 35 (3): 16–19. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8322.12506.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodwin-Gil, Guy S. 1986. “Non-Refoulement and the New Asylum Seekers.” Virginia Journal of International Law 26 (4): 897–920.
   Google Scholar
• Guillemin, Marilys, and Lynn Gillam. 2004. “Ethics, Reflexivity, and “Ethically Important Moments” in Research.” Qualitative Inquiry 10 (2): 261–280. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077800403262360.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haas, Bridget M. 2017. “Citizens‐in‐Waiting, Deportees‐in‐Waiting: Power, Temporality, and Suffering in the U.S. Asylum System.” Ethos 45 (1): 75–97. https://doi.org/10.1111/etho.12150.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagan, Jacqueline, and Helen Rose Ebaugh. 2003. “Calling Upon the Sacred: Migrants’ Use of Religion in the Migration Process.” International Migration Review 37 (4): 1145–1162. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2003.tb00173.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halfacree, Keith H., and María Jesús Rivera. 2012. “Moving to the Countryside … And Staying: Lives Beyond Representations.” Sociologia Ruralis 52 (1): 92–114. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9523.2011.00556.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrell-Bond, Barbara, and Eftihia Voutira. 1992. “Anthropology and the Study of Refugees.” Anthropology Today 8 (4): 6–10. https://doi.org/10.2307/2783530.
   Google Scholar
• Hynes, Patricia. 2011. The Dispersal and Social Exclusion of Asylum Seekers: Between Liminality and Belonging. Bristol: Policy Press.
   Google Scholar
• Innes, Alexandria J. 2015. “The Never-Ending Journey? Exclusive Jurisdictions and Migrant Mobility in Europe.” Journal of Contemporary European Studies 23 (4): 500–513. https://doi.org/10.1080/14782804.2015.1056114.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jenkins, Richard. 2008. Social Identity. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Khosravi, Shahram. 2014. “Waiting.” In Migration: A COMPAS Anthology, edited by Bridget L. Anderson and Michael Keith, 66–67. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Knott, Kim. 2016. “The Sense and Nonsense of ‘Community’: A Consideration of Contemporary Debates About Community and Culture by a Scholar of Religion.” In Religion: Empirical Studies, edited by Steven J. Sutcliffe, 67–89. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• MacKenzie, Catriona, Christopher McDowell, and Eileen Pittaway. 2007. “Beyond ‘Do No Harm’: The Challenge of Constructing Ethical Relationships in Refugee Research.” Journal of Refugee Studies 20 (2): 299–319. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fem008.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mainwaring, Ċetta, and Noelle Brigden. 2016. “Beyond the Border: Clandestine Migration Journeys.” Geopolitics 21 (2): 243–262. https://doi.org/10.1080/14650045.2016.1165575.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malkki, Liisa H. 1995. Purity and Exile: Violence, Memory, and National Cosmology Among Hutu Refugees in Tanzania. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Matthey, Fanny. 2015. Vorläufige Aufnahme: Zwischen Aufnahme Und Ausschluss, Zwischen Vorläufig und Unbestimmt: Bestandesaufnahme und Prüfung Einiger Kritischer Aspekte Unter Dem Gesichtspunkt Der Menschenrechte. Bern: Schweizerisches Kompetenzzentrum für Menschenrechte (SKMR)-Newsletter.
   Google Scholar
• Menjívar, Cecilia. 2006. “Liminal Legality: Salvadoran and Guatemalan Immigrants’ Lives in the United States.” American Journal of Sociology 111 (4): 999–1037. https://doi.org/10.1086/499509.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moncrieffe, Joy. 2007. “Introduction: Labelling, Power and Accountability: How and Why ‘Our’ Categories Matter.” In Labelling People: How We Categorize and How It Matters, edited by Rosalind Eyben and Joy Moncrieffe, 1–16. London: Earthscan.
   Google Scholar
• Moore, Temple, Rochelle Ann Burgess, and Cornelius Katona. 2022. “Finding Agency in Limbo: A Qualitative Investigation into the Impact of Occupational Engagement on the Mental Health and Wellbeing of Asylum Seekers in the UK.” Transcultural Psychiatry 59 (6): 863–877. https://doi.org/10.1177/13634615221107202.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mountz, Alison. 2011. “Where Asylum-Seekers Wait: Feminist Counter-Topographies of Sites Between States.” Gender, Place & Culture 18 (3): 381–399. https://doi.org/10.1080/0966369X.2011.566370.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nimführ, Sarah, and Buba Sesay. 2019. “Lost in Limbo? Navigating (Im)Mobilities and Practices of Appropriation of Non-Deportable Refugees in the Mediterranean Area.” Comparative Migration Studies 7 (1): 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40878-019-0132-8.
   Google Scholar
• O’Reilly, Zoë. 2020. The In-Between Spaces of Asylum and Migration: A Participatory Visual Approach. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Pupavac, Vanessa. 2002. “Pathologizing Populations and Colonizing Minds: International Psychosocial Programs in Kosovo.” Alternatives: Global, Local, Political 27 (4): 489–511. https://doi.org/10.1177/030437540202700404.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rainbird, Sophia. 2014. “Asserting Existence: Agentive Narratives Arising from the Restraints of Seeking Asylum in East Anglia, Britain.” Ethos 42 (4): 460–478. https://doi.org/10.1111/etho.12064.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramadan, Adam. 2013. “Spatialising the Refugee Camp.” Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 38 (1): 65–77. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-5661.2012.00509.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosaldo, Renato. 1993. Culture and Truth: The Remaking of Social Analysis. Boston: Beacon Press.
   Google Scholar
• Salis Gross, Corina. 2004. “Struggling with Imaginaries of Trauma and Trust: The Refugee Experience in Switzerland.” Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry 28 (2): 151–167. https://doi.org/10.1023/b:medi.0000034408.60968.eb.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schapendonk, Joris. 2012. “Migrants’ Im/Mobilities on Their Way to the EU: Lost in Transit?” Tijdschrift Voor Economische En Sociale Geografie 103 (5): 577–583. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9663.2012.00735.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheper-Hughes, Nancy. 1995. “The Primacy of the Ethical: Propositions for a Militant Anthropology.” Current Anthropology 36 (3): 409–440. https://doi.org/10.1086/204378.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharpe, Marina. 2018. “Mixed Up: International Law and the Meaning(s) Of “Mixed Migration.” Refugee Survey Quarterly 37 (1): 116–138. https://doi.org/10.1093/rsq/hdx021.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snel, Erik, Özge Bilgili, and Richard Staring. 2021. “Migration Trajectories and Transnational Support Within and Beyond Europe.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 47 (14): 3209–3225. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2020.1804189.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• State Secretariat for Migration (SEM). 2022. “Permit F (Provisionally Admitted Foreigners)”. Accessed September 28, 2023. https://www.sem.admin.ch/sem/en/home/themen/aufenthalt/nicht_eu_efta/ausweis_f__vorlaeufig.html.
   Google Scholar
• Strauss, Anselm L., and Juliet Corbin. 2008. Basics of Qualitative Research: Grounded Theory Procedures and Techniques. London: SAGE.
   Google Scholar
• Summerfield, Derek. 1999. “A Critique of Seven Assumptions Behind Psychological Trauma Programmes in War-Affected Areas.” Social Science & Medicine (1982) 48 (10): 1449–1462. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0277-9536(98)00450-x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Summerfield, Derek. 2000. “Childhood, War, Refugeedom and ‘Trauma’: Three Core Questions for Mental Health Professionals.” Transcultural Psychiatry 37 (3): 417–433. https://doi.org/10.1177/136346150003700308.
   Google Scholar
• Turner, Victor. [1969] 2011. The Ritual Process: Structure and Anti-Structure. London: Routledge & Kegan.
   Google Scholar
• Turner, Victor. 1967. The Forest of Symbols: Aspects of Ndembu Ritual. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Turner, Victor, and Edith Turner. 1992. Blazing the Trail: Way Marks in the Exploration of Symbols. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
   Google Scholar
• van Gennep, Arnold. [1909] 2019. The Rites of Passage. Chicago, London: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wicker, Hans-Rudolf. 1993. Die Sprache Cxtremer Gewalt: Studie Zur Situation Von Gefolterten Flüchtlingen in Der Schweiz Und Zur Therapie Von Folterfolgen. Bern: Institut für Ethnologie.
   Google Scholar
• Wilopo, Claudia. 2022. “Navigating Invisible Border Spaces in Switzerland: What Rejected Asylum Seekers’ Lives Can Tell Us About Everyday Bordering Practices.” In Invisible Borders in a Bordered World: Power, Mobility, and Belonging, edited by Alexander C. Diener and Joshua Hagen, 111–128. London, New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Wimark, Thomas. 2021. “Homemaking and Perpetual Liminality Among Queer Refugees.” Social & Cultural Geography 22 (5): 647–665. https://doi.org/10.1080/14649365.2019.1619818.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winfield, Taylor Paige. 2022. “Vulnerable Research: Competencies for Trauma and Justice-Informed Ethnography.” Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 51 (2): 135–170. https://doi.org/10.1177/08912416211017254.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, Lawrence Hsin, Arthur Kleinman, Bruce G. Link, Jo. C. Phelan, Sing Lee, and Byron Good. 2007. “Culture and Stigma: Adding Moral Experience to Stigma Theory.” Social Science & Medicine (1982) 64 (7): 1524–1535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.11.013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zetter, Roger. 2007. “More Labels, Fewer Refugees: Remaking the Refugee Label in an Era of Globalization.” Journal of Refugee Studies 20 (2): 172–192. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fem011.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zetter, Roger. 2015. “Protection in Crisis: Forced Migration and Protection in a Global Era.” Accessed September 28, 2023. http://www.migrationpolicy.org/research/protection-crisis-forced-migration-and-protection-global-era.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, Vickie. 2018. “Im/Mobilising the Migration Decision.” Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 36 (2): 199–216. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263775817743972.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar